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A primary battery is engineered for repeated charging and discharging, in contrast to a secondary cell which is designed for single use.
Answer: False
The definition states that a primary battery is designed for single use, while a secondary cell (rechargeable battery) is designed for repeated charging and discharging.
Rechargeable batteries store and release energy via a reversible electrochemical reaction, converting chemical energy to electrical energy during discharge and electrical energy back to chemical energy during charging.
Answer: True
The fundamental operation of a rechargeable battery involves a reversible electrochemical process where energy interconversion occurs between chemical and electrical forms during charge and discharge cycles.
During the charging process, the negative active material within a rechargeable battery undergoes oxidation, thereby releasing electrons.
Answer: False
During charging, the positive active material is oxidized, releasing electrons, while the negative active material is reduced, absorbing electrons.
The electrolyte in a lead-acid cell functions as a simple buffer for internal ion flow, analogous to its role in lithium-ion cells.
Answer: False
In lead-acid cells, the electrolyte is an active participant in the electrochemical reaction, whereas in lithium-ion and nickel-cadmium cells, it primarily acts as a buffer for ion flow.
Within rechargeable cells, the positive electrode invariably functions as the cathode throughout both the charge and discharge cycles.
Answer: False
In rechargeable (secondary) cells, the positive electrode acts as the cathode during discharge but as the anode during charge, and vice versa for the negative electrode.
Which of the subsequent terms is NOT an alternative designation for a rechargeable battery?
Answer: Primary cell
The source identifies 'storage battery,' 'secondary cell,' and 'accumulator' as alternative names for a rechargeable battery, while a 'primary cell' is a single-use battery.
What specific type of electrochemical reaction defines the operation of a rechargeable battery?
Answer: A reversible reaction that converts chemical to electrical energy and vice versa
Rechargeable batteries operate through a reversible electrochemical reaction, enabling the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy during discharge and charge cycles.
During the charging cycle of a rechargeable battery, what electrochemical transformation occurs within the positive active material?
Answer: It is oxidized, releasing electrons.
During charging, the positive active material in a rechargeable battery undergoes oxidation, a process that involves the release of electrons.
During the charging process, what function does the electrolyte perform in lithium-ion and nickel-cadmium cells?
Answer: It acts as a simple buffer for internal ion flow between electrodes.
In lithium-ion and nickel-cadmium cells, the electrolyte primarily serves as a simple buffer, facilitating the internal flow of ions between the electrodes during charging and discharging.
Lithium polymer batteries represent a common type of rechargeable battery utilized in mobile phones.
Answer: True
The source material specifically references rechargeable lithium polymer mobile phone batteries, confirming their common usage in such devices.
Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries are a contemporary type of rechargeable battery that has largely superseded nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, primarily owing to their superior environmental profile.
Answer: False
Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries have largely been superseded by NiMH batteries, primarily due to the toxicity of cadmium and subsequent bans by regulatory bodies like the European Union.
The lead-acid battery, conceived by Gaston Planté in 1859, is recognized for its exceptional energy-to-weight ratio.
Answer: False
While invented by Gaston Planté in 1859, the lead-acid battery is known for its low energy-to-weight ratio, though it possesses a high power-to-weight ratio.
The nickel-iron (NiFe) battery is distinguished by its composition, which consists entirely of non-toxic elements.
Answer: True
The nickel-iron (NiFe) battery is notable for its composition, which exclusively uses non-toxic elements, differentiating it from many other battery types containing toxic substances.
Lithium-ion batteries are the preferred choice in the majority of consumer electronics, attributed to their superior energy density and minimal self-discharge rate during periods of inactivity.
Answer: True
Lithium-ion batteries are favored in consumer electronics due to their excellent energy density and very slow loss of charge when not in use.
Lithium-ion polymer (LiPo) batteries are characterized by their greater weight and provide a lower energy density in comparison to standard lithium-ion batteries.
Answer: False
Lithium-ion polymer (LiPo) batteries are lightweight and offer a slightly higher energy density compared to standard Li-ion batteries.
According to the provided source, which type of rechargeable battery is frequently encountered in mobile phones?
Answer: Lithium polymer
The source material explicitly mentions rechargeable lithium polymer mobile phone batteries, indicating their common use in these devices.
Which pairing of electrode materials and electrolytes is NOT enumerated in the source as being employed in rechargeable battery systems?
Answer: Sodium-sulfur
The source lists lead-acid, zinc-air, and lithium-ion polymer as combinations used in rechargeable batteries, but does not mention sodium-sulfur.
In what manner do certain newer low self-discharge Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries diverge from older rechargeable batteries concerning their initial charge state?
Answer: They can hold their charge for many months and are typically sold factory-charged.
Newer low self-discharge NiMH batteries are often sold factory-charged and can retain their charge for many months, unlike older types that required charging before initial use.
Who is credited with the invention of the lead-acid battery?
Answer: Gaston Planté
The lead-acid battery was invented by the French physicist Gaston Planté in 1859.
Owing to its high power-to-weight ratio, what is the principal application for which the lead-acid battery is optimally suited?
Answer: Automobile starter motors
The lead-acid battery's high power-to-weight ratio makes it ideal for applications requiring high surge currents, such as automobile starter motors.
What is the primary reason for the substantial reduction in the utilization of nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries?
Answer: Cadmium is a toxic element and was banned for most uses by the European Union.
The use of nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries has significantly declined due to the toxicity of cadmium, which led to its ban for most uses by the European Union.
What constitutes a fundamental compositional distinction between nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries and nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries?
Answer: NiMH batteries use a hydrogen-absorbing alloy for the negative electrode instead of cadmium.
A key compositional difference is that NiMH batteries utilize a hydrogen-absorbing alloy for their negative electrode, replacing the cadmium found in NiCd batteries.
Notwithstanding their numerous advantages, what represents a significant disadvantage of lithium-ion batteries?
Answer: Risk of unexpected ignition from heat, though minimized by design and safeguards.
Despite their benefits, a notable drawback of lithium-ion batteries is the risk of unexpected ignition from heat, although this risk is mitigated through appropriate design and safety measures.
What constitutes the principal application domain for lithium-ion polymer (LiPo) batteries?
Answer: Powering remote-controlled cars, boats, airplanes, and drones
Lithium-ion polymer (LiPo) batteries are primarily used for powering remote-controlled vehicles such as cars, boats, airplanes, and drones, owing to their lightweight and high energy density.
The voltage of the charging source must be lower than that of the battery to avert damage during the recharging process.
Answer: False
For current to flow into the battery during charging, the charging source's voltage must be higher than the battery's voltage, though not excessively high to prevent damage.
Rapid battery chargers characteristically operate at a low charge rate, requiring 14 hours or more for a complete charge, and are typically devoid of advanced sensing functionalities.
Answer: False
Rapid chargers are designed to restore full capacity quickly, often in two to five hours or less, and incorporate advanced detection methods to prevent overcharging and overheating, unlike slow 'dumb' chargers.
The 'C' rate of current theoretically denotes the current required to achieve a full charge or discharge of a battery within a one-hour period.
Answer: True
The 'C' rate is a standard measure where 1C represents the current theoretically needed to fully charge or discharge a battery in one hour.
Peukert's law elucidates the correlation between discharge time and rate, specifically applicable to nickel-cadmium cells.
Answer: False
Peukert's law specifically describes the relationship between time and discharge rate for lead-acid cells, not nickel-cadmium cells.
The terminal voltage of non-rechargeable alkaline cells maintains a relatively constant level across a significant portion of their capacity, mirroring the behavior of certain rechargeable battery types.
Answer: False
Non-rechargeable alkaline cells start at 1.5V but their voltage drops with use, whereas some rechargeable types like NiMH cells exhibit a flatter discharge curve.
Voltage per cell (VPC) denotes the aggregate voltage of a multi-cell battery pack.
Answer: False
Voltage per cell (VPC) refers to the voltage of individual cells that constitute a battery, not the total voltage of the pack.
The maximal charging rate of a rechargeable battery is constrained by parameters such as its internal resistance and the diffusion kinetics of the active material.
Answer: True
The maximum charging rate is limited by the battery's internal resistance, which generates heat, and the speed at which active material can diffuse through the electrolyte, with excessive rates potentially causing damaging side reactions.
Which of the subsequent devices is commonly employed for recharging consumer-grade AA and AAA batteries?
Answer: A common consumer battery charger
The source refers to a common consumer battery charger as the device used for recharging consumer-grade AA and AAA batteries.
What is the critical importance of employing the appropriate charging scheme for distinct battery chemistries?
Answer: Incorrect charging can damage the battery, potentially leading to overheating, fire, or explosive venting.
Using the correct charging scheme is crucial because improper charging can lead to battery damage, including overheating, fire, or explosive venting of contents, due to the specific requirements of different battery chemistries.
Theoretically, what does a 'C' rate of current designated as 1C signify?
Answer: The current needed to fully charge or discharge the battery in one hour.
A 'C' rate of 1C theoretically represents the current required to fully charge or discharge a battery within a one-hour period.
In accordance with Peukert's law, what inference can be drawn regarding a lead-acid cell that is unable to maintain a functional terminal voltage under a high current load?
Answer: It may still have usable capacity if discharged at a much lower rate.
Peukert's law indicates that a lead-acid cell, even if unable to sustain a usable terminal voltage at high currents, may still retain usable capacity if discharged at a significantly lower rate.
Define 'Voltage per cell (VPC)' within the context of battery technology.
Answer: The voltage of individual cells that constitute a battery.
Voltage per cell (VPC) refers to the voltage measured across each individual cell that collectively forms a battery.
What duration is generally categorized as 'fast charging' for a battery?
Answer: Restoring full capacity in one hour or less.
Generally, 'fast charging' is understood as restoring a battery's full capacity in one hour or less, requiring sophisticated charger control circuitry.
Cell reversal transpires when a discharged cell is exposed to a current that endeavors to further discharge it, leading to a reversal of its polarity.
Answer: True
Cell reversal is defined as the phenomenon where a discharged cell, when subjected to a further discharge current, experiences a switch in its positive and negative terminal polarity.
Smart batteries mitigate cell reversal through the integration of a low-voltage cutoff mechanism.
Answer: True
Smart batteries are equipped with built-in voltage monitoring circuitry and low-voltage cutoff mechanisms to prevent deep discharges that could lead to cell reversal.
Sulfation constitutes a form of damage that impacts lithium-ion batteries when they are maintained in a discharged state for prolonged durations.
Answer: False
Sulfation is a specific degradation mechanism that affects lead-acid batteries when they are left in a discharged state for extended periods, not lithium-ion batteries.
For optimal storage, batteries should ideally be fully discharged to preclude any potential damage stemming from overcharging.
Answer: False
It is generally recommended to store batteries with a charge level between 30% and 70% and to maintain this level through periodic recharging to prevent both discharge-related damage and issues from overcharging.
A reduced Depth of Discharge (DOD) per cycle typically results in an increased number of charge/discharge cycles for a rechargeable battery system.
Answer: True
Rechargeable battery systems generally exhibit a greater number of charge/discharge cycles when the Depth of Discharge (DOD) is lower on each cycle, meaning shallower discharges extend the battery's overall lifespan.
Sealed batteries are susceptible to moisture loss from their liquid electrolyte, especially when overcharged, which can consequently diminish their cycling lifespan.
Answer: True
Overcharging or operating at high temperatures can cause sealed batteries to lose moisture from their liquid electrolyte, leading to a reduction in their overall cycling life.
What constitutes a frequent outcome of cell reversal?
Answer: Undesirable and irreversible chemical reactions, leading to permanent damage.
A common consequence of cell reversal is the initiation of undesirable and irreversible chemical reactions within the cell, which typically results in permanent damage.
In the context of a deeply discharged battery, under which specific condition is cell reversal most probable?
Answer: When a battery composed of several series-connected cells is deeply discharged, causing one weaker cell to reverse polarity.
Cell reversal is most likely to occur when a battery consisting of several series-connected cells is deeply discharged, leading to one weaker cell reversing its polarity as others continue to discharge.
What is the advised optimal charge level for battery storage to mitigate potential damage?
Answer: Between 30% and 70% of its charge level
The optimal charge level for storing a battery to prevent damage is typically recommended to be between 30% and 70% of its full capacity, with periodic recharging to maintain this state.
In general, how does a reduced Depth of Discharge (DOD) impact the cycle life of a rechargeable battery?
Answer: It allows for a greater number of charge/discharge cycles.
A lower Depth of Discharge (DOD) on each cycle generally correlates with a greater number of charge/discharge cycles, thereby extending the overall lifespan of a rechargeable battery.
What constitutes a characteristic maximum discharge depth for lead-acid batteries?
Answer: 50% to 60%
Lead-acid batteries typically have a maximum recommended discharge depth of about 50% to 60% of their nominal capacity to preserve their lifespan.
Identify a wear-out mechanism specific to lead-acid batteries that contributes to their gradual capacity degradation over time.
Answer: Loss of active material from the plates.
In lead-acid batteries, a primary wear-out mechanism leading to capacity loss over time is the gradual shedding or loss of active material from the battery plates.
A battery bank for an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) in a data center exemplifies a small-scale application for rechargeable batteries.
Answer: False
The source explicitly identifies a battery bank for a UPS in a data center as a large-scale application for rechargeable batteries.
Rechargeable batteries generally exhibit a lower initial acquisition cost but incur a higher total cost of ownership when compared to disposable batteries.
Answer: False
Rechargeable batteries typically have a higher initial cost but offer a significantly lower total cost of ownership and reduced environmental impact over their lifespan compared to disposable batteries.
The global market for rechargeable batteries was projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.32% over the period spanning 2018 to 2022.
Answer: True
A report from Research and Markets indicated a forecast of 8.32% CAGR for the global rechargeable battery market during the specified period.
Among the following, which application is explicitly cited in the source material as a large-scale deployment for rechargeable batteries?
Answer: Battery bank for an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) in a data center
The source material specifically highlights a battery bank for an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) in a data center as an example of a large-scale application for rechargeable batteries.
In terms of total cost of ownership, how do rechargeable batteries typically compare to disposable batteries?
Answer: Rechargeable batteries have a much lower total cost of ownership.
Despite a higher initial cost, rechargeable batteries offer a significantly lower total cost of ownership due to their reusability over many cycles.
What constitutes the prevailing global trend in the research and development landscape for battery technologies?
Answer: Billions of dollars being invested globally to improve battery technologies.
The source indicates a global trend of billions of dollars being invested in research to improve battery technologies.
Emergent applications in hybrid and electric vehicles are propelling battery technology development towards achieving which of the subsequent objectives?
Answer: Reduce cost, weight, and size, and increase overall lifetime.
The development of battery technology for hybrid and electric vehicles is driven by the need to reduce cost, weight, and size, while simultaneously increasing the overall lifetime of the batteries.
What constitutes a principal application of rechargeable batteries within battery storage power stations?
Answer: For load-leveling, storing energy during low demand for peak periods.
Rechargeable batteries in power stations are used for load-leveling, storing energy during off-peak demand for release during peak periods, and for integrating renewable energy sources.
Flow batteries possess the capability to discharge 100% of their nominal capacity.
Answer: True
Unlike lithium or lead-acid batteries, flow batteries are specifically noted for their ability to discharge their full nominal capacity (100%).