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A conflict primarily caused or justified by differences in religion and beliefs is defined as a religious war, also referred to as a holy war.
Answer: True
The definition of a religious war as a conflict primarily caused or justified by differences in religion and beliefs is supported by scholarly sources.
The Latin equivalent for a religious war is 'bellum iustum'.
Answer: False
The Latin equivalent for a religious war is 'sanctum bellum', not 'bellum iustum'.
*Odium theologicum* refers to theological hatred, a concept related to intense animosity and conflict arising from religious disagreements.
Answer: True
*Odium theologicum* refers to theological hatred, signifying intense animosity and conflict arising from religious disagreements.
What is the Latin equivalent for a religious war?
Answer: Sanctum bellum
The Latin equivalent for a religious war is 'sanctum bellum'.
What does *Odium theologicum* refer to?
Answer: Theological hatred and intense animosity arising from religious disagreements.
*Odium theologicum* denotes theological hatred, a concept signifying intense animosity and conflict stemming from religious disagreements.
Scholars like Jeffrey Burton Russell suggest that conflicts labeled as religious wars are always strictly rooted in religious doctrine.
Answer: False
Scholars like Jeffrey Burton Russell propose that conflicts labeled as religious wars may not be strictly rooted in religious doctrine but could serve as a cover for underlying secular motivations.
William T. Cavanaugh argues that the classification of wars as 'religious' is a modern Western concept.
Answer: True
William T. Cavanaugh posits that the classification of wars as 'religious' is predominantly a modern Western construct.
Konrad Repgen proposed that a war should be termed a 'religious war' only if at least one belligerent claims 'religion' or religious law to justify their warfare publicly.
Answer: True
Konrad Repgen established that a war should be termed a 'religious war' if at least one belligerent claims 'religion' or religious law as public justification for their warfare.
David Onnekink differentiated a 'religious war' from a 'holy war' by stating that a holy war requires authorization from a religious leader and participation by pious soldiers.
Answer: True
David Onnekink differentiated that a 'holy war' (*bellum sacrum*) requires authorization from a religious leader and participation by pious soldiers, unlike a 'religious war'.
A primary challenge in applying the concept of 'religion' to war is the ease of defining 'religion' across different cultures.
Answer: False
A primary challenge in applying the concept of 'religion' to war is the difficulty in defining 'religion' across different cultures, not its ease.
William T. Cavanaugh argues that ancient sacred texts like the Bible and the Quran did not originally contain a concept of 'religion' as understood today.
Answer: True
William T. Cavanaugh asserts that ancient sacred texts, such as the Bible and the Quran, did not originally incorporate the concept of 'religion' as it is understood in modern times.
According to scholars like Jeffrey Burton Russell, what might be underlying reasons for conflicts often labeled as religious wars?
Answer: Secular power, ethnic, social, political, and economic motivations serving as a cover
Scholars like Jeffrey Burton Russell suggest that conflicts labeled as religious wars may not be strictly rooted in religious doctrine but could instead serve as a cover for underlying secular motivations.
What is William T. Cavanaugh's argument regarding the classification of wars as "religious"?
Answer: It is a modern Western concept and often anachronistic when applied to earlier periods.
William T. Cavanaugh posits that the classification of wars as "religious" is predominantly a modern Western construct and can be anachronistic when applied to earlier periods.
What criterion did Konrad Repgen propose for classifying a war as a "religious war"?
Answer: At least one belligerent must claim religion or religious law to justify their warfare.
Konrad Repgen established that a war should be termed a 'religious war' if at least one belligerent claims 'religion' or religious law as public justification for their warfare.
How did David Onnekink differentiate between a "religious war" and a "holy war"?
Answer: A religious war is legitimized by religion and fought for religious ends, while a holy war requires authorization from a religious leader and participation by pious soldiers.
David Onnekink differentiated that a 'holy war' (*bellum sacrum*) requires authorization from a religious leader and participation by pious soldiers, unlike a 'religious war'.
What is a major challenge in applying the concept of "religion" to the causes of war?
Answer: Defining 'religion' across different cultures is simple and straightforward.
A major challenge in applying the concept of 'religion' to war is the difficulty in defining 'religion' universally across diverse cultures.
According to William T. Cavanaugh, what did the Latin word *religio* refer to in ancient and medieval times?
Answer: An individual virtue of worship
William T. Cavanaugh notes that the Latin term *religio* in antiquity and the Middle Ages pertained to an individual virtue of worship, rather than to doctrine or practice.
Wars of succession can be considered religious wars when rival claimants to a throne represent opposing religions.
Answer: True
Wars of succession may be classified as religious wars when rival claimants to a throne represent opposing religious affiliations.
Edward Peters states that the concept of 'holy war' (*bellum sacrum*) as a penitential and spiritually meritorious act had not been developed by Christians before the 11th century.
Answer: True
Edward Peters states that the concept of 'holy war' (*bellum sacrum*) as a penitential and spiritually meritorious act was not developed by Christians before the 11th century.
In the context of the Crusades, *bellum sacrum* was a lower classification than *bellum iustum*, implying warfare was not inherently virtuous.
Answer: False
In the context of the Crusades, *bellum sacrum* was a higher classification than *bellum iustum*, implying fighting in God's name was virtuous.
Quran 22:39-40 is cited as the first revelation concerning the struggle against the Meccans, and military jihad first occurred after Muhammad's migration to Medina.
Answer: True
Quran 22:39-40 is cited as the first revelation concerning the struggle against the Meccans, and the first forms of military jihad occurred after Muhammad's migration to Medina.
In Judaism, terms like *Milkhemet Mitzvah* and *Herem* are associated with holy war, and the First Jewish-Roman War is cited as an example.
Answer: True
In Judaism, terms like *Milkhemet Mitzvah* and *Herem* are associated with holy war, and the First Jewish-Roman War is cited as a historical example.
Reuven Firestone distinguished the Hebrew Bible's concept of holy war as being fought for conversion without geographic limitation.
Answer: False
Reuven Firestone distinguished that the Hebrew Bible's concept of holy war was fought to preserve religion and a unique people within a specific geography, not for conversion without geographic limitation.
King Clovis I of the Franks stated his desire to conquer the Arian Visigoths to establish new trade routes in Gaul.
Answer: False
King Clovis I of the Franks stated his desire to conquer the Arian Visigoths to bring the land under his control, not to establish new trade routes.
Per Ullidtz noted that Charlemagne's wars against the Saxons transformed into a 'mission from heaven' due to his vision of unity and universal Christianity.
Answer: True
Per Ullidtz noted that Charlemagne's wars against the Saxons transformed into a 'mission from heaven' due to his vision of unity and universal Christianity.
The *Encyclopædia Britannica* characterizes the European wars of religion of the 16th and 17th centuries as being fought primarily for 'confessional security and political gain'.
Answer: True
The *Encyclopædia Britannica* characterizes the European wars of religion of the 16th and 17th centuries as being fought primarily for 'confessional security and political gain'.
Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi's primary objective in the Ethiopian–Adal War was to preserve the Abyssinian realm.
Answer: False
Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi's primary objective in the Ethiopian–Adal War was to extinguish the Abyssinian realm and forcibly convert its population to Islam.
The Islamization of the Sudan region is associated with the period from the 10th to the 11th century.
Answer: True
The Islamization of the Sudan region is associated with the period from the 10th to the 11th century.
The Muslim conquest of Egypt occurred in the 7th century.
Answer: True
The Muslim conquest of Egypt occurred in the 7th century.
The Cristero War in Mexico, which took place between 1926 and 1929, was characterized by religious and anti-clerical tensions.
Answer: True
The Cristero War in Mexico, between 1926 and 1929, was characterized by religious and anti-clerical tensions.
The Northern Crusades took place from the 12th to the 15th century.
Answer: True
The Northern Crusades took place from the 12th to the 15th century.
The Battle of the Milvian Bridge in the 4th century CE is associated with the Christianization of the Roman Empire.
Answer: True
The Battle of the Milvian Bridge in the 4th century CE is associated with the Christianization of the Roman Empire.
The Amboise conspiracy occurred in the 17th century and was related to Huguenot rebellions.
Answer: False
The Amboise conspiracy occurred in the 16th century and was related to Huguenot rebellions.
Wars of succession can be considered religious wars when:
Answer: Rival claimants represent opposing religions.
Wars of succession may be classified as religious wars when rival claimants to a throne represent opposing religious affiliations.
According to Edward Peters, when did the concept of "holy war" (*bellum sacrum*) as a penitential and spiritually meritorious act begin to develop within Christianity?
Answer: By the 11th century
Edward Peters states that the concept of "holy war" (*bellum sacrum*) as a penitential and spiritually meritorious act was not developed by Christians before the 11th century.
What was the distinction between *bellum iustum* and *bellum sacrum* in the context of the Crusades?
Answer: *Bellum iustum* referred to a 'just war' not inherently virtuous, while *bellum sacrum* was a higher classification implying fighting in God's name was virtuous.
*Bellum iustum* denotes a "just war," a concept rooted in early Christian thought, though warfare itself was not inherently virtuous. *Bellum sacrum*, or "holy war," represented a higher classification, signifying that fighting in God's name was considered a virtuous act.
Quran 22:39-40 is cited as the first revelation concerning the struggle against the Meccans. When did the first forms of military jihad occur in Islam?
Answer: After Muhammad's migration to Medina
The first forms of military jihad occurred after Muhammad's migration to Medina, coinciding with the conversion of some inhabitants to Islam.
Which Hebrew terms are associated with "holy war" in Judaism?
Answer: *Milkhemet Mitzvah* and *Herem*
Within Judaism, terms such as *Milkhemet Mitzvah* (Commanded War) and *Herem* are linked to the concept of holy war.
Reuven Firestone distinguished the Hebrew Bible's concept of holy war from the Western concept by stating it was fought:
Answer: To preserve religion and people within a specific geography, not for conversion
Reuven Firestone differentiated the "holy war" concept within the Hebrew Bible from its Western counterpart, asserting that it was primarily waged to preserve religion and a distinct people within a specific geographical context, rather than for conversion or without geographical constraints.
What was King Clovis I's stated motivation for waging war against the Arian Visigoths?
Answer: To conquer territory in Gaul and bring it under his control
King Clovis I of the Franks expressed a strong desire to conquer the Arian Visigoths, who occupied territory in Gaul, to bring the land under his control.
According to Per Ullidtz, how did Charlemagne's wars against the Saxons differ from earlier Frankish-Saxon conflicts?
Answer: They transformed into a "mission from heaven" for universal Christianity.
Per Ullidtz observed that Charlemagne's wars against the Saxons represented a transformation from earlier Frankish-Saxon border conflicts into a "mission from heaven," driven by his aspiration for unity and universal Christianity.
How does the *Encyclopædia Britannica* characterize the European wars of religion of the 16th and 17th centuries?
Answer: Primarily for confessional security and political gain.
The *Encyclopædia Britannica* characterizes the European wars of religion during the 16th and 17th centuries as being primarily motivated by "confessional security and political gain."
What was the primary objective of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi in the Ethiopian–Adal War?
Answer: To extinguish the Abyssinian realm and forcibly convert its population to Islam.
Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi's primary objective in the Ethiopian–Adal War was to dismantle the Abyssinian realm and enforce conversion to Islam.
What historical period is associated with the Islamization of the Sudan region?
Answer: 10th to 11th century
The process of Islamization in the Sudan region is historically associated with the period spanning the 10th to the 11th century.
When did the Muslim conquest of Egypt occur?
Answer: 7th century
The Muslim conquest of Egypt took place during the 7th century.
The Cristero War in Mexico, which occurred between 1926 and 1929, was characterized by:
Answer: Religious and anti-clerical tensions.
The Cristero War, a conflict that transpired in Mexico between 1926 and 1929, was notably characterized by religious and anti-clerical tensions.
What was the approximate timeframe of the Northern Crusades?
Answer: 12th to 15th century
The Northern Crusades occurred during the period from the 12th to the 15th century.
What historical event is associated with the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in the 4th century CE?
Answer: The Christianization of the Roman Empire
The Battle of the Milvian Bridge, occurring in the 4th century CE, is associated with the Christianization of the Roman Empire.
In what century did the Amboise conspiracy occur, and what was it related to?
Answer: 16th century, related to the Huguenot rebellions
The Amboise conspiracy was a notable event in 16th-century France, connected to the Huguenot rebellions and the prevailing religious tensions of the era.
Ancient Greek society, according to Hans M. Barstad, was permeated by the concept of holy war, showing similarities with other ancient Near Eastern war traditions.
Answer: False
Hans M. Barstad notes that ancient Israelite society, not ancient Greek society, was permeated by the concept of holy war, showing similarities with other ancient Near Eastern traditions.
*Dharma-yuddha* in Hindu texts refers to the protocol for conducting war fairly, as seen in epics like the Mahabharata.
Answer: True
*Dharma-yuddha* in Hindu texts refers to the protocol for conducting war fairly (*jus in bello*), as exemplified in epics like the Mahabharata.
The Sacred Wars in ancient Greece were primarily fought against individuals or states accused of sacrilegious acts against the god Apollo.
Answer: True
The Sacred Wars in ancient Greece were primarily fought against individuals or states accused of sacrilegious acts against the god Apollo.
The Dungan Revolt and the Panthay Rebellion in China were primarily driven by Islam and the desire for conversion.
Answer: False
The Dungan Revolt and the Panthay Rebellion in China were primarily driven by racial antagonism and class warfare among the Hui people, rather than solely by Islam.
The destruction of the Kingdom of Aksum in the 10th century is linked to the figure of Charlemagne.
Answer: False
The destruction of the Kingdom of Aksum in the 10th century is linked to the figure of Gudit, not Charlemagne.
The Battle of Cajamarca in 1532 is associated with the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.
Answer: True
The Battle of Cajamarca in 1532 is associated with the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.
The Soga–Mononobe conflict in Japan occurred in the 6th century CE.
Answer: True
The Soga–Mononobe conflict in Japan occurred in the 6th century CE.
The Yellow Turban Rebellion in China was a peasant revolt associated with religious and social unrest from approximately 184 to 205 CE.
Answer: True
The Yellow Turban Rebellion was a peasant revolt in China from approximately 184 to 205 CE, associated with religious and social unrest.
How did ancient Israelite society's approach to war and religion differ from ancient Greece, according to Hans M. Barstad?
Answer: Ancient Israelite society was permeated by the concept of holy war, showing similarities with other ancient Near Eastern traditions.
Hans M. Barstad notes that ancient Israelite society, not ancient Greek society, was deeply imbued with the concept of holy war, exhibiting significant similarities in language and ideology with other ancient Near Eastern war traditions.
What does *Dharma-yuddha* in Hindu texts refer to?
Answer: The protocol for conducting war fairly (*jus in bello*)
*Dharma-yuddha*, as found in Hindu texts, signifies the protocol for conducting warfare justly (*jus in bello*).
What was the primary cause of the Sacred Wars in ancient Greece?
Answer: Religious disputes against the god Apollo for sacrilegious acts
The Sacred Wars in ancient Greece were primarily directed against individuals or states accused of sacrilegious acts against the god Apollo.
What were the primary causes of the Dungan Revolt and the Panthay Rebellion in China, according to the source?
Answer: Racial antagonism and class warfare among the Hui people.
The Dungan Revolt and the Panthay Rebellion were primarily instigated by racial antagonism and class warfare among the Hui people, rather than being solely driven by Islam.
What event is linked to the destruction of the Kingdom of Aksum in the 10th century?
Answer: Gudit
The destruction of the Kingdom of Aksum during the 10th century is attributed to the actions of Gudit.
The Battle of Cajamarca in 1532 is associated with which historical event?
Answer: The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
The Battle of Cajamarca in 1532 is historically linked to the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.
In what century did the Soga–Mononobe conflict in Japan occur?
Answer: 6th century CE
The Soga–Mononobe conflict in Japan took place during the 6th century CE.
What was the Yellow Turban Rebellion in China?
Answer: A peasant revolt associated with religious and social unrest.
The Yellow Turban Rebellion was a significant peasant revolt in China, occurring from approximately 184 to 205 CE, and was frequently associated with religious and social unrest.
The Troubles in Northern Ireland are portrayed by some scholars as having more fundamental causes rooted in ethnic or nationalistic factors rather than purely religious ones.
Answer: True
The Troubles in Northern Ireland are frequently depicted as a religious dispute, but some scholars contend its fundamental causes were more deeply rooted in ethnic or nationalistic identities.
The Greek War of Independence was sometimes considered a religious war between Christians and Muslims in its early stages.
Answer: True
The Greek War of Independence was sometimes considered a religious war between Christians and Muslims in its early stages.
During World War II, Japan promoted Shintoism to legitimize its imperial mission by exalting Emperor Hirohito's divinity and the concept of *Hakkō ichiu*.
Answer: True
During World War II, Japan promoted Shintoism to legitimize its imperial mission by exalting Emperor Hirohito's divinity and the concept of *Hakkō ichiu*.
Scholars like Avi Shlaim and Ilan Pappé argue that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is primarily a religious war.
Answer: False
Scholars like Avi Shlaim and Ilan Pappé argue that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is primarily a nationalist struggle driven by competing claims to land and sovereignty.
The formation of the All India Muslim League was driven by Muslim confidence in the Hindu-majority Indian National Congress.
Answer: False
The formation of the All India Muslim League was driven by Muslim suspicion of and perceived unequal rights within the Hindu-majority Indian National Congress.
Religion has played a role in inter-ethnic conflicts in Nigeria, with riots reportedly sparked by religious conflict and later clashes between Muslim herders and Christian farmers.
Answer: True
Religion has often played a role in inter-ethnic conflicts in Nigeria, including riots sparked by religious conflict and clashes between Muslim herders and Christian farmers.
The Buddhist Uprising in South Vietnam in 1966 was largely a result of discrimination against the Buddhist majority by the Catholic minority government.
Answer: True
The Buddhist Uprising in South Vietnam in 1966 was largely a result of discrimination against the majority Buddhist population by the Catholic minority government.
The causes of the Lebanese Civil War are debated, but key factors included the militarization of Palestinian refugees and deep divisions along religious lines.
Answer: True
Key factors contributing to the Lebanese Civil War included the militarization of Palestinian refugees and deep divisions along religious lines.
The Iranian revolutionary government framed the Iran–Iraq War as a religious war, using the narrative of *jihad* to mobilize troops.
Answer: True
The Iranian revolutionary government framed the Iran–Iraq War as a religious war, employing the narrative of *jihad* for troop mobilization.
The Yugoslav Wars have been interpreted by some scholars as primarily religious wars, pitting Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats, and Muslim Bosniaks against each other.
Answer: True
The Yugoslav Wars have been interpreted by some scholars as religious wars, pitting Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats, and Muslim Bosniaks against each other.
The Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) was primarily caused by the southern population's desire to impose Sharia law on the north.
Answer: False
The Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) was primarily caused by the Muslim central government's imposition of Sharia law on the non-Muslim southern population.
The Mughal–Sikh Wars took place during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Answer: True
The Mughal–Sikh Wars took place during the 17th and 18th centuries.
The 2002 Gujarat riots refer to communal violence that occurred in India in that year.
Answer: True
The 2002 Gujarat riots refer to communal violence that occurred in India in that year.
The Iran–Iraq War occurred from 1980 to 1988.
Answer: True
The Iran–Iraq War occurred from 1980 to 1988.
Which contemporary conflict is cited as an example where religious elements are overtly present, but often driven by ethnic animosities?
Answer: The Israeli-Palestinian conflict
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is cited as an example where religious elements are overtly present, though often driven by ethnic animosities.
How is 'The Troubles' in Northern Ireland often portrayed, and what is the alternative interpretation?
Answer: Portrayed as religious, argued as ethnic or nationalistic
The Troubles in Northern Ireland is frequently depicted as a religious dispute, but some scholars contend its fundamental causes were more deeply rooted in ethnic or nationalistic identities.
How was the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) characterized in its early phase?
Answer: As a religious war between Christians and Muslims.
The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) was, in its initial phases, sometimes viewed as a religious conflict between Christians and Muslims.
How did Japan utilize Shintoism to justify its imperial expansionism during World War II?
Answer: By exalting Emperor Hirohito's divinity and the concept of *Hakkō ichiu*.
During World War II, Japan promoted Shintoism, exalting Emperor Hirohito's divinity and the concept of *Hakkō ichiu*, to legitimize its imperial ambitions.
According to scholars like Avi Shlaim and Ilan Pappé, what is the primary driver of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?
Answer: Competing claims to land and sovereignty
Scholars such as Avi Shlaim and Ilan Pappé contend the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is primarily a nationalist struggle rooted in competing claims over land and sovereignty.
What was a key factor leading to the formation of the All India Muslim League?
Answer: Perceived unequal rights and suspicion of the Indian National Congress.
The formation of the All India Muslim League stemmed from Muslim suspicion of the Hindu-majority Indian National Congress and concerns over perceived unequal rights.
What role has religion played in inter-ethnic conflicts in Nigeria?
Answer: A significant role, often sparking riots and clashes.
Religion has frequently been a factor in inter-ethnic conflicts within Nigeria, including riots sparked by religious conflict and clashes between Muslim herders and Christian farmers.
What was a primary cause of the Buddhist Uprising in South Vietnam in 1966?
Answer: Discrimination against the Buddhist majority by the Catholic minority government.
The Buddhist Uprising in South Vietnam in 1966 was largely precipitated by discrimination against the majority Buddhist population by the Catholic minority government.
Which of the following was NOT a key factor contributing to the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)?
Answer: A unified national identity and consensus
A unified national identity and consensus was not a factor contributing to the Lebanese Civil War; rather, deep divisions along religious lines were key.
How did the Ba'athist Iraqi government frame its justifications for the Iran–Iraq War?
Answer: Around Persian-Arab historical enmity and Arab nationalism.
The Ba'athist Iraqi government justified the Iran–Iraq War based on historical Persian-Arab enmity and Arab nationalism, alongside strategic objectives.
How have the Yugoslav Wars, specifically the Croatian and Bosnian Wars, been interpreted by some scholars?
Answer: As primarily nationalistic or ethnic wars, despite the use of religious symbols.
The Yugoslav Wars have been interpreted by some scholars as primarily nationalistic or ethnic wars, despite the significant use of religious symbols and identity.
What was the primary cause of the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)?
Answer: The imposition of Sharia law by the Muslim central government on the non-Muslim south.
The Second Sudanese Civil War was predominantly caused by the Muslim central government's imposition of Sharia law upon the non-Muslim southern population.
What was the approximate timeframe for the Mughal–Sikh Wars?
Answer: 17th and 18th centuries
The Mughal–Sikh Wars transpired during the 17th and 18th centuries.
What historical event is referenced by the 2002 Gujarat riots?
Answer: Communal violence in India
The 2002 Gujarat riots denote instances of communal violence that transpired in India during that specific year.
When did the Iran–Iraq War take place?
Answer: 1980–1988
The Iran–Iraq War took place between 1980 and 1988.
The *Encyclopedia of Wars* estimates that approximately 6.87% of recorded historical conflicts had religion as their primary cause.
Answer: True
According to the *Encyclopedia of Wars*, approximately 6.87% of 1,763 recorded historical conflicts had religion as their primary cause.
Historical studies indicate that religion was a common primary source for war throughout history, with other factors playing a minor role.
Answer: False
Historical analyses suggest that religion was not consistently the primary source of war, with economic and political factors playing a more frequent role.
According to Kalevi Holsti, the proportion of wars caused by the 'protection of religious confreres' increased significantly after World War II.
Answer: False
According to Kalevi Holsti, the proportion of wars caused by the 'protection of religious confreres' decreased over time, reaching 0% in the post-WWII periods.
Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod documented 1763 notable wars, categorizing 121 of them as 'religious wars'.
Answer: True
Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod documented 1763 notable wars, categorizing 121 as 'religious wars'.
According to the *Encyclopedia of Wars*, what approximate percentage of recorded historical conflicts had religion as their primary cause?
Answer: 6.87%
According to the *Encyclopedia of Wars*, approximately 6.87% of recorded historical conflicts had religion as their primary cause.
What historical conclusion can be drawn from studies regarding religion as a cause for war?
Answer: Economic and political reasons played a more frequent role than religion as primary causes.
Historical analyses suggest that religion was not consistently the primary source of war, with economic and political factors playing a more frequent role.
According to Kalevi Holsti, what trend was observed in wars caused by the "protection of religious confreres" from 1648 to 1989?
Answer: Decreased over time, reaching 0% in post-WWII periods
Kalevi Holsti's analysis indicates a decline in wars primarily caused by the "protection of religious confreres" between 1648 and 1989, reaching 0% in the post-World War II eras.
Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod documented 1763 wars. How many did they categorize as "religious wars"?
Answer: 121
Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod's documentation of 1763 notable world wars identified 121 as "religious wars."