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Total Categories: 6
Romanian possesses a phoneme inventory consisting of seven vowels and twenty consonants, with potential additions from interjections or loanwords.
Answer: True
The Romanian language features a phoneme inventory comprising seven vowels, twenty consonants, and potentially additional sounds derived from interjections or loanwords.
The Romanian letters 'î' and 'â' represent distinct vowel sounds, with 'î' used internally and 'â' at word edges.
Answer: False
Both the Romanian letters î and â represent the same close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/. The distinction lies in their orthographic usage: î appears at the beginning or end of words, while â is used internally.
Romanian includes two unusual diphthongs, /e̯a/ and /o̯a/, which are often associated with the historical process of vowel breaking.
Answer: True
The Romanian language features the diphthongs /e̯a/ and /o̯a/, which are considered unusual and are linked to the historical process of vowel breaking in stressed syllables.
Romanian has falling diphthongs formed by combining semivowels with vowels, such as /aj/ and /ew/.
Answer: True
Romanian features falling diphthongs, which are combinations of vowels and semivowels (glides), such as /aj/, /aw/, /ej/, /ew/, /oj/, /ow/, and /uj/.
The Romanian language has seven monophthongs, including /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, /ə/, and /ɨ/.
Answer: True
Romanian possesses seven monophthongs: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, /ə/, and /ɨ/. The sounds represented by the letters î and â are both realized as /ɨ/.
The Romanian letter 'â' is used at the beginning or end of a word, while 'î' is used internally.
Answer: False
The orthographic usage is reversed: the letter î is used at the beginning or end of words, while â is used internally.
Triphthongs in Romanian are common and occur regularly in everyday vocabulary.
Answer: False
While Romanian does have triphthongs, they are not considered common and occur sporadically, often in interjections or less frequent words.
Which of the following is NOT one of the seven monophthongs in Romanian?
Answer: /y/
The seven monophthongs in Romanian are /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, /ə/, and /ɨ/. The vowel /y/ is not a native Romanian monophthong.
The Romanian letters 'î' and 'â' both represent which vowel sound?
Answer: The close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/
Both the Romanian letters î and â represent the close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/.
According to Ioana Chițoranu, what are the two main diphthongs in Romanian?
Answer: /e̯a/ and /o̯a/
Ioana Chițoranu identifies /e̯a/ and /o̯a/ as the two main diphthongs in Romanian, often resulting from the historical process of vowel breaking.
Which of the following is an example of a falling diphthong in Romanian?
Answer: /ew/
Falling diphthongs in Romanian typically involve a vowel followed by a semivowel (glide). /ew/ is an example of such a diphthong.
Which of the following is an example of a rising diphthong in Romanian?
Answer: /ja/
Rising diphthongs in Romanian typically begin with a semivowel or a glide-like quality followed by a vowel. /ja/ is an example of such a diphthong.
The Romanian language lacks the glottal fricative /h/, which is common in many other European languages.
Answer: False
The Romanian language does possess the glottal fricative /h/, which can also be realized as a palatal fricative [ç] before /i/ or /j/, and a velar fricative [ʇ] in other contexts.
Palatalized consonants in Romanian primarily serve to indicate the past tense of verbs.
Answer: False
Palatalized consonants in Romanian primarily serve grammatical functions such as marking the plural form of nouns and adjectives, and the second-person singular form of verbs.
The Romanian consonant inventory is significantly smaller than that of Italian, lacking several key sounds.
Answer: False
The Romanian consonant inventory is considered similar to Italian, possessing some sounds absent in Italian (like /h/) and lacking others present in Italian (like palatal consonants). The statement that it is 'significantly smaller' is not supported by the provided comparison.
The palatalization marker /ʲ/ is always replaced by the full vowel /i/ in Romanian grammatical processes.
Answer: False
The non-syllabic palatalization marker /ʲ/ can be replaced by the full vowel /i/ in certain morphological contexts, but this is not universally applied in all grammatical processes.
The Romanian phoneme /h/ can be realized as a palatal fricative [ç] when preceding the vowel /i/.
Answer: True
The Romanian /h/ sound has an allophone that is a palatal fricative [ç] when it occurs before the vowel /i/ or the semivowel /j/.
What is the total number of consonant phonemes in standard Romanian?
Answer: 20
Standard Romanian possesses a total of twenty consonant phonemes.
How does the Romanian consonant inventory differ from Italian, according to the source?
Answer: Romanian has /ʒ/ and /h/, which Italian lacks.
The Romanian consonant inventory is similar to Italian but includes the sounds /ʒ/ (voiced postalveolar fricative) and /h/ (glottal fricative), which are absent in Italian.
What is a primary grammatical function of palatalized consonants in Romanian?
Answer: Marking plural nouns and adjectives
Palatalized consonants in Romanian serve crucial grammatical functions, notably marking the plural form of nouns and adjectives, and also appearing in verb conjugations.
Which of the following sounds is mentioned as being present in Romanian but absent in Italian?
Answer: /h/
The glottal fricative /h/ is present in Romanian but absent in Italian, according to the provided comparison.
What is the phonetic realization of the Romanian /h/ sound in word-final positions or before consonants?
Answer: Velar fricative [ʇ]
In word-final positions or before consonants, the Romanian /h/ sound is typically realized as a velar fricative [ʇ].
The Romanian vowel /ə/ is phonetically described as a close central unrounded vowel.
Answer: False
The Romanian vowel /ə/ is phonetically an open-mid, somewhat retracted central vowel, not a close central unrounded vowel. The latter description applies to the vowel /ɨ/.
The Romanian phoneme /ɨ/ is considered common among Indo-European languages.
Answer: False
The close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/ is considered uncommon as a phoneme, particularly among Indo-European languages, and is represented orthographically by î and â in Romanian.
What is the phonetic description of the Romanian vowel /ɨ/?
Answer: Close central unrounded
The Romanian vowel /ɨ/ is phonetically classified as a close central unrounded vowel.
What is the phonetic description of the Romanian vowel /ə/?
Answer: Open-mid, somewhat retracted central
The Romanian vowel /ə/ is phonetically described as an open-mid, somewhat retracted central vowel.
Intonation in Romanian is primarily used to convey emotional emphasis rather than grammatical function.
Answer: False
Intonation plays a significant role in Romanian for conveying grammatical function, particularly in distinguishing question types, in addition to emotional emphasis.
Stress in Romanian is typically marked with an acute accent on all words in written text.
Answer: False
Stress is generally not marked in written Romanian, except in specific cases for disambiguation. When marked, an acute accent is used, but it is not applied to all words.
Yes/no questions in Romanian typically feature a falling pitch at the end of the sentence.
Answer: False
Non-emphatic yes/no questions in Romanian typically feature a rising pitch at the end of the sentence, contrasting with the falling pitch characteristic of wh-questions.
The stress accent in Romanian typically falls on the first syllable of a word's stem.
Answer: False
The typical stress pattern in Romanian places the accent on the last syllable of the word's stem, excluding inflectional endings, although exceptions and variations exist.
Wh-questions in Romanian are characterized by a rising intonation throughout the sentence.
Answer: False
Wh-questions in Romanian typically exhibit a falling intonation pattern, starting with a high pitch and decreasing towards the end, contrasting with the rising intonation of yes/no questions.
In Romanian, what is the typical stress pattern for words?
Answer: On the last syllable of the stem, excluding endings
The stress in Romanian typically falls on the final syllable of the word stem, not including inflectional suffixes.
How does the intonation of a non-emphatic yes/no question typically differ from a wh-question in Romanian?
Answer: Yes/no questions have rising intonation; wh-questions have falling intonation.
Yes/no questions in Romanian typically feature rising intonation, while wh-questions generally exhibit falling intonation.
Stress shifts in Romanian can occur due to:
Answer: Grammatical changes like verb conjugation
Stress patterns in Romanian can shift as a result of morphological processes, such as verb conjugation and noun declension.
Vowel alternation (apophony) in Romanian involves changes based on factors other than syllable stress, such as word length.
Answer: False
Vowel alternation (apophony) in Romanian is primarily triggered by syllable stress, leading to changes between mid vowels and diphthongs, or between open and mid central vowels.
The alternation between /a/ and /ə/ is an example of vowel breaking.
Answer: False
The alternation between /a/ and /ə/ is an example of vowel alternation or apophony, driven by stress. Vowel breaking specifically refers to the historical diphthongization of mid vowels like /e/ and /o/.
The historical process of vowel breaking in Romanian led to the formation of diphthongs like /e̯a/ from mid vowels.
Answer: True
Vowel breaking, a historical phonological process in Romanian, resulted in the diphthongization of stressed mid vowels (/e/, /o/) into diphthongs such as /e̯a/ and /o̯a/.
Vowel alternation (apophony) in Romanian primarily involves changes based on:
Answer: Syllable stress
Vowel alternation, or apophony, in Romanian is primarily conditioned by syllable stress, leading to variations in vowel quality.
What historical process is associated with the Romanian diphthongs /e̯a/ and /o̯a/?
Answer: Vowel breaking (diphthongization)
The Romanian diphthongs /e̯a/ and /o̯a/ originated from the historical process of vowel breaking, where stressed mid vowels diphthongized.
The alternation between /a/ and /ə/ is an example of what phenomenon in Romanian?
Answer: Vowel alternation (apophony)
The alternation observed between the vowels /a/ and /ə/ in Romanian is a manifestation of vowel alternation, also known as apophony.
The phenomenon where mid vowels /e/ and /o/ historically diphthongized in stressed syllables in Romanian is known as:
Answer: Vowel breaking
The historical process by which mid vowels /e/ and /o/ diphthongized in stressed syllables in Romanian is termed vowel breaking.
Which of the following pairs illustrates the vowel alternation between /a/ and /ə/ in Romanian?
Answer: 'casă' / 'căsuță'
The pair 'casă' (stressed /a/) and 'căsuță' (unstressed /ə/) exemplifies the vowel alternation between /a/ and /ə/ in Romanian.
The Romanian language is classified as a stress-timed language, similar to English.
Answer: False
Romanian is classified as a syllable-timed language, where each syllable has roughly equal duration, contrasting with stress-timed languages like English.
Foreign vowels like /ø/ and /ɵ/ are always replaced by the Romanian diphthong /e̯o/ in loanwords.
Answer: False
While foreign vowels like /ø/ and /ɵ/ may sometimes be replaced by /e̯o/, they are often preserved in pronunciation or substituted with other Romanian vowels, indicating variation rather than a strict rule of replacement.
The bilabial click [ʘ] in Romanian is primarily used to express sadness or disappointment.
Answer: False
The bilabial click [ʘ] in Romanian is typically used to urge horses forward, not to express sadness or disappointment.
Romanian is considered a syllable-timed language, meaning each syllable has roughly equal duration.
Answer: True
Romanian is characterized as a syllable-timed language, where the duration of each syllable is approximately equal, distinguishing it from stress-timed languages.
The dental click [ǀ] in Romanian interjections is used to encourage animals, similar to the bilabial click.
Answer: False
The dental click [ǀ] in Romanian is used to express disapproval or concern, akin to 'tsk-tsk', whereas the bilabial click [ʘ] is used to urge horses forward.
The Romanian interjection 'Brrr' is used to express shivering cold and is phonetically described as a:
Answer: Bilabial trill
The interjection 'Brrr', used to express shivering cold, is phonetically realized as a bilabial trill /ʙ/.
The Romanian language is characterized rhythmically as:
Answer: Syllable-timed
Romanian is rhythmically classified as a syllable-timed language, meaning that syllables tend to occur at regular intervals.
Which Romanian interjection is used to express disapproval, similar to 'tsk-tsk'?
Answer: The dental click [ǀ]
The dental click [ǀ], often represented orthographically as 'tț' or 'ttt', is used in Romanian interjections to express disapproval, analogous to the English 'tsk-tsk'.
The source mentions that borrowings from English have expanded the set of ascending diphthongs to include:
Answer: /jə/, /we/, /wi/, /wo/
English loanwords have contributed to the expansion of ascending diphthongs in Romanian, introducing sounds such as /jə/, /we/, /wi/, and /wo/.