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During the middle Roman Republic, the term 'provincia' primarily denoted a specific task or sphere of responsibility assigned to a magistrate, rather than exclusively a defined geographical territory.
Answer: True
Initially in the middle Republic, 'provincia' denoted a magistrate's assigned task or sphere of responsibility, which could include military command ('imperium') or administrative duties. With subsequent military expansion and territorial acquisition, the term increasingly referred to geographical areas under Roman administration.
What was the initial meaning of the term 'provincia' during the middle Roman Republic?
Answer: A specific task or duty assigned to a magistrate.
In the middle Roman Republic, 'provincia' primarily denoted a magistrate's assigned task or sphere of responsibility, rather than a territorial unit, encompassing duties from military command to treasury management.
The *lex Calpurnia de repetundis*, enacted in 149 BC, created a permanent court to try cases of extortion by provincial governors.
Answer: True
The *lex Calpurnia de repetundis*, enacted in 149 BC, established a permanent court (quaestio perpetua) to adjudicate cases of extortion and corruption by provincial governors, marking a significant step in regulating their conduct.
Gaius Sempronius Gracchus introduced the *lex Sempronia de provinciis consularibus*, which mandated the Senate to assign consular provinces *before* the consular elections.
Answer: True
The *lex Sempronia de provinciis consularibus*, enacted by Gaius Sempronius Gracchus circa 123-122 BC, required the Senate to designate consular provinces prior to the election of consuls. This reform aimed to standardize assignments and reduce the Senate's ad hoc allocation of commands.
Promagistrates, such as praetors serving *pro consule*, became common due to an *insufficient* number of elected magistrates to govern the growing number of provinces.
Answer: True
The prevalence of promagistrates, such as praetors serving *pro consule*, arose from a deficit in elected magistrates to staff the growing number of provinces and preside over jury courts. Prorogation enabled experienced officials to extend their service beyond their annual term.
The *lex Sempronia de provinciis consularibus* aimed to prevent governors from accumulating excessive personal power and wealth through prolonged commands.
Answer: True
The *lex Sempronia de provinciis consularibus* sought to regulate the assignment and duration of consular commands, thereby limiting the potential for governors to amass excessive personal power and wealth.
What was the primary purpose of the *lex Calpurnia de repetundis* enacted in 149 BC?
Answer: To establish a court to try corruption cases against governors.
The *lex Calpurnia de repetundis*, enacted in 149 BC, established a permanent court (quaestio perpetua) to adjudicate cases of extortion and corruption by provincial governors, marking a significant step in regulating their conduct.
The *lex Sempronia de provinciis consularibus*, associated with Gaius Sempronius Gracchus, aimed to standardize provincial assignments by:
Answer: Mandating Senate selection of consular provinces before elections.
The *lex Sempronia de provinciis consularibus*, enacted by Gaius Sempronius Gracchus circa 123-122 BC, required the Senate to designate consular provinces prior to the election of consuls. This reform aimed to standardize assignments and reduce the Senate's ad hoc allocation of commands.
Why did the use of promagistrates (like praetors serving *pro consule*) become common in provincial governance?
Answer: Due to an insufficient number of elected praetors and an increase in provinces.
The prevalence of promagistrates, such as praetors serving *pro consule*, arose from a deficit in elected magistrates to staff the growing number of provinces and preside over jury courts. Prorogation enabled experienced officials to extend their service beyond their annual term.
Which ambitious politician used tribunician law to transfer a province to himself, destabilizing the traditional system?
Answer: Marius
Politicians such as Gaius Marius circumvented traditional provincial assignment procedures through extraordinary legislative means, thereby destabilizing the system, fostering political tension, and enabling the accumulation of personal power that contributed to the Republic's decline.
Under Augustus' 'first settlement' in 27 BC, the Senate retained control over senatorial provinces, while Augustus assumed direct command over strategically vital provinces containing most Roman legions.
Answer: True
In the 'first settlement' of 27 BC, Augustus ostensibly returned provincial and military control to the Senate, while simultaneously securing command over strategically vital provinces containing the majority of Roman legions for a ten-year period.
'Imperial provinces' under Augustus were primarily older, demilitarized territories governed by senators.
Answer: False
'Imperial provinces' under Augustus were primarily strategically important territories containing Roman legions, directly administered by the emperor or his legates, distinct from the older, demilitarized 'senatorial provinces'.
Augustus appointed subordinate legates, *legatus Augusti pro praetore*, to govern *imperial* provinces on his behalf, not senatorial provinces.
Answer: True
Augustus appointed subordinate legates, titled *legatus Augusti pro praetore*, to administer imperial provinces under his direct authority, possessing 'imperium' but lacking the independent command of proconsuls.
Under Augustus' administrative reforms, which type of province contained the majority of Roman legions and was strategically important?
Answer: Imperial provinces
Under Augustus, 'imperial provinces' were those assigned to the emperor, typically frontier regions with significant military presence, while 'senatorial provinces' were older, less militarized territories governed by senators appointed by the Senate.
Who was appointed as *legatus Augusti pro praetore* under Augustus?
Answer: Subordinate legates governing imperial provinces on Augustus' behalf.
Augustus appointed subordinate legates, titled *legatus Augusti pro praetore*, to administer imperial provinces under his direct authority, possessing 'imperium' but lacking the independent command of proconsuls.
How did Augustus' 'second settlement' in 23 BC alter his authority regarding provincial governance?
Answer: He received general proconsular authority over imperial provinces and *imperium maius* over public ones.
The 'second settlement' of 23 BC saw Augustus exchange the consulship for general proconsular authority over imperial provinces and *imperium maius* over all provinces, granting him precedence over senatorial governors and authority within Rome.
Diocletian's administrative reforms grouped provinces into larger units called 'praetorian prefectures', each overseen by a 'vicarius'.
Answer: False
Diocletian's administrative reforms grouped provinces into 'dioceses', each overseen by a 'vicarius', which were then further organized under 'praetorian prefectures'.
The *Notitia Dignitatum* is a document from the 3rd century AD detailing the administrative structure of the early Roman Empire.
Answer: False
The *Notitia Dignitatum* is a document from the early 5th century AD, detailing the administrative and military structure of the *late* Roman Empire.
Constantine I established Constantinople as the new capital and moved the imperial residence to Mediolanum (Milan) prior to Constantinople's founding.
Answer: True
Emperor Constantine I re-established the four 'praetorian prefectures' in 318 AD and relocated the imperial residence to Mediolanum (Milan), later founding Constantinople as the new capital.
After the territorial losses in the 7th century, the traditional Roman provincial system was largely superseded by the Byzantine 'theme system', particularly in the East.
Answer: True
Post-7th-century territorial losses led to the Roman provincial system being largely replaced by the military 'theme system', particularly in Asia Minor and Greece, adapting administration to the altered geopolitical context.
Under Diocletian's reforms, provinces were grouped into 'dioceses', overseen by 'vicarii', who reported to the Praetorian Prefects, not directly administered by the emperor.
Answer: True
Diocletian's reforms established a hierarchical administrative framework, grouping provinces into 'dioceses', administrative units overseen by 'vicarii' who represented the emperor and reported to the Praetorian Prefect.
Justinian I's reforms, starting around 534-536 AD, involved *abolishing* the strict separation of civil and military authority in some provinces, a move that eventually led to the theme system.
Answer: True
Justinian I's administrative reforms, initiated around 534-536 AD, involved the abolition of strict civil-military separation in certain provinces, a precursor to the eventual adoption of the 'theme system'.
The *Laterculus Veronensis* is a document dating to circa AD 310, reflecting the provincial structure of the late Roman Empire.
Answer: True
The *Laterculus Veronensis*, circa AD 310, is a primary source that lists the provinces of the late Roman Empire, reflecting the administrative divisions implemented by Diocletian's reforms.
The administrative structure under Diocletian involved grouping provinces into 'dioceses', which were then grouped into larger 'praetorian prefectures'.
Answer: True
Diocletian's reforms established a hierarchical administrative framework, grouping provinces into 'dioceses', administrative units overseen by 'vicarii' and organized under 'praetorian prefectures'.
Which emperor radically reformed provincial administration by dividing the empire into nearly a hundred provinces, grouped into 'dioceses' overseen by 'vicarii'?
Answer: Diocletian
Diocletian's reforms included the establishment of the Tetrarchy and a radical restructuring of provincial administration, subdividing the empire into numerous smaller provinces, organized into 'dioceses' supervised by 'vicarii', and subsequently grouped under 'praetorian prefectures'.
The *Notitia Dignitatum* is a crucial source for understanding Roman administration primarily because it:
Answer: Provides information on the administrative and military arrangements of the late Roman Empire.
The *Notitia Dignitatum*, a key 5th-century primary source, offers a comprehensive overview of the late Roman Empire's administrative structure, detailing provinces, governors, and bureaucratic offices.
Emperor Constantine I is known for establishing Constantinople as the new capital and moving the imperial residence to which location?
Answer: Milan (Mediolanum)
Emperor Constantine I re-established the four 'praetorian prefectures' in 318 AD and relocated the imperial residence to Mediolanum (Milan), later founding Constantinople as the new capital.
What administrative reform did Justinian I implement starting around 534-536 AD?
Answer: He abolished the separation of civil and military authority in some provinces.
Justinian I's administrative reforms, initiated around 534-536 AD, involved the abolition of strict civil-military separation in certain provinces, a precursor to the eventual adoption of the 'theme system'.
According to the *Notitia Dignitatum*, which provinces constituted the Diocese of the East?
Answer: Arabia Petraea, Cilicia, Palaestina I, II, III
The Diocese of the East in the late Roman Empire included provinces such as Arabia Petraea, Cilicia I and II, Cyprus, Euphratensis, Isauria, Mesopotamia, Osroene, Palaestina I, II, and III Salutaris, Phoenice I and II Libanensis, Syria I and II Salutaris, and Theodorias.
The *Laterculus Veronensis*, dating to circa AD 310, provides information about:
Answer: The provinces of the Roman Empire during the late imperial period.
The *Laterculus Veronensis*, circa AD 310, is a primary source that lists the provinces of the late Roman Empire, reflecting the administrative divisions implemented by Diocletian's reforms.
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between provinces, dioceses, and prefectures under Diocletian's reforms?
Answer: Provinces were grouped into dioceses, which were organized under prefectures.
Diocletian's reforms established a hierarchical administrative framework, grouping provinces into 'dioceses', administrative units overseen by 'vicarii' and organized under 'praetorian prefectures'.
What administrative change did Justinian I implement that eventually led to the military 'theme system'?
Answer: The abolition of the separation between civil and military authority in some provinces.
Justinian I's administrative reforms, initiated around 534-536 AD, involved the abolition of strict civil-military separation in certain provinces, a precursor to the eventual adoption of the 'theme system'.
Sicily was established as Rome's first 'permanent provincia' following the Second Punic War.
Answer: False
Sicily was established as Rome's first 'permanent provincia' following the First Punic War (241 BC), not the Second Punic War.
The province of Asia, officially organized in 129 BC, originated from the Attalid Kingdom bequeathed to Rome, not from the Roman province of Cilicia.
Answer: True
The province of Asia, in western Anatolia, originated from the Attalid Kingdom, bequeathed to Rome in 133 BC by King Attalus III and formally organized as a province in 129 BC.
The province of Macedonia was annexed in 147 BC following the Achaean War, not after the Third Punic War.
Answer: True
Macedonia was annexed as a Roman province in 147 BC after the Achaean War. Although initially divided into four client republics by the Senate, direct Roman administration was re-established after the Fourth Macedonian War in 148 BC.
The province of Judaea, created in AD 6, experienced periods where it reverted to client kingdom status before Hadrian renamed it Syria Palaestina in AD 135.
Answer: True
Created in AD 6 following Herod Archelaus' deposition, Judaea's status varied; it reverted to a client kingdom under Herod Agrippa (AD 41) before becoming a province again (AD 44) and later being renamed Syria Palaestina by Hadrian (AD 135).
The province of Africa Proconsularis was formed by Augustus in 25 BC by merging the older province of *Africa Vetus* with the client kingdom of Numidia.
Answer: True
In 25 BC, Augustus abolished the client kingdom of Numidia (under Juba II), merging its territory with *Africa Vetus* to form the larger province of *Africa Proconsularis*, while western Numidia became part of Africa Nova.
The *Quaestura exercitus* was an administrative entity established in the late Roman Empire, not primarily focused on the treasury in the early Republic.
Answer: True
The *Quaestura exercitus*, established in the late Roman Empire (notably under Justinian I), managed specific territories like Taurica and later incorporated provinces such as Caria and Cyprus, reflecting a reorganization of provincial responsibilities.
The province of Bithynia et Pontus was organized by Pompey following the Third Mithridatic War, incorporating territories previously held by Mithridates VI of Pontus, not conquered by Julius Caesar from Parthia.
Answer: True
The province of Bithynia et Pontus was established by Pompey around 74 BC, following the bequest of the Kingdom of Bithynia by Nicomedes IV and the conclusion of the Third Mithridatic War, incorporating territories of the defeated Kingdom of Pontus.
The province of Germania Antiqua was lost by Rome following the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9, long before the 3rd century AD.
Answer: True
Established as a Roman province circa 7 BC, Germania Antiqua was lost following the Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9.
Under Augustus' reorganization, Hispania Citerior was reformed into the imperial province of Hispania Tarraconensis; Lusitania was a separate imperial province created from Hispania Ulterior.
Answer: True
Augustus reorganized Hispania Citerior into the imperial province of Hispania Tarraconensis and established Lusitania as a separate imperial province from territories of Hispania Ulterior.
The province of Africa, created in 146 BC, encompassed territory primarily in modern-day Tunisia, eastern Algeria, and western Libya.
Answer: True
The Roman province of Africa, established in 146 BC following the Third Punic War, encompassed territories corresponding to modern-day Tunisia, eastern Algeria, and western Libya.
The province of Cyprus was initially annexed and governed as part of the province of Cilicia, not Syria.
Answer: True
Cyprus was annexed in 58 BC following the death of its king, Ptolemy. Initially administered as part of the province of Cilicia (*Cilicia et Cyprus*), it was later organized as a distinct province.
Which of the following was established as Rome's first 'permanent provincia' after the First Punic War?
Answer: Sicily
Sicily, established after the First Punic War (241 BC), is recognized as Rome's first 'permanent provincia'. The subsequent assignment of praetors to Sicily signaled a transition from viewing provinces as mere tasks of expansion to enduring administrative territories.
Which province was bequeathed to Rome by its last king, Attalus III, and officially organized in 129 BC?
Answer: Asia
The province of Asia, in western Anatolia, originated from the Attalid Kingdom, bequeathed to Rome in 133 BC by King Attalus III and formally organized as a province in 129 BC.
What was the origin of the Roman province of Macedonia?
Answer: It was annexed after the Achaean War.
Macedonia was annexed as a Roman province in 147 BC after the Achaean War. Although initially divided into four client republics by the Senate, direct Roman administration was re-established after the Fourth Macedonian War in 148 BC.
The province of Judaea, created in AD 6, experienced a period where it reverted to being:
Answer: A client kingdom under Herod Agrippa.
Created in AD 6 following Herod Archelaus' deposition, Judaea's status varied; it reverted to a client kingdom under Herod Agrippa (AD 41) before becoming a province again (AD 44) and later being renamed Syria Palaestina by Hadrian (AD 135).
How was the province of Africa Proconsularis formed under Augustus?
Answer: By merging the older province of Africa Vetus with the client kingdom of Numidia.
In 25 BC, Augustus abolished the client kingdom of Numidia (under Juba II), merging its territory with *Africa Vetus* to form the larger province of *Africa Proconsularis*, while western Numidia became part of Africa Nova.
What happened to the Roman province of Germania Antiqua?
Answer: It was lost after the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9.
Established as a Roman province circa 7 BC, Germania Antiqua was lost following the Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9.
The province of Syria was created in 63 BC by which prominent Roman figure?
Answer: Pompey
The province of Syria was established by Pompey in 63 BC, following the deposition of the last Seleucid king, Philip II Philoromaeus, signifying a major expansion of Roman direct rule in the Near East.
The province of Africa, established in 146 BC after the Third Punic War, primarily encompassed territory in which modern-day country?
Answer: Tunisia
The Roman province of Africa, established in 146 BC following the Third Punic War, encompassed territories corresponding to modern-day Tunisia, eastern Algeria, and western Libya.
What was the initial status of Cilicia as a Roman territory before becoming a formal province?
Answer: A military command area established to combat piracy.
Initially a military command area (c. 102 BC) to combat piracy, Cilicia was reorganized by Pompey in 63 BC into a formal province. Parts were later integrated into an imperial province by Vespasian in AD 72.
The province of Galatia was annexed and became a Roman province in 25 BC following:
Answer: The death of its last king.
Galatia was annexed as an imperial province in 25 BC, following the demise of its final king, Amyntas.
Italy was officially designated as a Roman province during the reign of Emperor Augustus.
Answer: False
Italy maintained a unique juridical status, never being officially constituted as a province. Its full integration into the provincial administrative structure occurred much later, during Diocletian's reforms.
The Greek equivalent term for a Roman 'provincia' was 'eparchy' (eparchia), governed by an 'eparchos'.
Answer: True
The Latin term for a Roman province was 'provincia'. In the eastern, Greek-speaking regions, the analogous administrative term was 'eparchy' (eparchia), with its governor known as an 'eparchos'.
The Greek term 'eparchy' was an equivalent to the Latin term 'provincia', not the Latin term itself.
Answer: True
The Latin term for a Roman province was 'provincia'. In the eastern, Greek-speaking regions, the analogous administrative term was 'eparchy' (eparchia), with its governor known as an 'eparchos'.
How did Italy differ administratively from other Roman territories throughout the Republic and early Empire?
Answer: It was never officially constituted as a province.
Italy maintained a unique juridical status, never being officially constituted as a province. Its full integration into the provincial administrative structure occurred much later, during Diocletian's reforms.
Which of the following was NOT a Greek equivalent term related to Roman provinces mentioned in the source?
Answer: Strategos
The Greek terms used were 'eparchy' (eparchia) for province and 'eparchos' for governor. 'Strategos' was a military or civil office in Hellenistic states, not a direct equivalent for Roman provincial administration in this context.
What was the administrative status of Cisalpine Gaul before its legal merger into Roman Italy in 42 BC?
Answer: It was considered geographically part of Italy but politically separate.
Although geographically considered part of Italy since the 220s BC, Cisalpine Gaul remained politically distinct until 42 BC, when it was legally incorporated into Roman Italy by Augustus.
What was the unique administrative status of Egypt under Augustus?
Answer: It was governed by Augustus' personal prefect, reflecting his direct ownership.
Egypt's governance by an equestrian prefect under Augustus was significant, likely intended to ensure direct imperial control and prevent senatorial ambition over this wealthy province, aligning with Hellenistic traditions of personal rule.