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Salmon species within the *Salmo* genus are predominantly found in the North Pacific basin, while *Oncorhynchus* species are native to the North Atlantic basin.
Answer: False
Species within the *Salmo* genus are native to the North Atlantic basin, whereas species belonging to the *Oncorhynchus* genus are predominantly found in the North Pacific basin.
The Atlantic salmon, *Salmo salar*, belongs to the *Oncorhynchus* genus and is found on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean.
Answer: False
The Atlantic salmon, *Salmo salar*, belongs to the genus *Salmo*, not *Oncorhynchus*. It is native to both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean.
The *Oncorhynchus* genus contains 12 recognized species, all of which are commonly known as Pacific salmon and are found globally.
Answer: False
The *Oncorhynchus* genus contains 12 recognized species, primarily known as Pacific salmon, but they are native only to the North Pacific basin, not found globally.
Chinook salmon (*Oncorhynchus tshawytscha*) can reach a greater maximum weight than Atlantic salmon (*Salmo salar*), although they share the same maximum recorded length.
Answer: True
Both Chinook salmon (*Oncorhynchus tshawytscha*) and Atlantic salmon (*Salmo salar*) share a maximum recorded length of approximately 150 cm, but Chinook salmon can attain a greater maximum weight (up to 61.4 kg) compared to Atlantic salmon (up to 46.8 kg).
Pink salmon (*Oncorhynchus gorbuscha*) has the shortest maximum recorded age among the listed species, typically living up to 3 years.
Answer: True
Pink salmon (*Oncorhynchus gorbuscha*) typically have the shortest maximum lifespan among common salmon species, generally living up to 3 years.
The Masu salmon is scientifically known as *Salmo masou* and is found in the western Pacific Ocean.
Answer: False
The Masu salmon is scientifically known as *Oncorhynchus masou* and is found in the western Pacific Ocean. The genus *Salmo* is primarily associated with Atlantic salmon and related species.
The Australian salmon (*Arripis trutta*) belongs to the order Salmoniformes, making it a true salmon.
Answer: False
The Australian salmon (*Arripis trutta*) belongs to the order Perciformes, not Salmoniformes. Therefore, it is not considered a true salmon, despite its common name.
What are the two primary genera of fish classified as salmon, and where are their native basins?
Answer: Salmo (North Atlantic) and Oncorhynchus (North Pacific)
The two principal genera are *Salmo*, native to the North Atlantic basin, and *Oncorhynchus*, native to the North Pacific basin.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a closely related coldwater fish found in similar regions to salmon?
Answer: Pike
While trout, char, and grayling are closely related coldwater fish often found in similar regions as salmon, pike are generally considered distinct and are not typically listed among the closest relatives in this context.
The *Oncorhynchus* genus contains 12 recognized species. Where do these species naturally occur?
Answer: Naturally only in the North Pacific basin.
The 12 recognized species within the *Oncorhynchus* genus are naturally found exclusively in the North Pacific basin.
Which species of salmon has the shortest maximum recorded age, typically living up to 3 years?
Answer: Pink Salmon (*Oncorhynchus gorbuscha*)
Pink salmon (*Oncorhynchus gorbuscha*) typically have the shortest maximum lifespan among common salmon species, generally living up to 3 years.
How does the Australian salmon (*Arripis trutta*) differ scientifically from true salmon?
Answer: It is classified within the order Perciformes, not Salmoniformes.
The Australian salmon (*Arripis trutta*) is scientifically classified within the order Perciformes, distinguishing it from true salmon, which belong to the order Salmoniformes.
Anadromous behavior in salmon refers to a life cycle where they hatch in the ocean, migrate to freshwater to mature, and then return to the ocean to reproduce.
Answer: False
Anadromous behavior describes a life cycle where salmon hatch in freshwater, migrate to the ocean to mature, and subsequently return to their freshwater birthplace to reproduce.
Salmon are believed to navigate back to their natal streams primarily using visual cues learned during their downstream migration.
Answer: False
Scientific evidence suggests that salmon primarily utilize olfactory memory, detecting familiar chemical cues in the water, to navigate back to their natal streams for spawning, rather than relying solely on visual cues.
A 'grilse' is an Atlantic salmon that spends multiple years feeding in the sea before returning to spawn.
Answer: False
A 'grilse' is specifically an Atlantic salmon that returns to spawn after only one year of feeding in the sea; fish spending multiple years at sea are typically larger.
Before spawning, salmon typically become more silvery and develop smoother skin.
Answer: False
Prior to spawning, salmon undergo significant physical transformations, including changes in coloration (often becoming darker or more vibrant) and the development of pronounced features like a hooked jaw ('kype') in males, rather than becoming more silvery with smoother skin.
Semelparity refers to the reproductive strategy where mature individuals reproduce only once in their lifetime and then die.
Answer: True
Semelparity is precisely defined as a reproductive strategy characterized by reproducing only once in an organism's lifetime, followed by death, a trait common among Pacific salmon species.
A female salmon creates a redd by digging a deep hole with her mouth to protect her eggs.
Answer: False
A female salmon constructs a redd by using her tail to excavate a depression in the gravel riverbed, not with her mouth. This action allows the current to sweep gravel downstream, forming the nest.
Salmon fry initially feed on small baitfish, while juveniles consume zooplankton.
Answer: False
Salmon fry initially feed on zooplankton. As they develop into juveniles (parrs), their diet shifts to include aquatic invertebrates, insects, and small baitfish.
The term 'anadromous' behavior in salmon describes which life cycle pattern?
Answer: Hatching in freshwater, living in the ocean, and returning to freshwater to reproduce.
Anadromous behavior signifies a life cycle that begins in freshwater, transitions to the ocean for growth and maturation, and culminates in a return migration to freshwater for reproduction.
How do salmon primarily navigate back to their natal streams for spawning, according to scientific studies?
Answer: By detecting familiar chemical cues in the water through olfactory memory.
Scientific consensus indicates that salmon primarily employ olfactory memory, enabling them to detect and follow specific chemical signatures in the water to locate their natal streams.
What is the function of a 'redd' created by a female salmon?
Answer: It is a nest dug in the gravel to hold her eggs.
A redd is the nest constructed by a female salmon in the gravel riverbed, specifically designed to protect her eggs during incubation.
What is the meaning of 'semelparity' in the context of salmon life cycles?
Answer: Reproducing only once in their lifetime before dying.
Semelparity describes the reproductive strategy of organisms that reproduce only a single time during their lives, typically dying shortly thereafter, which is characteristic of Pacific salmon.
What physical changes do salmon undergo before spawning, according to the text?
Answer: Males develop a pronounced jaw curvature ('kype'), and coloration shifts.
Prior to spawning, salmon undergo significant morphological changes, including altered coloration and, in males, the development of a pronounced hooked jaw known as a 'kype'.
What is the 'grilse' designation specifically for Atlantic salmon?
Answer: A salmon that has completed its first year at sea and returns to spawn.
In Atlantic salmon populations, a 'grilse' refers to an individual that returns to freshwater to spawn after spending only one year feeding in the marine environment.
Salmon are considered keystone species in the Pacific Northwest primarily because they are a major predator of smaller fish in the ocean.
Answer: False
While salmon are part of the food web, their designation as keystone species in the Pacific Northwest stems primarily from their role in facilitating a massive transfer of marine nutrients to inland freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems.
Bears contribute to riparian ecosystems by consuming salmon and depositing nutrients from their waste and uneaten carcasses onto dry land.
Answer: True
Bears play a crucial role in nutrient cycling by transporting salmon from aquatic environments to terrestrial areas, where their waste and uneaten portions fertilize the riparian zone.
Beaver dams negatively impact juvenile salmon by creating deep, slow-water ponds that offer no benefit.
Answer: False
Beaver dams can positively influence juvenile salmon habitat by creating ponds that offer slow-water environments and structural complexity, aiding in predator avoidance and retaining nutrients.
Anadromous lampreys negatively affect salmon populations by competing for food resources and introducing parasites.
Answer: False
Anadromous lampreys contribute positively to salmon ecosystems by releasing nutrients after spawning and serving as a food source for young salmon. Their larvae also improve water quality.
Salmon carcasses after spawning primarily serve as a food source for marine predators in the ocean.
Answer: False
After spawning, salmon carcasses decompose in freshwater streams, releasing vital nutrients into these aquatic environments, thereby supporting freshwater and riparian ecosystems, rather than primarily serving marine predators in the ocean.
What is the primary ecological role that makes salmon 'keystone species' in the Pacific Northwest?
Answer: Their migrations facilitate a massive transfer of marine nutrients to inland ecosystems.
Salmon are considered keystone species due to their critical role in transporting substantial quantities of marine-derived nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.) from the ocean to inland freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems.
How do bears contribute to the nutrient cycle in ecosystems where salmon are present?
Answer: By carrying salmon onto dry land, depositing nutrients through waste and carcasses.
Bears facilitate nutrient transfer by consuming salmon and depositing nutrient-rich waste and uneaten carcasses onto terrestrial areas adjacent to waterways, thereby fertilizing riparian ecosystems.
What role do beaver dams play in providing habitat for juvenile salmon?
Answer: They create ponds offering slow-water environments and structural complexity for predator avoidance.
Beaver dams create ponds that offer juvenile salmon refuge by providing slow-water habitats and complex structures that help them avoid predators.
How do anadromous lampreys contribute positively to salmon populations and their ecosystems?
Answer: They release nutrients after spawning and their larvae improve water quality and serve as food.
Anadromous lampreys contribute positively by releasing nutrients upon death post-spawning and by their larvae improving water quality through filter-feeding, while also serving as a food source for juvenile salmon.
Both Atlantic salmon (*Salmo salar*) and Chum salmon (*Oncorhynchus keta*) are listed as 'Near threatened' by the IUCN.
Answer: False
While Atlantic salmon (*Salmo salar*) is listed as 'Near threatened' by the IUCN, Chum salmon (*Oncorhynchus keta*) is classified as 'Least concern'.
The Danube salmon (*Hucho hucho*), also known as huchen, is classified as 'Endangered' according to the IUCN Red List.
Answer: True
The Danube salmon (*Hucho hucho*), or huchen, is indeed listed as 'Endangered' on the IUCN Red List, reflecting significant threats to its populations.
The parasitic organism *Henneguya salminicola* forms cysts in salmon flesh but generally does not cause disease or prevent successful spawning.
Answer: True
*Henneguya salminicola* is a parasite that forms cysts in salmon flesh, but it is generally considered non-pathogenic, meaning it does not typically cause disease or impede the fish's ability to spawn.
Sea lice infestations, often exacerbated by salmon farms, pose a minimal threat to wild salmon populations.
Answer: False
Sea lice infestations, particularly when amplified by the presence of salmon farms, can pose a significant threat, leading to high mortality rates in young wild salmon migrating to sea.
The 1914 slide at Hells Gate had no significant impact on the Fraser River salmon population.
Answer: False
The 1914 slide at Hells Gate had a severe detrimental impact on the Fraser River salmon population, leading to a substantial reduction in catches in subsequent years.
Pacific salmon populations today are estimated to be roughly 50% of their historical levels when Lewis and Clark arrived.
Answer: False
Current Pacific salmon populations are estimated to be only 1-3% of their historical levels at the time of the Lewis and Clark expedition, indicating a drastic decline.
The Chief Joseph Dam allows salmon to migrate freely to historical spawning grounds in the upper Columbia River system.
Answer: False
The Chief Joseph Dam completely blocks salmon migration to the historical spawning grounds in the upper Columbia River system.
Wild salmon populations are only a concern in the North Pacific, while North Atlantic populations remain robust.
Answer: False
Concerns regarding wild salmon populations extend to both the North Pacific and North Atlantic basins. Declines have been noted in North Atlantic populations, as well as in various North American Pacific systems.
The size of Pacific salmon species has increased over the past 30 years due to improved ocean conditions.
Answer: False
Research indicates that the size of several Pacific salmon species has actually decreased over the past 30 years, potentially due to factors such as climate change and increased competition from other salmon populations.
The M74 syndrome affecting salmon is related to nutrient deficiencies, specifically thiamine, which can affect egg viability.
Answer: True
The M74 syndrome is a condition linked to thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, which critically impairs egg viability and leads to high mortality rates in newly hatched salmon fry.
While multiple factors contribute, habitat degradation, overfishing, and environmental changes are primary reasons cited for the decline in wild salmon populations.
Answer: True
The decline in wild salmon populations is indeed multifactorial, with habitat degradation, unsustainable fishing practices, and broader environmental shifts identified as primary contributing causes.
According to the source, what is the IUCN status of the Atlantic salmon (*Salmo salar*)?
Answer: Near Threatened
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the Atlantic salmon (*Salmo salar*) as 'Near Threatened'.
What negative impact can high concentrations of sea lice from salmon farms have on wild salmon?
Answer: They lead to deadly infestations in young wild salmon migrating to sea.
Elevated levels of sea lice, often associated with aquaculture operations, can cause severe and frequently lethal infestations in juvenile wild salmon as they migrate from freshwater to the ocean.
The 1914 slide at Hells Gate had a severe impact on Fraser River salmon. What was the consequence mentioned?
Answer: The catch in 1917 was reduced to one-quarter of the catch in 1913.
The 1914 Hells Gate slide drastically reduced the Fraser River salmon catch, with the 1917 catch being only a quarter of that recorded in 1913, illustrating the severe impact.
The parasitic organism *Henneguya salminicola* is found in salmon flesh. What is its typical impact?
Answer: It forms cysts but generally does not cause disease or prevent spawning.
*Henneguya salminicola* forms cysts within salmon flesh but typically does not induce significant disease or impede the fish's reproductive capabilities.
What is the M74 syndrome affecting salmon related to?
Answer: Nutrient deficiencies, specifically thiamine, affecting egg viability.
The M74 syndrome is associated with deficiencies in thiamine (vitamin B1), which critically impacts the viability of salmon eggs and the survival of newly hatched fry.
What is the primary reason cited for the decline in wild salmon populations in recent decades?
Answer: Habitat degradation, overfishing, and environmental changes.
The decline in wild salmon populations is primarily attributed to a confluence of factors including habitat destruction, unsustainable fishing pressures, and broader environmental shifts.
Salmon are highly valued commercially as food fish and recreationally as game fish.
Answer: True
Salmon hold significant economic importance globally through commercial fishing and aquaculture, and they are also highly prized by recreational anglers.
Salmon have been successfully introduced and naturalized in non-native environments such as the Great Lakes, Patagonia, and the South Island of New Zealand.
Answer: True
Various salmon species have been successfully established in introduced environments, including the Great Lakes region of North America, Patagonia in South America, and New Zealand's South Island.
In his 1908 address, Theodore Roosevelt stated that salmon fisheries, particularly on the Columbia River, were thriving due to effective state management.
Answer: False
Theodore Roosevelt's 1908 address highlighted the significant decline of salmon fisheries on the Columbia River, attributing it to ineffective management and inter-state disagreements, not thriving conditions.
Most Atlantic salmon are wild-caught, while the majority of Pacific salmon are farmed.
Answer: False
The market availability differs significantly: nearly all Atlantic salmon are farmed, whereas the majority of Pacific salmon are wild-caught.
Ocean ranching involves raising salmon in enclosed ocean pens near coastal farms.
Answer: False
Ocean ranching is a method where young salmon are released into the ocean to mature, with the expectation that they will return to designated points for harvest, rather than being raised in enclosed pens.
Spawning channels are developed primarily to increase the speed of water flow for adult salmon migration.
Answer: False
Spawning channels are constructed to provide a stable environment for egg incubation by controlling water flow and removing sediment, thereby preventing floods from washing out nests and ensuring suitable conditions for development, not primarily to facilitate adult migration speed.
Salmon populations in the Great Lakes are self-sustaining and support a large commercial fishery.
Answer: False
While salmon have been established in the Great Lakes, they are not self-sustaining and require continuous stocking; they support a sport fishery but not a large commercial one.
Salmon farming has a negligible impact on wild forage fish populations due to the use of plant-based feed.
Answer: False
Salmon farming requires substantial quantities of feed derived from wild forage fish, placing significant pressure on these populations and potentially impacting other marine species that rely on them.
Which of these non-native environments has NOT been mentioned as a location where salmon species have been successfully introduced?
Answer: The Mediterranean Sea
The Great Lakes, Patagonia, and the South Island of New Zealand are cited as locations where salmon have been successfully introduced. The Mediterranean Sea is not mentioned in this context.
Theodore Roosevelt's 1908 State of the Union address highlighted issues with salmon fisheries, particularly on the Columbia River. What was his observation?
Answer: The fisheries had declined significantly due to ineffective management and inter-state disagreements.
President Roosevelt observed in 1908 that salmon fisheries on the Columbia River had declined substantially, attributing this to a lack of effective management and disputes between states, which prevented adequate numbers from reaching spawning grounds.
What distinguishes the market availability of Atlantic salmon compared to Pacific salmon?
Answer: Nearly all Atlantic salmon are farmed, while the majority of Pacific salmon are wild-caught.
The global market for salmon shows a distinct difference: Atlantic salmon is predominantly farmed (nearly 99%), whereas Pacific salmon species are predominantly wild-caught (over 80%).
What is the primary reason for the development of artificial spawning channels for salmon?
Answer: To provide a more stable environment for egg incubation by controlling floods and sediment.
Artificial spawning channels are engineered to offer a controlled and stable environment for salmon eggs, mitigating risks associated with natural floods and sediment deposition that can compromise egg survival.
What is the primary concern regarding the impact of salmon farming on wild forage fish populations?
Answer: The demand for feed in salmon farming puts pressure on wild forage fish populations.
The substantial requirement for feed in salmon aquaculture places considerable pressure on wild forage fish populations, potentially leading to overexploitation and ecosystem imbalances.
The English word 'salmon' originates from the Greek word 'salmos', meaning 'silver fish'.
Answer: False
The English word 'salmon' derives from Latin ('salmo'), which is speculated to originate from 'salire', meaning 'to leap', rather than from a Greek word.
Salmon hold minimal cultural or spiritual significance for Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest, serving only as a minor food source.
Answer: False
Salmon are profoundly culturally and spiritually significant for Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest, forming a cornerstone of their traditions, subsistence, and ecological worldview.
The word 'salmon' is etymologically linked to the Latin word 'salire', meaning 'to swim slowly'.
Answer: False
The word 'salmon' is linked to the Latin word 'salire', which means 'to leap', likely referring to the fish's upstream migratory behavior, not 'to swim slowly'.
Indigenous fishing practices, like the 'first salmon ceremony', demonstrate a lack of ecological understanding and respect for salmon.
Answer: False
Indigenous fishing practices, such as the 'first salmon ceremony', exemplify profound ecological understanding and deep respect for salmon, reflecting sustainable harvesting traditions and spiritual connections.
Salmon appear in mythology primarily as symbols of greed and destruction across various cultures.
Answer: False
Across various cultures, salmon are predominantly depicted in mythology as symbols of wisdom, knowledge, abundance, and spiritual significance, rather than greed or destruction.
The 'salmon argument' mentioned in the text relates to a debate about the best fishing techniques for salmon in the Indo-European region.
Answer: False
The 'salmon argument' refers to a linguistic debate concerning the origin of Indo-European languages, where the etymology of the word 'salmon' was historically considered significant, not fishing techniques.
The word 'salmon' is believed to derive from the Latin word 'salmo', which may originate from 'salire'. What does 'salire' likely refer to in this context?
Answer: To leap upstream
The Latin word 'salire', from which 'salmo' (and thus 'salmon') is thought to derive, means 'to leap', likely referencing the salmon's characteristic behavior of leaping upstream during its spawning migration.
What is the significance of salmon in the culture of Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest, according to the text?
Answer: They are culturally and spiritually vital, serving as a primary food source and influencing traditions.
Salmon hold profound cultural and spiritual importance for Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest, serving as a fundamental food source and deeply influencing their traditions, ceremonies, and ecological practices.
Salmon is classified as a lean fish, low in protein and omega-3 fatty acids, but high in vitamin D.
Answer: False
Salmon is classified as an oily fish, rich in protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D, not a lean fish low in these beneficial components.
Astaxanthin is a pigment that gives salmon flesh its white color, and it is typically added to farmed salmon feed.
Answer: False
Astaxanthin is a pigment responsible for the characteristic pink-to-red color of salmon flesh, not white. It is obtained naturally by wild salmon and often supplemented in the feed of farmed salmon to achieve this color.
Eating farmed salmon poses significant health risks due to high levels of contaminants, outweighing any nutritional benefits.
Answer: False
While some studies indicate higher contaminant levels in farmed salmon, research generally concludes that the substantial nutritional benefits of consuming salmon, even farmed varieties, outweigh potential risks.
In British Columbia, the term 'tyee' refers to any salmon weighing over 10 pounds.
Answer: False
In British Columbia, the term 'tyee' specifically designates a Chinook salmon weighing over 30 pounds, signifying a particularly large specimen.
Hot-smoked salmon is cured at low temperatures, while cold-smoked salmon is cooked at higher temperatures.
Answer: False
The distinction lies in the temperature: hot-smoking involves cooking at higher temperatures, while cold-smoking cures the fish at lower temperatures, resulting in different textures and preservation qualities.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the nutritional profile of salmon?
Answer: It is an oily fish, high in protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D.
Salmon is recognized for its nutritional value, being an excellent source of high-quality protein, beneficial omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D, classifying it as an oily fish.
What does the designation 'tyee' refer to for Chinook salmon in British Columbia?
Answer: A Chinook salmon weighing over 30 pounds.
In British Columbia, the term 'tyee' is specifically used to denote a Chinook salmon that exceeds 30 pounds in weight.