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Rijeka: A Comprehensive Historical and Cultural Overview

At a Glance

Title: Rijeka: A Comprehensive Historical and Cultural Overview

Total Categories: 5

Category Stats

  • Geographical Context and Demographics: 8 flashcards, 8 questions
  • Early History and Roman-Medieval Period: 8 flashcards, 7 questions
  • Habsburg Rule and Industrialization (18th-Early 20th Century): 17 flashcards, 10 questions
  • Interwar and World War II Eras: 18 flashcards, 13 questions
  • Post-War Development and Contemporary Life: 21 flashcards, 13 questions

Total Stats

  • Total Flashcards: 72
  • True/False Questions: 30
  • Multiple Choice Questions: 21
  • Total Questions: 51

Instructions

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Welcome to Your Curriculum Command Center

This guide will turn you into a Wiki2web Studio power user. Let's unlock the features designed to give you back your weekends.

The Core Concept: What is a "Kit"?

Think of a Kit as your all-in-one digital lesson plan. It's a single, portable file that contains every piece of content for a topic: your subject categories, a central image, all your flashcards, and all your questions. The true power of the Studio is speed—once a kit is made (or you import one), you are just minutes away from printing an entire set of coursework.

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Step 1: Laying the Foundation (The Authoring Tools)

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⚙️ Kit Manager: Your Kit's Identity

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🔗 Intelligent Mapper: The Smart Connection

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  • Step 1: Select a question from the list on the left.
  • Step 2: In the right panel, click on every flashcard that contains a concept required to answer that question. They will turn green, indicating a successful link.
  • The Payoff: When you generate a Smart Study Guide, these linked flashcards will automatically appear under each question as "Related Concepts."

Step 2: The Magic (The Generator Suite)

You've built your content. Now, with a few clicks, turn it into a full suite of professional, ready-to-use materials. What used to take hours of formatting and copying-and-pasting can now be done in seconds.

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Study Guide: Rijeka: A Comprehensive Historical and Cultural Overview

Study Guide: Rijeka: A Comprehensive Historical and Cultural Overview

Geographical Context and Demographics

Rijeka is known by various names such as Tharsatica, Vitopolis, and Fiume, all of which translate to 'river' in their respective languages.

Answer: True

The source confirms that Rijeka is known by names like Tharsatica, Vitopolis, and Fiume, and that all these names translate to 'river'.

Related Concepts:

  • What is Rijeka's significance in Croatia, and what are its primary historical names?: Rijeka is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia. Historically, it was known as Tharsatica, Vitopolis (meaning 'City of Saint Vitus'), or Flumen (meaning 'River') in Latin. In Croatian, it is called Rijeka, and in Slovene, it is Reka. The local Chakavian dialect refers to it as Reka or Rika, while in Italian and Fiuman Venetian, it is Fiume. All these names translate to 'river' in their respective languages.
  • When did Croats settle in Rijeka, and what was the city's structure at that time?: Croats began settling the city in the 7th century, bestowing upon it the Croatian name 'Rika svetoga Vida' (meaning 'the river of Saint Vitus'). At that historical juncture, Rijeka functioned as a feudal stronghold, encircled by a wall, with a fortress positioned at its highest point within the city center.

As of 2021, bilingual signs featuring 'Rijeka' and 'Fiume' have been successfully installed at the city's west entrance due to an initiative by the Italian community.

Answer: False

The source states that as of 2021, these bilingual signs had not been installed due to technical difficulties, despite an initiative by the Italian community.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the current official status of the name 'Fiume' for Rijeka?: Currently, the name Fiume is not used for official purposes in Rijeka due to legal reasons. An initiative by the city's Italian community, starting in 2018, aimed to install bilingual signs featuring both 'Rijeka' and 'Fiume' at the city's west entrance and other locations; however, as of 2021, these signs had not been installed due to technical difficulties.

The 2021 census data indicates that Croats constitute less than 70% of Rijeka's population, with Serbs being the second-largest ethnic group.

Answer: False

According to the 2021 census, Croats constituted 85% of Rijeka's population, which is significantly more than 70%. Serbs were indeed the second-largest ethnic group, but with a much smaller percentage.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the population of Rijeka according to the 2021 census data, and what is its ethnic composition?: According to the 2021 census data, the city proper of Rijeka had a population of 107,964 inhabitants. Its ethnic composition was 85% Croats, with smaller proportions of Serbs, Bosniaks, and Italians. Other groups, such as Slovenes and Hungarians, each constituted less than 1% of the population.

Fiuman, a unique dialect of the Venetian language, historically served as the main lingua franca for Rijeka's multi-ethnic port city.

Answer: True

The source confirms that Fiuman, a dialect of the Venetian language, historically served as the main lingua franca for Rijeka's multi-ethnic port city.

Related Concepts:

  • What unique linguistic dialects are spoken in Rijeka, and what was their historical significance?: In addition to Croatian and Italian, Rijeka is characterized by its unique dialect of the Venetian language, known as Fiuman, with an estimated 20,000 speakers among local Italians, Croats, and other minorities. Historically, Fiuman served as the primary lingua franca for the multi-ethnic port city. In certain suburbs of the modern extended municipality, the autochthonous population continues to speak Chakavian, a dialect of Croatian.

Rijeka's urban development was significantly influenced by surrounding mountains, causing the city to expand primarily along a narrow coastal strip rather than inland.

Answer: True

The source explains that Rijeka is surrounded by mountains on three sides, which prevented inland development and caused it to primarily lie on a narrow coastal strip.

Related Concepts:

  • How do the surrounding mountains influence Rijeka's urban development and geography?: Rijeka is encircled by mountains on three sides: the Učka range (1,396 meters) to the west, the Snežnik plateau and Risnjak massif (1,528 meters) to the north/northeast, and the Velika Kapela range (1,533 meters) to the east/southeast. This topographical configuration has constrained the city's inland expansion to the north, leading to its primary development along a long and relatively narrow coastal strip.

Rijeka's climate is characterized by warm summers and mild, rainy winters, and it generally does not experience a summer drought, unlike typical Mediterranean locations.

Answer: True

The source describes Rijeka's climate as humid subtropical with warm summers and mild, rainy winters, explicitly stating it generally does not experience a summer drought, unlike typical Mediterranean locations.

Related Concepts:

  • What type of climate does Rijeka have, and what are its unique climatic features?: Rijeka experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa according to the Köppen climate classification), characterized by warm summers and relatively mild and rainy winters. Its topography, with mountains rising steeply near the Adriatic coast, creates striking climatic and landscape contrasts, enabling both summer beach activities and alpine skiing at the nearby Platak ski resort during winter. Unlike typical Mediterranean locations, Rijeka generally does not experience a summer drought. Snowfall is infrequent, occurring approximately three days per year, and cold bora winds are common in winter.

Which of the following is NOT a historical name for Rijeka mentioned in the source?

Answer: Aquileia

The source mentions Tharsatica, Vitopolis, and Flumen as historical names for Rijeka. Aquileia is mentioned as part of Attila the Hun's campaign, not as a name for Rijeka itself.

Related Concepts:

  • What is Rijeka's significance in Croatia, and what are its primary historical names?: Rijeka is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia. Historically, it was known as Tharsatica, Vitopolis (meaning 'City of Saint Vitus'), or Flumen (meaning 'River') in Latin. In Croatian, it is called Rijeka, and in Slovene, it is Reka. The local Chakavian dialect refers to it as Reka or Rika, while in Italian and Fiuman Venetian, it is Fiume. All these names translate to 'river' in their respective languages.
  • When did Croats settle in Rijeka, and what was the city's structure at that time?: Croats began settling the city in the 7th century, bestowing upon it the Croatian name 'Rika svetoga Vida' (meaning 'the river of Saint Vitus'). At that historical juncture, Rijeka functioned as a feudal stronghold, encircled by a wall, with a fortress positioned at its highest point within the city center.
  • How did Rijeka's name change after the 4th century, and by whom was it subsequently ruled?: Subsequent to the 4th century, Rijeka was rededicated to Saint Vitus, its patron saint, and became known as 'Terra Fluminis sancti Sancti Viti' or 'Sankt Veit am Pflaum' in German. From the 5th century onward, the town experienced successive periods of rule by the Ostrogoths, Byzantines, Lombards, and Avars.

What percentage of Rijeka's citizens were Croats according to the 2021 census data?

Answer: 85%

According to the 2021 census data, the ethnic composition of Rijeka's citizens was 85% Croats.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the population of Rijeka according to the 2021 census data, and what is its ethnic composition?: According to the 2021 census data, the city proper of Rijeka had a population of 107,964 inhabitants. Its ethnic composition was 85% Croats, with smaller proportions of Serbs, Bosniaks, and Italians. Other groups, such as Slovenes and Hungarians, each constituted less than 1% of the population.

Early History and Roman-Medieval Period

The earliest known settlements on the site of modern Rijeka included the Celtic Tharsatica on a hill and a tribe of mariners called the Liburni in the natural harbor below.

Answer: True

The source identifies the Celtic Tharsatica and the Liburni as the earliest known settlements on the site of Rijeka, maintaining a dual character.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the earliest known settlements on the site of modern Rijeka?: The earliest documented settlements on the site of modern Rijeka included the Celtic Tharsatica, situated on a hill (present-day Trsat, now part of Rijeka), and a seafaring tribe known as the Liburni, who established themselves in the natural harbor below. The city historically maintained this dual character.

Rijeka was first mentioned in the 1st century AD by Ptolemy as Tarsatica in his 'Geography'.

Answer: False

Rijeka was first mentioned in the 1st century AD by Pliny the Elder as Tarsatica in his 'Natural History'. Ptolemy also mentioned it around AD 150 in his 'Geography'.

Related Concepts:

  • How was Rijeka referenced by ancient geographers and historians?: Rijeka was first documented in the 1st century AD by Pliny the Elder as Tarsatica in his 'Natural History'. Approximately AD 150, the Greek geographer and astronomer Ptolemy also referenced Rijeka (Tarsatica) in his 'Geography' within his description of the 'Location of Illyria or Liburnia, and of Dalmatia'.

During the Roman Empire, Tarsatica was rebuilt as a municipium named Flumen and became part of the Liburnia limes, a system of fortifications.

Answer: True

The source states that during the time of Augustus, Tarsatica was rebuilt as a municipium named Flumen and became part of the Liburnia limes, a system of fortifications.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Rijeka's status during the Roman Empire, and what defensive structures were present?: During the reign of Augustus, the Romans reconstructed Tarsatica as a municipium named Flumen, located on the right bank of the Rječina river. It functioned as a city within the Roman Province of Dalmatia until the 6th century and formed part of the Liburnia limes, a system of walls and fortifications designed to defend against raiding Barbarians, remnants of which are still discernible today.

Rijeka was burned down by the troops of Attila the Hun in 452 AD as part of their Aquileia campaign.

Answer: True

The source explicitly states that Rijeka was burned down by Attila the Hun's troops in 452 AD during their Aquileia campaign.

Related Concepts:

  • What significant event occurred in Rijeka in 452 AD?: In 452 AD, Rijeka was razed by the forces of Attila the Hun as part of their Aquileia campaign, a military operation conducted by the Huns in northern Italy.
  • How did Rijeka's name change after the 4th century, and by whom was it subsequently ruled?: Subsequent to the 4th century, Rijeka was rededicated to Saint Vitus, its patron saint, and became known as 'Terra Fluminis sancti Sancti Viti' or 'Sankt Veit am Pflaum' in German. From the 5th century onward, the town experienced successive periods of rule by the Ostrogoths, Byzantines, Lombards, and Avars.

The Frankish attack on Rijeka in 799 resulted in the immediate occupation and devastation of the castle after the death of Duke Eric of Friuli.

Answer: False

The Frankish Siege of Trsat in 799 was initially repulsed, resulting in Duke Eric's death. The Frankish forces eventually occupied and devastated the castle, but not immediately after his death.

Related Concepts:

  • What happened during the Frankish attack on Rijeka in 799?: In 799, Rijeka was subjected to an assault by the Frankish troops of Charlemagne. Their Siege of Trsat was initially repelled, resulting in the demise of the Frankish commander Duke Eric of Friuli. Nevertheless, the Frankish forces ultimately occupied and devastated the castle, leading to the Duchy of Croatia falling under the suzerainty of the Carolingian Empire.

Which ancient geographer first mentioned Rijeka (Tarsatica) in the 1st century AD in his 'Natural History'?

Answer: Pliny the Elder

Rijeka was first mentioned in the 1st century AD by Pliny the Elder as Tarsatica in his 'Natural History'.

Related Concepts:

  • How was Rijeka referenced by ancient geographers and historians?: Rijeka was first documented in the 1st century AD by Pliny the Elder as Tarsatica in his 'Natural History'. Approximately AD 150, the Greek geographer and astronomer Ptolemy also referenced Rijeka (Tarsatica) in his 'Geography' within his description of the 'Location of Illyria or Liburnia, and of Dalmatia'.

What significant event occurred in Rijeka in 452 AD?

Answer: It was burned down by the troops of Attila the Hun.

In 452 AD, Rijeka was burned down by the troops of Attila the Hun as part of their Aquileia campaign.

Related Concepts:

  • What significant event occurred in Rijeka in 452 AD?: In 452 AD, Rijeka was razed by the forces of Attila the Hun as part of their Aquileia campaign, a military operation conducted by the Huns in northern Italy.
  • How did Rijeka's name change after the 4th century, and by whom was it subsequently ruled?: Subsequent to the 4th century, Rijeka was rededicated to Saint Vitus, its patron saint, and became known as 'Terra Fluminis sancti Sancti Viti' or 'Sankt Veit am Pflaum' in German. From the 5th century onward, the town experienced successive periods of rule by the Ostrogoths, Byzantines, Lombards, and Avars.

Habsburg Rule and Industrialization (18th-Early 20th Century)

Rijeka remained under Austrian Habsburg rule for over 450 years, with no interruptions until the end of World War I.

Answer: False

Rijeka remained under Austrian Habsburg rule for over 450 years, but this period was briefly interrupted by French rule between 1809 and 1813 during the Napoleonic Wars.

Related Concepts:

  • How long did Rijeka remain under Austrian Habsburg rule, and what interrupted this period?: Rijeka remained under Austrian Habsburg rule for over 450 years, from 1466 until the conclusion of World War I in 1918. This extensive period was briefly interrupted by French rule between 1809 and 1813 during the Napoleonic Wars.

Emperor Charles VI declared the Port of Rijeka a free port in 1719 and ordered the expansion of the trade route to Vienna in 1725.

Answer: True

The source confirms that Emperor Charles VI declared the Port of Rijeka a free port in 1719 and ordered the expansion of the trade route to Vienna in 1725.

Related Concepts:

  • What significant economic declarations were made for the Port of Rijeka by Emperor Charles VI?: Emperor Charles VI formally declared the Port of Rijeka a free port in 1719, a designation also extended to the Port of Trieste. Furthermore, in 1725, he mandated the expansion of the trade route to Vienna, thereby further enhancing the port's economic significance.

The Louisiana road, completed during French rule, significantly stimulated Rijeka's port development by providing the shortest route to the interior.

Answer: True

The source states that the Louisiana road, completed during French rule, provided the shortest route from Rijeka to the interior and significantly stimulated port development.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the significance of the Louisiana road during French rule in Rijeka?: During the brief period of French rule between 1809 and 1813, the Louisiana road, named after Napoleon's wife Marie Louise, was completed. This road established the shortest route from Rijeka to the interior (Karlovac) and significantly stimulated the development of Rijeka's port.

The Imperial and Royal Naval Academy in Fiume was a pioneering center for high-speed photography, where the first photograph of a bullet flying at supersonic speed was taken in 1886.

Answer: True

The source confirms that the Imperial and Royal Naval Academy in Fiume was a pioneering center for high-speed photography, and the first photograph of a bullet flying at supersonic speed was taken there in 1886 by Peter Salcher.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the Imperial and Royal Naval Academy in Fiume known for in the mid-19th century?: In the mid-19th century, the Imperial and Royal Naval Academy (K.u.K. Marine-Akademie) in Fiume served as the training ground for Austro-Hungarian Navy officer cadets. It also emerged as a pioneering center for high-speed photography, where Austrian physicist Peter Salcher captured the first photograph of a bullet in supersonic flight in 1886.

By 1913-1914, the Port of Fiume had become the fifth-busiest port in Europe due to Hungarian investments.

Answer: False

By 1913-1914, the Port of Fiume had become the tenth-busiest port in Europe, not the fifth-busiest.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Rijeka's port develop under Hungarian investments, and what was its status by 1913-1914?: Rijeka's port experienced immense development due to substantial Hungarian investments, establishing itself as the primary maritime outlet for Hungary and the eastern part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. By 1913-1914, the Port of Fiume had ascended to become the tenth-busiest port in Europe.

How long did Rijeka remain under Austrian Habsburg rule, excluding brief interruptions?

Answer: Over 450 years

Rijeka remained under Austrian Habsburg rule for over 450 years, from 1466 until the end of World War I in 1918, with brief interruptions.

Related Concepts:

  • How long did Rijeka remain under Austrian Habsburg rule, and what interrupted this period?: Rijeka remained under Austrian Habsburg rule for over 450 years, from 1466 until the conclusion of World War I in 1918. This extensive period was briefly interrupted by French rule between 1809 and 1813 during the Napoleonic Wars.

What natural disaster struck Rijeka in 1750, leading to its almost complete rebuilding?

Answer: A large earthquake

On November 28, 1750, Rijeka was hit by a large earthquake, which caused such widespread devastation that the city had to be almost completely rebuilt.

Related Concepts:

  • What natural disaster struck Rijeka in 1750, and what was its consequence?: On November 28, 1750, Rijeka was struck by a powerful earthquake, which caused such widespread devastation that the city necessitated almost complete reconstruction. This rebuilding effort transformed it from a small medieval walled town into a larger commercial and maritime city centered around its port.

Who was the most prominent economic and cultural leader of Rijeka in the early 19th century, known for supporting the city's development?

Answer: Andrija Ljudevit Adamić

Andrija Ljudevit Adamić was the most prominent economic and cultural leader of Rijeka in the early 19th century, known for supporting the city's development.

Related Concepts:

  • Who was Andrija Ljudevit Adamić, and what was his role in early 19th-century Rijeka?: Andrija Ljudevit Adamić was the preeminent economic and cultural leader of Rijeka in the early 19th century. As an aristocratic trader and builder, he provided substantial support for the city's economic and cultural development.

What significant technological innovation, developed by Robert Whitehead, was first produced in Rijeka in 1866?

Answer: The self-propelled torpedo

The world's first torpedo factory, developed by Robert Whitehead, was established in Rijeka in 1866, producing the self-propelled torpedo.

Related Concepts:

  • What technological innovations and industrial enterprises characterized Rijeka's prosperity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?: Rijeka's era of prosperity was marked by the establishment of Europe's first industrial-scale oil refinery in 1882 and the world's first torpedo factory in 1866, developed by Robert Whitehead. Other significant enterprises included a rice husking and starch factory, a wood and furniture company, a wheat elevator and mill, Ganz-Danubius shipbuilding industries, a cocoa and chocolate factory, a brick factory, a tobacco factory (the largest in the Monarchy), a cognac distillery, a pasta factory, the Ossoinack barrel and chest factory, and five foundries.

According to the 1910 Austro-Hungarian census, which linguistic community constituted the largest percentage of Rijeka's population?

Answer: Italian

According to the 1910 Austro-Hungarian census, the Italian linguistic community constituted the largest percentage of Rijeka's population at 46.9%.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the linguistic and religious composition of Rijeka's population according to the 1910 Austro-Hungarian census?: According to the 1910 Austro-Hungarian census, the *corpus separatum* of Rijeka had a population of 49,806. The linguistic communities were: Italian (46.9%), Croatian (31.7%), Slovenian (7.9%), Hungarian (7.3%), German (5.0%), English (0.4%), Czech (0.3%), Serbian (0.14%), French (0.08%), Polish (0.07%), and Romanian (0.06%). By religious affiliation, there were 45,130 Catholics, 1,696 Jewish, 1,123 Calvinist, 995 Orthodox, and 311 Lutheran inhabitants.

Interwar and World War II Eras

During World War I, Rijeka's port traffic collapsed due to a maritime blockade, leading to widespread shortages and economic deterioration.

Answer: True

The source states that a maritime blockade during World War I caused Rijeka's port traffic to collapse, leading to economic deterioration and widespread shortages.

Related Concepts:

  • How did World War I impact Rijeka's economy and daily life?: World War I brought an end to Rijeka's 'golden era' of peace and rapid economic growth. While war-related industries initially prospered, the city's economy and living standards significantly deteriorated as the conflict became protracted, particularly after Italy's declaration of war in May 1915. A maritime blockade caused port traffic to plummet from 2,892,538 tons in 1913 to 330,313 tons in 1918. Factories reduced production or ceased operations due to shortages of manpower and raw materials, leading to widespread scarcity of food and basic necessities, and an increase in crime and war profiteering.

The 'Fiume Question' arose after World War I because the Treaty of London had explicitly assigned Rijeka to Italy, which Yugoslavia contested.

Answer: False

The 'Fiume Question' arose because the Treaty of London had *not* assigned Rijeka to either Italy or Croatia, leading to competing claims.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Fiume Question' following World War I, and what were the competing claims for sovereignty?: The 'Fiume Question' emerged from the dissolution of Habsburg-ruled Austria-Hungary in October 1918, leading to competing Croatian-Serbian and Italian administrations in Rijeka. Both Italy and the newly formed Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes asserted sovereignty over the city based on their respective 'irredentist' (unredeemed) ethnic populations. Italy's claim rested on Italians constituting the largest single nationality within the city (46.9%), while Croats formed the majority in the surrounding area.
  • What international proposals were made for Rijeka's future during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919?: During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Rijeka's future became a significant point of contention. US President Wilson even proposed establishing Rijeka as a free city and the headquarters of the newly formed League of Nations. A central issue was that the Treaty of London had not allocated Rijeka to either Italy or Croatia, as it was presumed Austria-Hungary would endure the war.

Gabriele D'Annunzio established the Italian Regency of Carnaro in Rijeka, which was notable for being the first state in the world to recognize Soviet Russia.

Answer: True

The source confirms that Gabriele D'Annunzio established the Italian Regency of Carnaro in Rijeka, and its 'League of Fiume' was the first state in the world to recognize Soviet Russia.

Related Concepts:

  • Who was Gabriele D'Annunzio, and what state did he establish in Rijeka?: Gabriele D'Annunzio was an Italian nationalist poet who, on September 10, 1919, captured Rijeka with a force of Italian nationalist irregulars. As the Italian government was unwilling to annex Fiume, D'Annunzio and his intellectual adherents established an independent state called the Italian Regency of Carnaro, which functioned as a unique social and cultural experiment.
  • What was the 'League of Fiume,' and what was its notable achievement?: The 'League of Fiume' was an organization founded by D'Annunzio and his followers as an endeavor to create a movement of non-aligned nations, in opposition to the Wilsonian League of Nations. It aimed to support oppressed nationalities and forged connections with various international movements. Its most significant legacy was being the first state globally to formally recognize Soviet Russia.

The Free State of Fiume was formally partitioned between Italy and Yugoslavia by the Treaty of Rome in 1924, with most of the old *Corpus Separatum* becoming part of Italy.

Answer: True

The source states that the Free State of Fiume was formally partitioned between Italy and Yugoslavia by the bilateral Treaty of Rome on January 27, 1924, with most of the old *Corpus Separatum* becoming part of Italy.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the Free State of Fiume ultimately become part of the Kingdom of Italy?: Despite initial international recognition and democratic elections, the Free State of Fiume experienced internal strife, including a local Fascist putsch in March 1922, which prompted a third Italian intervention. When the Kingdom of Italy itself came under Fascist rule, the Italian Fascist Party, a strong advocate for Fiume's annexation, sealed its fate. The territory was formally partitioned between Italy and Yugoslavia by the bilateral Treaty of Rome on January 27, 1924, with the majority of the old *Corpus Separatum* becoming part of Italy.

After its annexation to Italy in 1924, Rijeka's economy thrived due to its re-established commercial hinterland and significant Italian government investments.

Answer: False

After annexation to Italy, Rijeka lost its commercial hinterland, which reduced its economic potential. While it received investments and regained some prosperity, its economic and demographic growth slowed compared to the previous period.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Rijeka's economic situation change after becoming part of the Kingdom of Italy?: After its incorporation into the Kingdom of Italy, Rijeka lost its commercial hinterland, which reduced its economic potential. However, it retained its Free Port status and received economic concessions and subsidies from the Italian government, including separate tax treatment and continuous investments. This enabled the city to regain a good level of economic prosperity, although its economic and demographic growth slowed compared to the preceding Austro-Hungarian period.

During World War II, approximately 80% of Rijeka's Jewish residents were deported to Auschwitz, a higher proportion than any other city in Italian territory.

Answer: True

The source states that approximately 80% of Rijeka's Jewish residents were deported to Auschwitz, and this was a higher proportion than any other city in Italian territory.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the fate of Rijeka's Jewish population during World War II?: During World War II, the German and Italian occupying forces and their local collaborators deported approximately 80 percent of Rijeka's roughly 500 Jewish residents to Auschwitz. A higher proportion of Rijeka's Jewish population was murdered in the Holocaust than that of any other city in Italian territory.

By the end of World War II, over 75% of Rijeka's buildings were either completely destroyed or significantly damaged.

Answer: False

By the end of World War II, 53% of Rijeka's buildings (2,890 out of 5,400) were either completely destroyed or significantly damaged, not over 75%.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the extent of damage to Rijeka's infrastructure and buildings by the end of World War II?: By the conclusion of World War II, Rijeka had sustained extensive damage. Its economic infrastructure was almost entirely destroyed, and out of 5,400 buildings in the city, 2,890 (53%) were either completely demolished or significantly damaged.
  • How was Rijeka affected by Allied air attacks during World War II?: Due to its strategic industries (oil refinery, torpedo factory, shipyards) and port facilities, Rijeka was subjected to over 30 Anglo-American air attacks during World War II. These bombardments caused extensive destruction and hundreds of civilian fatalities, with some of the most severe attacks occurring on January 12, 1944, November 3-6, 1944, and February 15-25, 1945.

What was the primary reason for the collapse of Rijeka's port traffic during World War I?

Answer: A maritime blockade

The source explicitly states that a maritime blockade caused Rijeka's port traffic to collapse during World War I.

Related Concepts:

  • How did World War I impact Rijeka's economy and daily life?: World War I brought an end to Rijeka's 'golden era' of peace and rapid economic growth. While war-related industries initially prospered, the city's economy and living standards significantly deteriorated as the conflict became protracted, particularly after Italy's declaration of war in May 1915. A maritime blockade caused port traffic to plummet from 2,892,538 tons in 1913 to 330,313 tons in 1918. Factories reduced production or ceased operations due to shortages of manpower and raw materials, leading to widespread scarcity of food and basic necessities, and an increase in crime and war profiteering.

What was US President Wilson's proposal for Rijeka's future during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919?

Answer: To make it a free city and headquarters of the League of Nations

During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, US President Wilson proposed making Rijeka a free city and the headquarters of the newly formed League of Nations.

Related Concepts:

  • What international proposals were made for Rijeka's future during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919?: During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Rijeka's future became a significant point of contention. US President Wilson even proposed establishing Rijeka as a free city and the headquarters of the newly formed League of Nations. A central issue was that the Treaty of London had not allocated Rijeka to either Italy or Croatia, as it was presumed Austria-Hungary would endure the war.

What event, known as 'Bloody Christmas,' led to the end of the Italian Regency of Carnaro?

Answer: A five-day bombardment by Italian royal forces

The Italian Regency of Carnaro ended after Gabriele D'Annunzio declared war against Italy, leading to a five-day bombardment by Italian royal forces, known as 'Bloody Christmas'.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the Italian Regency of Carnaro come to an end?: The Italian Regency of Carnaro concluded after Italy and Yugoslavia signed the Treaty of Rapallo on November 12, 1920, which proposed Fiume's establishment as an independent state. D'Annunzio responded by declaring war against Italy, leading to a five-day bombardment by Italian royal forces, known as 'Bloody Christmas,' which resulted in his surrender and the Italian troops liberating the city in late December 1920.

Who was elected as Rijeka's first president after the democratic election on April 24, 1921?

Answer: Riccardo Zanella

In the democratic election held on April 24, 1921, Riccardo Zanella was elected as Rijeka's first president.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the outcome of the democratic election in Fiume on April 24, 1921?: In the democratic election held on April 24, 1921, the Fiuman electorate overwhelmingly endorsed the concept of a free state of Fiume-Rijeka, featuring a Fiuman-Italo-Yugoslav consortium ownership structure for the port. This outcome led to the victory of independentist candidates from the Autonomist Party, and Riccardo Zanella was elected as Rijeka's first president, receiving international recognition.

What was a consequence for the Croatian minority in Fiume after its annexation to Italy in 1924?

Answer: They fell victim to discrimination and targeted assimilation policies.

After the annexation of Fiume to Italy in 1924, the Croatian minority in the city fell victim to discrimination and targeted assimilation policies.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the consequences for the Croatian minority in Fiume after its annexation to Italy in 1924?: Following the annexation of Fiume to Italy on March 16, 1924, the Croatian minority in the city became subject to discrimination and targeted assimilation policies under the Italian government. The city also lost its commercial hinterland, thereby becoming a border town with diminished strategic importance for Italy.

What was the approximate number of German and Italian RSI troops commanded by General Ludwig Kübler during the final battle for Rijeka in April 1945?

Answer: Approximately 27,000

Approximately 27,000 German and Italian RSI troops, commanded by General Ludwig Kübler, fought during the final battle for Rijeka in April 1945.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the final battle for Rijeka at the end of World War II.: As Yugoslav troops advanced on Rijeka in April 1945, one of the most intense and extensive battles in the region unfolded. Approximately 27,000 German and Italian RSI troops, under the command of German General Ludwig Kübler, fiercely defended heavily fortified positions known as 'Ingridstellung' to the north and east of the city. Despite inflicting thousands of casualties on the attacking Partisans, the German forces were eventually compelled to retreat. Before their withdrawal, they destroyed much of the harbor and other vital infrastructure. Of the retreating German and other troops, 11,000 were killed or executed, and 16,000 were taken prisoner. Yugoslav troops entered Rijeka on May 3, 1945.

Post-War Development and Contemporary Life

Rijeka's economy is primarily driven by its deep-water port and the shipbuilding industry, including notable shipyards like '3. Maj' and 'Viktor Lenac Shipyard'.

Answer: True

The source explicitly states that Rijeka's economy is largely dependent on shipbuilding, mentioning '3. Maj' and 'Viktor Lenac Shipyard,' and maritime transport, leveraging its deep-water port.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the main economic drivers of Rijeka?: Rijeka's economy is predominantly driven by its shipbuilding industry, including notable shipyards such as '3. Maj' and 'Viktor Lenac Shipyard,' and by maritime transport, leveraging its strategically important deep-water port.
  • What is the significance of the Port of Rijeka in Croatia's transport infrastructure?: The Port of Rijeka is Croatia's largest port, handling 12.6 million tonnes of cargo in 2017, primarily crude oil, refined petroleum products, and bulk cargo. It also managed 260,337 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs). The port, first documented in 1281 and granted free port status in 1719, is managed by the Port of Rijeka Authority and provides ferry connections to surrounding islands and cities, as well as coastal lines to Split and Dubrovnik.

The University of Rijeka was formally established in 1632 as a Jesuit School of Theology, making it one of Europe's oldest universities.

Answer: False

The University of Rijeka was formally founded in 1973, though its roots trace back to a Jesuit School of Theology in 1632. It was not formally established as a university in 1632.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the main institution of higher education in Rijeka, and what are its historical roots?: The primary institution of higher education in Rijeka is the University of Rijeka. While formally established in 1973, its historical roots extend much earlier to 1632 with the founding of a local Jesuit School of Theology.
  • What significant cultural and educational institutions are located in Rijeka?: Rijeka is home to the Croatian National Theatre Ivan pl. Zajc, originally constructed in 1765, and the University of Rijeka, a prominent institution of higher education whose origins trace back to a Jesuit School of Theology established in 1632.

Rijeka was designated as the European Capital of Culture for 2020, sharing the title with Venice, Italy.

Answer: False

Rijeka was selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2020, but it shared the title with Galway, Ireland, not Venice, Italy.

Related Concepts:

  • What international cultural recognition did Rijeka receive in 2016?: In 2016, Rijeka was designated as the European Capital of Culture for 2020, sharing this prestigious title with Galway, Ireland. This designation typically entails a year-long program of diverse cultural events and initiatives.

The 'Fiume Autonomists purge' involved the assassination of autonomist figures by the Yugoslav secret police despite promises of political autonomy for the city.

Answer: True

The source describes the 'Fiume Autonomists purge' as the assassination of autonomist figures by the Yugoslav secret police OZNA, despite promises of political autonomy.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Fiume Autonomists purge' and its consequences?: The 'Fiume Autonomists purge' constituted a political and ethnic repression targeting autonomist figures in Rijeka who had actively assisted Yugoslav partisans in liberating the region. Despite prior assurances of political autonomy for the city, these autonomists were assassinated by the Yugoslav secret police OZNA in the days immediately preceding and following the Yugoslav army's entry into the city.

During the Yugoslav Communist administration, Rijeka became the second richest district within Yugoslavia by GDP per capita.

Answer: True

The source states that during the Yugoslav Communist administration, Rijeka became the second richest district (by GDP per capita) within Yugoslavia.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Rijeka's economy fare during the Yugoslav Communist administration?: During the Yugoslav Communist administration from the 1950s to the 1980s, Rijeka became the primary port of the Federal Republic and experienced renewed demographic and economic growth. It benefited from a re-established hinterland, which had been absent during the Italian period, and the revitalization of its traditional manufacturing and maritime industries. This enabled Rijeka to achieve the status of the second richest district (by GDP per capita) within Yugoslavia.

After Croatia gained independence in 1991, Rijeka's economy experienced a boom due to the privatization of its large industries and increased port traffic.

Answer: False

After Croatia gained independence in 1991, Rijeka's economy stagnated, and many large industries went out of business due to privatization scandals, corruption, and the war economy.

Related Concepts:

  • What economic challenges did Rijeka face after Croatia gained independence in 1991?: After Croatia achieved independence in 1991 and during the Croatian War of Independence, Rijeka's economy stagnated, and its demography sharply declined. Many large industries and employers, such as the Jugolinija shipping company, the torpedo factory, and the paper mill, ceased operations. The number of individuals employed in manufacturing plummeted from over 80,000 in 1990 to only 5,000 two decades later, largely attributable to privatization scandals, corruption, and the war economy.

The Rijeka Carnival is held annually in late summer and attracts participants primarily from within Croatia.

Answer: False

The Rijeka Carnival is held annually before Lent, typically between late January and early March, and attracts participants from over 200 groups, indicating an international scope, not primarily from within Croatia.

Related Concepts:

  • When and how is the Rijeka Carnival celebrated?: The Rijeka Carnival (Riječki karneval) is an annual event held before Lent, typically between late January and early March, and is recognized as the largest carnival in Croatia. Festivities commence with the mayor symbolically transferring the city key to Meštar Toni, who assumes the role of the carnival's 'maestro' and temporary mayor, followed by the election of the carnival queen. Events include a charity ball, the Rally Paris–Bakar (a masked car rally), and a children's carnival. The international carnival attracts approximately 15,000 participants from over 200 groups and draws crowds exceeding 100,000.

Which of these institutions in Rijeka has roots dating back to a Jesuit School of Theology in 1632?

Answer: University of Rijeka

The University of Rijeka, while formally founded in 1973, has its roots tracing back to a Jesuit School of Theology established in 1632.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the main institution of higher education in Rijeka, and what are its historical roots?: The primary institution of higher education in Rijeka is the University of Rijeka. While formally established in 1973, its historical roots extend much earlier to 1632 with the founding of a local Jesuit School of Theology.
  • What significant cultural and educational institutions are located in Rijeka?: Rijeka is home to the Croatian National Theatre Ivan pl. Zajc, originally constructed in 1765, and the University of Rijeka, a prominent institution of higher education whose origins trace back to a Jesuit School of Theology established in 1632.

What international recognition did Rijeka receive in 2016, sharing the title with Galway, Ireland?

Answer: European Capital of Culture

In 2016, Rijeka was selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2020, sharing the title with Galway, Ireland.

Related Concepts:

  • What international cultural recognition did Rijeka receive in 2016?: In 2016, Rijeka was designated as the European Capital of Culture for 2020, sharing this prestigious title with Galway, Ireland. This designation typically entails a year-long program of diverse cultural events and initiatives.

What was the primary reason for the 'Istrian-Dalmatian exodus' from Rijeka after World War II?

Answer: Forced emigration or harsh oppression by the new Yugoslav Communist regime.

The 'Istrian-Dalmatian exodus' occurred because inhabitants were gradually compelled to emigrate or faced harsh oppression by the new Yugoslav Communist regime, including summary executions.

Related Concepts:

  • How was Rijeka's sovereignty formalized after World War II, and what was the impact on its population?: After World War II, Rijeka was unilaterally annexed by Yugoslavia and incorporated into the federal state of Croatia, a de facto situation formalized by the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty between Italy and the Allies. This led to the 'Istrian-Dalmatian exodus,' during which 58,000 of the city's 66,000 inhabitants were gradually compelled to emigrate or faced severe oppression by the new Yugoslav Communist regime, including summary executions of alleged Fascists and local intellectuals.

Which of the following describes the 'Fiume Autonomists purge'?

Answer: The assassination of autonomist figures by Yugoslav secret police.

The 'Fiume Autonomists purge' involved the assassination of autonomist figures by the Yugoslav secret police OZNA, despite promises of political autonomy for the city.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Fiume Autonomists purge' and its consequences?: The 'Fiume Autonomists purge' constituted a political and ethnic repression targeting autonomist figures in Rijeka who had actively assisted Yugoslav partisans in liberating the region. Despite prior assurances of political autonomy for the city, these autonomists were assassinated by the Yugoslav secret police OZNA in the days immediately preceding and following the Yugoslav army's entry into the city.

What is the primary cargo handled by the Port of Rijeka, according to 2017 data?

Answer: Crude oil, refined petroleum products, and bulk cargo

The Port of Rijeka handled 12.6 million tonnes of cargo in 2017, primarily crude oil, refined petroleum products, and bulk cargo.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the Port of Rijeka in Croatia's transport infrastructure?: The Port of Rijeka is Croatia's largest port, handling 12.6 million tonnes of cargo in 2017, primarily crude oil, refined petroleum products, and bulk cargo. It also managed 260,337 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs). The port, first documented in 1281 and granted free port status in 1719, is managed by the Port of Rijeka Authority and provides ferry connections to surrounding islands and cities, as well as coastal lines to Split and Dubrovnik.
  • What are the main economic drivers of Rijeka?: Rijeka's economy is predominantly driven by its shipbuilding industry, including notable shipyards such as '3. Maj' and 'Viktor Lenac Shipyard,' and by maritime transport, leveraging its strategically important deep-water port.

Which of these notable individuals from Rijeka is known for pioneering ultrafast photography?

Answer: Peter Salcher

Peter Salcher is listed among Rijeka's notable individuals as a pioneer of ultrafast photography.

Related Concepts:

  • Which notable individuals from Rijeka have made significant contributions in the fields of science, arts, politics, and sports?: Rijeka has produced numerous notable individuals across diverse fields. In science, these include Robert Bartini (aircraft designer), Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (psychology professor known for 'flow' theory), Antonio Grossich (inventor of Tincture of iodine), Giovanni Luppis (co-inventor of the self-propelled torpedo), and Peter Salcher (pioneer of ultrafast photography). In arts and culture, prominent figures include Oretta Fiume (cinema star), Irma Gramatica (actress), Janko Polić Kamov (writer), and Romolo Venucci (cubist painter). Politically, Giovanni de Ciotta (mayor), Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović (former Croatian president), and Riccardo Zanella (first president of the Free State of Fiume) are notable. In sports, Ezio Loik (Italian footballer), Abdon Pamich (Olympic gold medalist in race walking), and Marko Purišić (Baby Lasagna, Eurovision contestant) stand out.

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