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The Restoration period in Swiss history, from 1814 to 1830, primarily involved the re-establishment of a centralist government, reversing the federalist changes of Napoleon.
Answer: False
The Restoration period (1814-1830) aimed to re-establish the *Ancien Régime*, which was a federalist system of governance, thereby reversing Napoleon's centralist changes, not establishing a new centralist government.
The Act of Mediation was suspended in early 1814, leading to discussions about future Swiss constitutions.
Answer: False
The Act of Mediation was suspended in late December 1813, not early 1814, which then initiated discussions across Swiss cantons regarding their future constitutions.
The 'Long Diet' met in Bern from April 1814 to August 1815 to reorganize the Swiss Confederation.
Answer: False
The 'Long Diet' met in Zurich, not Bern, from April 6, 1814, to August 31, 1815, with the primary goal of reorganizing the Swiss Confederation and replacing its constitution.
Valais, Neuchâtel, and Geneva were elevated to full members of the Confederation on September 12, 1814, increasing the total number of cantons to 22.
Answer: True
During the 'Long Diet,' Valais, Neuchâtel, and Geneva were indeed elevated to full cantonal status on September 12, 1814, bringing the total number of cantons in the Swiss Confederation to 22.
The official Swiss delegation at the Congress of Vienna consisted of three liberal politicians whose main goal was to expand Swiss territory.
Answer: False
The official Swiss delegation at the Congress of Vienna comprised three conservative politicians, Hans von Reinhard, Johann Heinrich Wieland, and Johann von Montenach, whose primary mission was to secure the recognition of Swiss neutrality, not to expand territory.
Frédéric-César de La Harpe, an unofficial lobbyist at the Congress of Vienna, campaigned for Vaud's independence and supported the creation of a federal state.
Answer: False
Frédéric-César de La Harpe, while campaigning for Vaud's independence, actually opposed the creation of a federal state, instead advocating for a united Swiss republic.
The Congress of Vienna recognized the territory of the 19 cantons established by the Act of Mediation and detached Valtellina, Chiavenna, and Bormio from Grisons.
Answer: True
The Congress of Vienna's declaration on March 20, 1815, recognized the territory of the 19 cantons from the Act of Mediation and indeed detached Valtellina, Chiavenna, and Bormio from Grisons, incorporating them into the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia.
Switzerland maintained its neutrality after Napoleon's return from Elba, refusing Allied pressure to declare war on France.
Answer: False
Following Napoleon's return from Elba in May 1815, the Swiss Tagsatzung, under Allied pressure, declared war on France and allowed Allied troops to pass through Swiss territory, thus not maintaining strict neutrality at that moment.
Swiss troops, led by General Niklaus Franz von Bachmann, participated in the siege of the French fort at Hünigen, which surrendered after firing upon Basel.
Answer: True
Swiss troops, under General Niklaus Franz von Bachmann, were involved in the siege of the French fort at Hünigen, which capitulated on August 28, 1815, after its commander had fired upon the city of Basel.
The Treaty of Paris in 1815 provided Switzerland with financial compensation, a territorial gain connecting Geneva to Vaud, and permanent recognition of Swiss neutrality.
Answer: True
The Treaty of Paris, signed on November 20, 1815, indeed granted Switzerland financial compensation, a territorial corridor connecting Geneva to Vaud, and, crucially, the permanent recognition of its neutrality by all European powers.
Cantonal constitutions developed after 1814 generally aimed to introduce modern democratic principles, moving away from feudal conditions.
Answer: False
Cantonal constitutions developed after 1814 generally aimed to restore the late feudal conditions of the 17th and 18th centuries, rather than introducing modern democratic principles.
The 'Federal Treaty' of August 7, 1815, was an agreement that established a uniform currency across all Swiss cantons.
Answer: False
The 'Federal Treaty' (*Bundesvertrag*) of August 7, 1815, reorganized the Tagsatzung, the federal diet of Switzerland, rather than establishing a uniform currency across the cantons.
In 1815, the Tagsatzung reintroduced a flag with a white cross on a red field for the confederation's seal and coat of arms.
Answer: True
The Tagsatzung, on July 4, 1815, officially reintroduced the traditional flag featuring a white cross on a red field to serve as the confederation's seal and coat of arms.
The abolition of subject territories and equal political rights for all male citizens within a canton were Republican achievements maintained during the Restoration.
Answer: True
Despite the conservative leanings of the Restoration period, key Republican achievements such as the abolition of subject territories and the guarantee of equal political rights for all male citizens within a canton were successfully preserved.
The *Ancien Régime* in Switzerland referred to a centralist system of governance imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer: False
The *Ancien Régime* in Switzerland referred to the old federalist system of governance that existed prior to Napoleon Bonaparte's imposition of centralist changes with the Helvetic Republic in 1798, not a centralist system itself.
Emperor Alexander I of Russia, influenced by Frédéric-César de La Harpe, supported Bern's attempts to reclaim Vaud and Aargau as subject territories.
Answer: False
Emperor Alexander I of Russia, influenced by Frédéric-César de La Harpe, actually supported the recognition of Vaud and Aargau's independence, thereby opposing Bern's attempts to reclaim them as subject territories.
Which historical periods are covered by the article "Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland" and what are their timeframes?
Answer: The Restoration (1814-1830) and the Regeneration (1830-1847)
The article specifically details the 'Restoration' period from 1814 to 1830 and the 'Regeneration' period from 1830 to 1847, outlining significant political and social changes during these eras.
What characterized the "Restoration" period in Swiss history from 1814 to 1830?
Answer: The re-establishment of the *Ancien Régime*, favoring federalism and reversing centralist changes.
The Restoration period (1814-1830) was defined by the re-establishment of the *Ancien Régime*, which was a federalist system, thereby reversing the centralist policies imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte.
When was the Act of Mediation suspended, leading to discussions about future Swiss constitutions?
Answer: Late December 1813
The Act of Mediation was suspended in late December 1813, which immediately prompted widespread discussions among the Swiss cantons regarding their future constitutional arrangements.
What was the primary objective of the "Long Diet" that met in Zurich from April 6, 1814, to August 31, 1815?
Answer: To replace the existing constitution and reorganize the Swiss Confederation.
The 'Long Diet,' which convened in Zurich, had the explicit primary objective of replacing the existing constitution and undertaking a comprehensive reorganization of the Swiss Confederation.
Which three cantons were elevated to full members of the Confederation on September 12, 1814, increasing the total number of cantons to 22?
Answer: Valais, Neuchâtel, and Geneva
On September 12, 1814, Valais, Neuchâtel, and Geneva were formally elevated to full membership within the Swiss Confederation, thereby increasing the total number of cantons to 22.
Who was Frédéric-César de La Harpe, and what was his stance on the structure of the Swiss state at the Congress of Vienna?
Answer: An unofficial lobbyist who opposed a federal state, favoring a united Swiss republic.
Frédéric-César de La Harpe was an influential unofficial lobbyist at the Congress of Vienna who, despite advocating for cantonal independence, opposed a federal state in favor of a unified Swiss republic.
What significant territorial decision regarding Grisons was finalized at the Congress of Vienna on March 20, 1815?
Answer: Valtellina, Chiavenna, and Bormio were detached from Grisons to become part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia.
The Congress of Vienna, on March 20, 1815, made the significant territorial decision to detach Valtellina, Chiavenna, and Bormio from Grisons, incorporating these territories into the newly formed Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia.
How did Switzerland's stance on neutrality change following Napoleon's return from Elba on May 20, 1815?
Answer: The Swiss Tagsatzung declared war on France and permitted Allied troops to pass through Swiss territory.
Following Napoleon's return from Elba, Switzerland's initial pursuit of neutrality was compromised when the Swiss Tagsatzung, under Allied pressure, declared war on France and allowed Allied forces passage through its territory.
What was a key outcome for Switzerland from the Treaty of Paris signed on November 20, 1815?
Answer: Permanent recognition of Swiss neutrality by all European powers.
A pivotal outcome for Switzerland from the Treaty of Paris (1815) was the permanent recognition of its neutrality by all European powers, a fundamental principle that has shaped its foreign policy ever since.
What was the general character of the cantonal constitutions developed after 1814?
Answer: They aimed to restore late feudal conditions from the 17th and 18th centuries.
The cantonal constitutions drafted after 1814 generally reflected a conservative trend, aiming to restore the late feudal conditions that had characterized the 17th and 18th centuries.
What was the "Federal Treaty" (*Bundesvertrag*) of August 7, 1815?
Answer: The agreement that reorganized the Tagsatzung, the federal diet of Switzerland.
The "Federal Treaty" (*Bundesvertrag*) of August 7, 1815, was the foundational agreement that restructured and defined the functions of the Tagsatzung, the federal diet of Switzerland, in the post-Napoleonic era.
What symbol did the Tagsatzung reintroduce in 1815 for the confederation's seal and coat of arms?
Answer: A white cross on a red field.
In 1815, the Tagsatzung formally reintroduced the historic symbol of a white cross on a red field to serve as the official seal and coat of arms for the Swiss Confederation.
What was the *Ancien Régime* in the context of Swiss history, which the Restoration period aimed to re-establish?
Answer: The old federalist system of governance before Napoleon's centralist changes.
In Swiss history, the *Ancien Régime* refers to the traditional federalist system of governance that predated Napoleon Bonaparte's centralist reforms, and its re-establishment was a primary goal of the Restoration period.
The Regeneration period was marked by a liberal movement in Protestant cantons enforcing new constitutions, and a conservative reaction in Catholic cantons.
Answer: True
The Regeneration period (1830-1848) was indeed characterized by a liberal movement in Protestant cantons, often involving armed demonstrations to enforce new constitutions, and a conservative counter-movement in Catholic cantons.
The French July Revolution in 1830 inspired calls for new cantonal constitutions in Switzerland, marking the end of the Regeneration period.
Answer: False
The French July Revolution in 1830 indeed inspired calls for new cantonal constitutions in Switzerland, but this event marked the *beginning* of the Regeneration period, not its end.
Assemblies in 1830 primarily demanded peaceful constitutional adjustments to address over-representation of cantonal capitals and to establish mechanisms for amending constitutions.
Answer: True
The assemblies held in 1830 following the French July Revolution primarily sought peaceful constitutional reforms, specifically addressing the over-representation of cantonal capitals and the lack of mechanisms for constitutional amendments or citizen's initiatives.
Cantonal governments largely resisted the demands of the 1830 assemblies, leading to prolonged political deadlock.
Answer: False
Contrary to resistance, cantonal governments generally acceded quickly to the demands of the 1830 assemblies and proceeded to amend their constitutions, avoiding prolonged political deadlock.
The canton of Basel split into Basel-City and Basel-Country in 1841 due to internal conflict.
Answer: False
The canton of Basel experienced a significant split into Basel-City and Basel-Country in 1833, not 1841, as a result of internal conflict.
Ausserschwyz was reunited with Schwyz in 1833 after an egalitarian constitution was drafted.
Answer: True
Ausserschwyz, which had temporarily seceded in 1831, was indeed reunited with the canton of Schwyz in 1833 following the drafting of an egalitarian constitution that addressed its grievances.
The Conservative Party, representing the Patriciate, was on the ascent in Switzerland starting in 1830.
Answer: False
Beginning in 1830, it was democratic forces, particularly liberalism and radicalism, embodied by the Radical Democratic Party, that were on the ascent in Switzerland, challenging the conservative Patriciate.
The Radical Democratic Party advocated for a new federal constitution that would establish a looser relationship between cantons and limit individual citizen rights.
Answer: False
The Radical Democratic Party advocated for a new federal constitution that would establish a *tighter* relationship between the cantons and grant *more* rights to individual citizens, directly opposing the idea of a looser relationship or limited rights.
Monetary reforms, aiming for a uniform system of coinage, faced the strongest opposition among the liberal proposals during the Regeneration period.
Answer: True
Among the various liberal reforms proposed during the Regeneration period, the monetary reforms, which sought to establish a uniform system of coinage, indeed encountered the strongest and most persistent opposition.
The primary concern of the rural population during the 1830 assemblies was the over-representation of the cantonal capital in government.
Answer: True
During the assemblies held after the July Revolution of 1830, a primary concern for the rural population was indeed the perceived over-representation of the cantonal capital in government, which they sought to rectify through constitutional adjustments.
What event served as a catalyst for the end of the Restoration period in Switzerland, inspiring calls for new cantonal constitutions?
Answer: The French July Revolution in 1830.
The French July Revolution in 1830 acted as a significant catalyst, inspiring widespread assemblies and demands for new cantonal constitutions across Switzerland, thereby initiating the end of the Restoration period.
What was one of the two primary issues addressed by the assemblies calling for new cantonal constitutions in 1830?
Answer: Rectifying the perceived over-representation of cantonal capitals in local legislatures.
One of the primary issues raised by the 1830 assemblies was the demand for peaceful constitutional adjustments to rectify the perceived over-representation of cantonal capitals in local legislatures and the Tagsatzung.
How did cantonal governments generally respond to the demands made by the assemblies and protest marches following the July Revolution of 1830?
Answer: They quickly acceded to the demands and proceeded to amend their constitutions.
In response to the orderly assemblies and protest marches following the July Revolution of 1830, cantonal governments generally acceded swiftly to the demands of the populace and initiated amendments to their constitutions.
In what year did the canton of Basel experience a significant split, leading to the formation of Basel-City and Basel-Country?
Answer: 1833
The canton of Basel underwent a significant split into the distinct half-cantons of Basel-City and Basel-Country in 1833, a consequence of internal political conflict.
What political forces were on the ascent in Switzerland starting in 1830?
Answer: Democratic forces, particularly liberalism and radicalism.
Starting in 1830, democratic forces, notably liberalism and radicalism, represented by the Radical Democratic Party, gained significant influence and were on the ascent in Swiss politics.
Which of the following was a key demand of the Radical Democratic Party and liberal groups like *La Jeune Suisse*?
Answer: A new federal constitution establishing a tighter relationship between cantons and more individual rights.
A central demand of the Radical Democratic Party and liberal groups such as *La Jeune Suisse* was the creation of a new federal constitution that would foster a tighter relationship among cantons and expand individual citizen rights, alongside other reforms like popular sovereignty and separation of church and state.
What was the primary concern of the rural population during the assemblies held after the July Revolution of 1830?
Answer: The over-representation of the cantonal capital in government.
A key grievance of the rural population during the assemblies following the July Revolution of 1830 was the perceived over-representation of the cantonal capital in governmental structures, which they sought to reform.
The 'Jesuit question' arose when Lucerne re-admitted Jesuits as teachers in retaliation for Radical restrictions on the Catholic Church in Aargau.
Answer: True
The 'Jesuit question' was sparked when Lucerne re-admitted Jesuits as teachers in its cantonal schools in 1841, a direct retaliation against the Radical-imposed restrictions on the Catholic Church in Aargau.
The *Freischarenzüge* were successful armed invasions of Lucerne by radical forces in 1844 and 1845, leading to the immediate expulsion of the Jesuits.
Answer: False
The *Freischarenzüge* were armed invasions of Lucerne by radical forces in 1844 and 1845, but they were ultimately unsuccessful and disastrous, not leading to the immediate expulsion of the Jesuits, who were later expelled by federal decree.
The Catholic Sonderbund of 1845 was a defensive alliance formed by Catholic cantons that was fully compliant with existing inter-cantonal treaties.
Answer: False
The Catholic Sonderbund of 1845 was indeed a defensive alliance of Catholic cantons, but it was formed in direct violation of existing inter-cantonal treaties, which escalated tensions within the Confederation.
General Guillaume-Henri Dufour led the confederate forces during the Sonderbund War, executing a campaign with remarkably few casualties.
Answer: True
General Guillaume-Henri Dufour commanded the confederate forces during the Sonderbund War, and his strategic and thoughtful campaign resulted in remarkably few casualties, fewer than a hundred on both sides.
Modern Switzerland was established through the adoption of its first Federal Constitution immediately following the Sonderbund War.
Answer: True
Following the conclusion of the Sonderbund War, Modern Switzerland was indeed established with the adoption of its first Federal Constitution, marking a pivotal moment in its political development.
The Swiss Federal Constitution adopted on September 12, 1848, established a loose confederation of independent cantons, maintaining the pre-Sonderbund War structure.
Answer: False
The Swiss Federal Constitution adopted on September 12, 1848, was a transformative document that established Modern Switzerland as a federal state, fundamentally altering the pre-Sonderbund War structure of a loose confederation.
How did Lucerne retaliate in 1841 against the Radicals' restrictions on the Catholic Church in Aargau?
Answer: Lucerne re-admitted the Jesuits as teachers at its cantonal schools.
In a direct act of retaliation against the Radical-imposed restrictions on the Catholic Church in Aargau, Lucerne decided in 1841 to re-admit the Jesuits as teachers at its cantonal schools, initiating the 'Jesuit question'.
What were the *Freischarenzüge*?
Answer: Armed invasions of the canton of Lucerne by radical forces.
The *Freischarenzüge* refer to the armed invasions of the canton of Lucerne by radical forces in 1844 and 1845, which were provoked by Lucerne's re-admission of the Jesuits.
How was the "Jesuit question" ultimately resolved through political means after the failed *Freischarenzüge*?
Answer: The Jesuits were expelled by a decree of the federal Tagsatzung on September 3, 1847.
Following the unsuccessful armed invasions, the 'Jesuit question' was ultimately resolved through political action, with the federal Tagsatzung issuing a decree on September 3, 1847, for the expulsion of the Jesuits.
What was the Catholic Sonderbund of 1845, and why was it significant?
Answer: A defensive alliance formed by Catholic cantons that violated existing inter-cantonal treaties.
The Catholic Sonderbund of 1845 was a significant defensive alliance formed by Catholic cantons in direct reaction to the *Freischarenzüge*, notable because its formation violated existing inter-cantonal treaties, thereby dramatically escalating political and religious tensions within the Confederation.
Who led the confederate forces during the Sonderbund War, and what was notable about his campaign?
Answer: General Guillaume-Henri Dufour, whose campaign resulted in remarkably few casualties.
General Guillaume-Henri Dufour was entrusted with the command of the confederate forces during the Sonderbund War. His campaign is particularly notable for its thoughtful and strategic execution, which resulted in remarkably few casualties, with fewer than a hundred fatalities recorded on both sides.
What significant political development occurred in Switzerland after the Sonderbund War?
Answer: The adoption of Switzerland's first Federal Constitution, establishing Modern Switzerland.
Following the Sonderbund War, Switzerland experienced a profound political transformation with the adoption of its first Federal Constitution, which formally established Modern Switzerland as a federal state.
What was the significance of the Swiss Federal Constitution adopted on September 12, 1848?
Answer: It established Modern Switzerland as a federal state.
The Swiss Federal Constitution, adopted on September 12, 1848, was a landmark document that fundamentally transformed the Swiss Confederation into a modern federal state, laying the institutional groundwork for contemporary Switzerland.
During the 1814-1848 period, only Swiss German and Swiss French were common languages in the Swiss Confederation.
Answer: False
In addition to Swiss German and Swiss French, Swiss Italian and Romansch were also common languages spoken in the Swiss Confederation during the 1814-1848 period.
The *Konkordatsbatzen* was a uniform currency introduced from 1825 to standardize coinage across Swiss cantons.
Answer: True
The *Konkordatsbatzen* was a uniform currency introduced starting in 1825 with the specific aim of standardizing coinage across the various Swiss cantons, each of which previously had its own franc.
Besides Swiss French and Swiss German, what other common languages were spoken in the Swiss Confederation during the 1814-1848 period?
Answer: Swiss Italian and Romansch
During the period from 1814 to 1848, in addition to Swiss French and Swiss German, Swiss Italian and Romansch were also recognized as common languages spoken within the Swiss Confederation.