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Roy Bhaskar is primarily recognized as the principal architect of the philosophical movement known as critical realism (CR).
Answer: True
The source material identifies Roy Bhaskar as the initiator of the philosophical movement designated as critical realism (CR).
Roy Bhaskar's place of birth was Leeds, England, and his place of death was Teddington, England.
Answer: False
According to biographical details, Roy Bhaskar was born in Teddington, England, and passed away in Leeds, England.
Roy Bhaskar's parents were both Indian Theosophists, and he characterized his childhood as exceptionally happy.
Answer: False
The source mentions that both of Roy Bhaskar's parents were Indian Theosophists, but he described his childhood as unhappy.
Roy Bhaskar pursued his doctoral studies at Nuffield College, Oxford, under the academic guidance of Rom Harré.
Answer: True
The source confirms that Roy Bhaskar completed his PhD at Nuffield College, Oxford, with Rom Harré serving as his supervisor.
Roy Bhaskar's seminal work, "A Realist Theory of Science," published in 1975, was derived from a revised version of his doctoral thesis that had initially been passed without any modifications.
Answer: False
It is stated that Roy Bhaskar's influential book, "A Realist Theory of Science," published in 1975, was based on a revised version of his doctoral thesis, which had initially been failed twice.
Throughout his academic career, Roy Bhaskar delivered lectures at the University of Edinburgh and the University of Sussex, and held visiting professorships at various Scandinavian universities.
Answer: True
Bhaskar's professional trajectory included lecturing at the University of Edinburgh and the University of Sussex, alongside holding visiting professorships in Scandinavian institutions.
Roy Bhaskar married Hilary Wainwright in 1971, and their marital union persisted until her demise, without any intervening separation.
Answer: False
The provided information indicates that Roy Bhaskar married Hilary Wainwright in 1971, and although they later separated, they remained close lifelong friends and never divorced.
Bhaskar identified Karl Marx, Immanuel Kant, and Friedrich Nietzsche as significant intellectual influences during the formative stages of his philosophical career.
Answer: True
Key influences cited by Bhaskar for his early philosophical endeavors include Karl Marx, Immanuel Kant, and Friedrich Nietzsche.
Who is recognized as the principal architect of the philosophical movement known as critical realism (CR)?
Answer: Roy Bhaskar
Roy Bhaskar is credited as the initiator and principal architect of the philosophical movement known as critical realism (CR).
Roy Bhaskar was born and passed away in England. Specify the precise locations of these events.
Answer: Born in Teddington, died in Leeds.
Roy Bhaskar was born in Teddington, England, and died in Leeds, England.
What notable aspect of Roy Bhaskar's upbringing is detailed in the provided source material?
Answer: His father was Indian and his mother was English, and both were Theosophists.
The source mentions that both of Roy Bhaskar's parents were Indian Theosophists, and he described his childhood as very happy.
At which institution did Roy Bhaskar undertake his doctoral studies, and who provided supervision for his research?
Answer: Nuffield College, Oxford; advised by Rom Harré.
Roy Bhaskar pursued his PhD at Nuffield College, Oxford, under the supervision of Rom Harré.
What was the disposition of Roy Bhaskar's doctoral thesis prior to its publication in a revised format?
Answer: It was initially failed twice before a revised version was published.
Roy Bhaskar's doctoral thesis was initially failed twice before a revised version was published.
Identify the academic institution from the following list that is NOT mentioned as a venue where Roy Bhaskar lectured or held a professional position.
Answer: University of Oxford
Bhaskar lectured at the University of Edinburgh and the University of Sussex, and held visiting professorships in Scandinavian universities. The University of Oxford is not mentioned in this context.
Describe the nature of the relationship between Roy Bhaskar and his former wife, Hilary Wainwright, as delineated in the source material.
Answer: They separated but remained close lifelong friends and never divorced.
Roy Bhaskar married Hilary Wainwright in 1971; although they later separated, they maintained a close lifelong friendship and never divorced.
Identify the thinker from the following list who was NOT cited as a significant influence on Roy Bhaskar's early philosophical work.
Answer: Jean-Paul Sartre
While Karl Marx, Althusser, and Gramsci were cited as influences, Jean-Paul Sartre was not explicitly mentioned as a key influence on Bhaskar's early philosophical work.
What was Roy Bhaskar's perspective on his relationship with Marxism?
Answer: He engaged deeply with Marxist thought and was considered a contributor, though his relationship was ambivalent.
Bhaskar engaged deeply with Marxist thought and was considered a contributor, though his relationship was ambivalent, marked by admiration and criticism.
Roy Bhaskar contended that the principal objective of scientific inquiry is not solely the discovery of invariant quantitative laws governing observable phenomena.
Answer: True
Bhaskar posited that the primary task of science involves producing knowledge about enduring mechanisms that generate observable phenomena, rather than merely identifying invariant quantitative laws.
Roy Bhaskar played a pivotal role in the establishment of the International Association for Critical Realism and the Centre for Critical Realism.
Answer: True
Bhaskar was instrumental in founding key organizations such as the International Association for Critical Realism and the Centre for Critical Realism.
Roy Bhaskar himself originated the term 'critical realism' early in his philosophical career to delineate his methodological approach.
Answer: False
The assertion that Bhaskar coined the term 'critical realism' himself early in his career is inaccurate; the term emerged later and was accepted by him. His initial work was termed 'transcendental realism'.
According to Bhaskar, the primary focus of science is the discovery of invariant causal laws, understood as constant conjunctions of events observed in experimental settings.
Answer: False
Bhaskar argued that science primarily discovers causal mechanisms, not invariant causal laws understood as constant conjunctions of events.
What did Roy Bhaskar contend was the principal objective of scientific inquiry?
Answer: To produce knowledge about enduring mechanisms that generate observable phenomena.
Bhaskar argued that the primary task of science is to produce knowledge about enduring mechanisms that generate observable phenomena, rather than solely discovering invariant quantitative laws.
Roy Bhaskar was a founding member of several organizations pertinent to his philosophical endeavors. Identify one such organization from the options provided.
Answer: The International Association for Critical Realism
Bhaskar was instrumental in founding organizations including the International Association for Critical Realism and the Centre for Critical Realism.
According to Bhaskar, what constitutes the fundamental distinction between causal laws and causal mechanisms?
Answer: Causal mechanisms are real powers that may or may not produce effects, while causal laws are invariant event patterns.
Bhaskar argued that causal mechanisms are real powers that may or may not produce effects, while causal laws are invariant event patterns.
The philosophical framework of critical realism, as articulated by Bhaskar, fundamentally distinguishes between ontological inquiries concerning the nature of reality and epistemological inquiries pertaining to the acquisition and nature of knowledge.
Answer: True
Critical realism, as developed by Bhaskar, places significant emphasis on the conceptual separation of ontological questions, which address the fundamental nature of reality, from epistemological questions, which concern the processes and validity of knowledge.
Within Bhaskar's philosophical system, the 'intransitive domain' is understood to encompass the social and historical dimensions of knowledge construction, characterized by their fallibility.
Answer: False
In Bhaskar's philosophy, the 'intransitive domain' refers to the real objects and structures of the world existing independently of knowledge, not the social and historical aspects of knowledge creation (which constitute the transitive domain).
Bhaskar identified the 'epistemic fallacy' as the tendency to conflate ontological statements concerning being with epistemological statements pertaining to knowledge.
Answer: True
Bhaskar defined the 'epistemic fallacy' as the prevalent tendency to reduce ontological statements about being to epistemological statements about knowledge.
Bhaskar employed transcendental arguments to establish ontological positions, commencing from the prerequisite conditions for the viability of scientific knowledge.
Answer: True
Bhaskar utilized transcendental arguments, beginning with the necessary conditions for the possibility of scientific knowledge, to establish ontological positions.
Bhaskar delineated reality into three interconnected domains: the empirical (experienced events), the actual (all events that occur), and the real (encompassing objects, structures, and their inherent causal powers).
Answer: True
Bhaskar's model of reality comprises three nested domains: the empirical, the actual, and the real, with the latter domain encompassing objects, structures, and causal powers.
Within the framework of Bhaskar's critical realism, what is the 'transitive domain'?
Answer: The social and historical aspects of knowledge creation, which are theory-laden and fallible.
In Bhaskar's framework, the 'transitive domain' refers to the social and historical aspects of knowledge creation, acknowledging that knowledge is theory-laden and fallible.
What concept did Bhaskar identify as the 'epistemic fallacy'?
Answer: The tendency to reduce ontological statements (about being) to epistemological statements (about knowledge).
Bhaskar identified the 'epistemic fallacy' as the tendency to reduce ontological statements (about being) to epistemological statements (about knowledge).
For what purpose did Bhaskar employ transcendental arguments?
Answer: To establish ontological and epistemological positions based on necessary conditions for science.
Bhaskar used transcendental arguments to establish ontological and epistemological positions based on the necessary conditions for the possibility of science.
What does Bhaskar's concept of 'stratified reality' propose?
Answer: Reality is composed of different layers or levels, each potentially having emergent causal powers.
Bhaskar's concept of 'stratified reality' suggests that the world is composed of different layers or levels, each potentially possessing emergent causal powers.
'Critical naturalism' represents Bhaskar's extension of critical realism to the human and social realms, affirming the feasibility of their scientific investigation.
Answer: True
Bhaskar's concept of 'critical naturalism' applies critical realism to the human and social worlds, asserting their scientific study is possible.
The Transformational Model of Social Activity (TMSA) posits that society exists entirely independently of human activity and is immutable by individual actions.
Answer: False
The Transformational Model of Social Activity (TMSA) posits a dynamic interplay, asserting that society is not entirely independent of human activity and can indeed be transformed by individuals.
Bhaskar rejected philosophical explanations of human agency that failed to account for the interplay between social structures and individual capabilities.
Answer: True
Bhaskar did not reject explanations of human agency that considered the interplay between social structures and individual capabilities; rather, he advocated for such considerations.
Bhaskar identified three principal distinctions between social and natural structures, one of which is that social structures are contingent upon agents' conceptualizations of their actions.
Answer: True
Among the three key differences Bhaskar identified between social and natural structures is that social structures are dependent on agents' conceptions of their actions.
Bhaskar's concept of 'synchronic emergent powers materialism' posits that mental powers are reducible to purely physiological explanations.
Answer: False
Bhaskar's concept of 'synchronic emergent powers materialism' suggests that mental powers are emergent properties and not reducible to purely physiological explanations.
Define 'critical naturalism' as conceptualized by Bhaskar.
Answer: Bhaskar's application of critical realism to the human and social worlds, asserting their scientific study is possible.
'Critical naturalism' is Bhaskar's application of critical realism to the human and social worlds, asserting their scientific study is possible.
Identify the statement that does NOT represent one of the three key differences Bhaskar identified between social and natural structures.
Answer: Social structures are always more enduring than natural structures.
The three key differences Bhaskar identified include that social structures do not exist independently of the activities they govern, depend on agents' conceptions of their actions, and tend to be more easily transformed than natural structures. The statement that social structures are always more enduring than natural structures is incorrect.
What role did Bhaskar envision for philosophy concerning the human sciences?
Answer: Philosophy should provide the conceptual and methodological foundations for the human sciences to pursue emancipation.
Bhaskar believed philosophy should provide the conceptual and methodological foundations for the human sciences to pursue emancipation.
Bhaskar characterized his 'dialectical turn' as a mere adoption of Hegelian dialectic, exclusively concentrating on conceptual contradictions.
Answer: False
Bhaskar's description of his 'dialectical turn' as a simple adoption of Hegelian dialectic, focusing solely on conceptual contradictions, is inaccurate according to the source; he described it as a 'non-preservative sublation' asserting ontological reality.
Bhaskar's subsequent 'spiritual turn' was principally influenced by his engagement with existentialist philosophers such as Sartre and Camus.
Answer: False
The source indicates that Bhaskar's later 'spiritual turn' was primarily influenced by his experience with transcendental meditation and engagement with Eastern philosophical traditions, not existentialists like Sartre and Camus.
Bhaskar's phase of "Dialectical Critical Realism" involved the 'dialecticisation' of CR, drawing upon Hegelian and Marxist thought to underscore the ontological reality of dialectical connections.
Answer: True
Bhaskar's "Dialectical Critical Realism" phase was characterized by 'dialecticising' CR through engagement with Hegel and Marx, emphasizing the ontological reality of dialectical connections.
Bhaskar's concluding phase, "Transcendental Dialectical Critical Realism," introduced concepts such as 'meta-reality' and non-dualism, which encountered varied reception among his adherents.
Answer: True
Bhaskar's final "Transcendental Dialectical Critical Realism" phase introduced concepts like 'meta-reality' and non-dualism, which some found departed from earlier critical realism tenets.
How did Bhaskar characterize his 'dialectical turn' within the philosophical discourse?
Answer: As a "non-preservative sublation" of Hegelian dialectic, asserting ontological reality of contradictions.
Bhaskar characterized his 'dialectical turn' as a 'non-preservative sublation' of Hegelian dialectic, asserting the ontological reality of dialectical connections and contradictions.
What was the principal catalyst for Bhaskar's later 'spiritual turn' in his philosophical work?
Answer: His experience with transcendental meditation and Eastern traditions.
Bhaskar's later 'spiritual turn' was primarily prompted by his experiences with transcendental meditation and subsequent engagement with Eastern philosophical traditions.
What was a principal characteristic of Bhaskar's "Dialectical Critical Realism" phase?
Answer: The introduction of 'real absence' to support the objectivity of values and critique.
A key feature of Bhaskar's "Dialectical Critical Realism" phase was the introduction of 'real absence' to support the objectivity of values and critique.
What factors contributed to the controversial nature of Bhaskar's final "Transcendental Dialectical Critical Realism" phase?
Answer: It introduced concepts like 'meta-reality' and non-dualism, which some found departed from earlier critical realism tenets.
Bhaskar's final "Transcendental Dialectical Critical Realism" phase introduced concepts like 'meta-reality' and non-dualism, which some found departed from earlier critical realism tenets.
'Explanatory critique' establishes a connection between scientific explanation and social critique by asserting that phenomena responsible for generating false beliefs are subject to negative evaluation.
Answer: True
Bhaskar's concept of 'explanatory critique' links scientific explanation to social critique by arguing that phenomena causing false beliefs warrant negative evaluation.
Bhaskar's theory of explanatory critique did not refute Hume's Law by deriving ethical conclusions solely from factual premises without any value judgments.
Answer: True
Bhaskar claimed his theory of explanatory critique refuted Hume's Law by arguing that factual grounds (e.g., false beliefs) could support ethical evaluations.
The 'needs-based' form of explanatory critique extends the concept by evaluating phenomena that:
Answer: True
The 'needs-based' form of explanatory critique extends the concept by evaluating phenomena that cause failures to meet human needs.
What is the fundamental concept underlying Bhaskar's 'explanatory critique'?
Answer: To link scientific explanation to social critique, arguing phenomena causing false beliefs warrant negative evaluation.
The core idea of Bhaskar's 'explanatory critique' is to link scientific explanation to social critique by arguing that phenomena causing false beliefs warrant negative evaluation.
What was the relationship between Bhaskar's explanatory critique and Hume's Law (the is-ought problem)?
Answer: Bhaskar claimed his theory refuted Hume's Law by showing factual grounds (like false beliefs) could support ethical evaluations.
Bhaskar claimed his theory of explanatory critique refuted Hume's Law by arguing that factual grounds (e.g., false beliefs) could support ethical evaluations.
The 'needs-based' form of explanatory critique expands the concept by evaluating phenomena that:
Answer: Cause failures to meet human needs.
The 'needs-based' form of explanatory critique extends the concept by evaluating phenomena that cause failures to meet human needs.
What specific criticism did scholars such as Martyn Hammersley and Dave Elder-Vass articulate concerning Bhaskar's explanatory critique and ethical naturalism?
Answer: They claimed his arguments implicitly smuggled value premises into factual claims, failing to derive ethics purely from facts.
Critics like Martyn Hammersley and Dave Elder-Vass argued that Bhaskar's arguments implicitly smuggled value premises into factual claims, failing to derive ethics purely from facts.
Bhaskar's scholarly contributions concerning climate change exemplify a significant application of his critical realist framework to pressing contemporary global challenges.
Answer: True
Bhaskar's engagement with the issue of climate change represents a notable application of his critical realist framework to pressing contemporary concerns.