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In 2021, USDA researchers found that less than half of the sampled white-tailed deer showed evidence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
Answer: False
USDA researchers reported in 2021 that fewer than half of the white-tailed deer sampled exhibited antibodies indicative of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. The actual figure reported was 40%.
A Penn State University study indicated that nearly all deer sampled in Iowa between April 2020 and January 2021 had active SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Answer: False
Contrary to the statement, a Penn State University study found that up to 80% of deer sampled in Iowa during the specified period tested positive for active SARS-CoV-2 infection, not necessarily 'nearly all'.
Active SARS-CoV-2 infection levels in some captive cervid facilities have exceeded 90%.
Answer: True
Certain captive cervid facilities, characterized by high population densities and close proximity, have exhibited extremely high SARS-CoV-2 transmission rates, with active infection levels surpassing 90% in at least one instance.
A nationwide USDA study from 2021-2022 indicated a significant increase in active SARS-CoV-2 infections in white-tailed deer compared to earlier years.
Answer: False
A nationwide USDA study from November 2021 to October 2022 indicated a decrease in active SARS-CoV-2 infections in white-tailed deer compared to earlier pandemic years, not a significant increase.
White-tailed deer in Michigan showed the highest percentage of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among USDA-sampled deer in 2021.
Answer: True
According to USDA sampling in 2021, white-tailed deer in Michigan exhibited the highest percentage of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, with 67% testing positive, followed by Pennsylvania at 44%.
In 2021, according to USDA researchers, what percentage of sampled white-tailed deer showed evidence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies?
Answer: Around 40%
USDA researchers reported in 2021 that approximately 40% of sampled white-tailed deer exhibited evidence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
Which US state reported the highest percentage of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in white-tailed deer sampled by the USDA in 2021?
Answer: Michigan
In the 2021 USDA sampling, Michigan reported the highest percentage of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in white-tailed deer, with 67% of sampled deer testing positive.
What did a Penn State University study reveal about active SARS-CoV-2 infections in Iowa deer sampled between April 2020 and January 2021?
Answer: Up to 80% tested positive for active infection.
A Penn State University study indicated that up to 80% of deer sampled in Iowa between April 2020 and January 2021 tested positive for active SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting a significant prevalence.
What percentage of active infection levels were observed in at least one captive cervid facility?
Answer: Exceeding 90%
In at least one captive cervid facility, active SARS-CoV-2 infection levels were observed to exceed 90%, indicating extremely high transmission rates in such environments.
What trend did a nationwide USDA study observe regarding active SARS-CoV-2 infections in white-tailed deer between November 2021 and October 2022?
Answer: A decrease compared to earlier pandemic years.
A nationwide USDA study covering November 2021 to October 2022 observed a decrease in active SARS-CoV-2 infections in white-tailed deer compared to earlier pandemic periods.
In March 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified white-tailed deer as a potential source for human reinfection.
Answer: True
In March 2022, the WHO, FAO, and OIE jointly identified white-tailed deer as a newly formed wild animal reservoir for SARS-CoV-2, highlighting concerns about potential transmission dynamics and reinfection risks.
SARS-CoV-2 transmission among deer is primarily facilitated by airborne droplets over long distances.
Answer: False
Transmission among deer is primarily facilitated by close-contact social behaviors, such as sniffing, nuzzling, and sharing resources, rather than long-distance airborne droplets.
Infected deer primarily shed SARS-CoV-2 through their blood.
Answer: False
Infected deer primarily shed SARS-CoV-2 through nasal secretions and feces; shedding through blood has not been identified as a primary route.
An Ohio State University study found evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from deer back to humans.
Answer: False
An Ohio State University study provided evidence suggesting that humans transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to white-tailed deer on multiple occasions, and also identified deer strains with mutations uncommon in humans at the time. Evidence for deer-to-human transmission was suggested by other studies involving specific clades.
A study on Staten Island found wild deer had contracted the Omicron variant shortly after it became prevalent in humans.
Answer: True
A study conducted on Staten Island, New York City, revealed that wild white-tailed deer contracted the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 shortly after its widespread prevalence in the human population.
The Michigan mink spillover event involved human infections linked to interactions with deer.
Answer: True
The Michigan mink spillover event, which resulted in human infections, was suggested to be linked to white-tailed deer, as two individuals infected with the mink strain reported recent hunting activities involving deer.
A study identified over 100 independent spillover events from deer to humans.
Answer: False
A study analyzing spillover events identified approximately 109 independent instances of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from humans to white-tailed deer. The study also suggested potential deer-to-human transmission cycles.
A USDA study confirmed that mule deer cannot shed live SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Answer: False
A USDA study confirmed that mule deer, similar to white-tailed deer, are capable of shedding live SARS-CoV-2 virus, indicating their potential role in transmission.
'Reverse zoonosis' describes the transmission of a pathogen from animals back to humans.
Answer: False
'Reverse zoonosis' specifically describes the transmission of a pathogen from humans to animals, initiating or sustaining an infection cycle within animal populations.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a social behavior contributing to SARS-CoV-2 transmission among deer?
Answer: Grooming each other's fur
While sniffing waste, sharing salt licks, and polygamous mating are mentioned as social behaviors facilitating transmission, grooming each other's fur is not explicitly listed as a contributing factor in the provided source.
What did the Ohio State University study discover regarding human-to-deer transmission of SARS-CoV-2?
Answer: Humans transmitted the virus to deer on at least six separate occasions.
The Ohio State University study found evidence that humans transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to white-tailed deer on at least six distinct occasions.
What was discovered about the Omicron variant in white-tailed deer on Staten Island, NYC?
Answer: Wild deer contracted it shortly after it became prevalent in humans.
A study on Staten Island found that wild white-tailed deer contracted the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 shortly after it became prevalent in the human population, with evidence suggesting potential for repeated reinfection.
What connection was suggested between the Michigan mink spillover event and white-tailed deer?
Answer: Two humans infected with the mink strain reported recent hunting interactions with deer.
The Michigan mink spillover event, which led to human infections, was suggested to be linked to white-tailed deer, as two individuals infected with the mink strain reported recent hunting interactions with deer.
A study on spillover events identified approximately how many independent spillover events from humans to white-tailed deer?
Answer: 109
A study analyzing spillover events identified approximately 109 independent instances of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from humans to white-tailed deer between November 2021 and April 2022.
What did a USDA study find about mule deer's capability to shed SARS-CoV-2?
Answer: They can shed live virus, similar to white-tailed deer.
A USDA study confirmed that mule deer, analogous to white-tailed deer, possess the capability to shed live SARS-CoV-2 virus, indicating their potential role in transmission.
In the context of SARS-CoV-2 and deer, what does 'reverse zoonosis' refer to?
Answer: Transmission from humans to deer.
In the context of SARS-CoV-2 and deer, 'reverse zoonosis' refers specifically to the transmission of the virus from humans to animals, initiating infection cycles within animal populations.
A 2023 study confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 evolves at a significantly slower rate in white-tailed deer compared to humans.
Answer: False
The source indicates that a 2023 study found SARS-CoV-2 evolves at an accelerated pace in white-tailed deer, approximately three times faster than the rate of viral evolution observed in humans, contradicting the assertion of slower evolution.
White-tailed deer can maintain active SARS-CoV-2 infections for periods ranging from six to nine months.
Answer: True
Research indicates that white-tailed deer possess the capacity to sustain active SARS-CoV-2 infections for extended durations, typically between six and nine months, which is considerably longer than observed in humans.
A divergent Alpha variant strain of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in Pennsylvania's white-tailed deer in late 2021.
Answer: True
Data from Pennsylvania confirmed the detection of a divergent Alpha variant strain of SARS-CoV-2 in white-tailed deer in late 2021, persisting long after it ceased to be dominant in human populations.
Studies in New York State showed that older SARS-CoV-2 variants like Alpha had completely disappeared from deer populations.
Answer: False
Studies in New York State indicated the persistence of older SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as Alpha and Gamma, in white-tailed deer populations for over a year after their decline in local human populations, suggesting independent evolutionary pathways.
The 'Ontario WTD clade' is a SARS-CoV-2 variant that originated in humans and later spread to deer.
Answer: False
The 'Ontario WTD clade' is a SARS-CoV-2 variant identified in white-tailed deer. Its significant number of mutations suggests it likely evolved in an intermediate animal host before infecting deer, rather than originating directly in humans.
'Deltacron' strains are solely a concern for human-to-human transmission.
Answer: False
'Deltacron' strains, which are hybrid variants potentially combining mutations from Delta and Omicron, are a concern not only for human-to-human transmission but also due to their potential evolution in animal hosts like mink and deer.
Identifying white-tailed deer as a 'natural reservoir' implies the virus cannot persist long-term within the deer population.
Answer: False
Identifying white-tailed deer as a 'natural reservoir' implies the opposite: that the virus *can* persist and circulate indefinitely within the deer population, independent of human infections.
A primary risk of SARS-CoV-2 evolution in deer is the potential development of variants with reduced transmissibility.
Answer: False
A primary risk of SARS-CoV-2 evolution in deer is the potential development of variants with enhanced transmissibility, virulence, or immune evasion, posing greater threats upon re-transmission to humans.
The long infection duration in deer increases opportunities for viral evolution.
Answer: True
The extended duration of active SARS-CoV-2 infection in white-tailed deer, ranging from six to nine months, significantly increases opportunities for viral transmission and subsequent evolution within the deer population.
Finding older SARS-CoV-2 variants in deer suggests they can act as a reservoir for strains no longer dominant in humans.
Answer: True
The persistence of older SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as Alpha and Gamma, in deer populations suggests that these animals can serve as a reservoir for strains that are no longer dominant in humans, potentially leading to their re-emergence or further evolution.
The 'triple rate' of viral evolution in deer means the virus mutates three times per year.
Answer: False
The 'triple rate' of viral evolution in deer signifies that the speed of genetic change in SARS-CoV-2 is approximately three times faster in white-tailed deer compared to humans, increasing the likelihood of new variant emergence.
How does the rate of SARS-CoV-2 evolution in white-tailed deer compare to that in humans, according to a 2023 study?
Answer: It evolves at approximately three times the rate.
A 2023 study confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 evolves at an accelerated pace in white-tailed deer, approximately three times faster than the rate observed in humans.
What is the approximate duration that white-tailed deer can maintain active SARS-CoV-2 infections?
Answer: 6-9 months
White-tailed deer can maintain active SARS-CoV-2 infections for extended periods, ranging from six to nine months, which is significantly longer than typical human infection durations.
The Ohio State University study noted that SARS-CoV-2 strains found in deer exhibited mutations that were:
Answer: Uncommon in human strains at the time.
The Ohio State University study observed that SARS-CoV-2 strains detected in deer exhibited mutations that were uncommon in human strains circulating concurrently, suggesting potential evolutionary divergence.
How did the Alpha variant persist in white-tailed deer populations, according to Pennsylvania test data?
Answer: A divergent strain was present long after it ceased being dominant in humans.
Pennsylvania test data indicated that a divergent Alpha variant strain of SARS-CoV-2 persisted in white-tailed deer populations in November 2021, long after this variant had ceased to be dominant in human populations.
What did studies in New York State reveal about older SARS-CoV-2 variants (Alpha, Gamma) in white-tailed deer?
Answer: They persisted for over a year after disappearing from local humans.
Studies in New York State revealed that older SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as Alpha and Gamma, persisted in white-tailed deer for over a year after their disappearance from local human populations, exhibiting greater genetic divergence in deer.
The 'Ontario WTD clade' is significant because:
Answer: It infected a person, suggesting potential deer-to-human transmission.
The 'Ontario WTD clade' is significant because it infected a person with close deer contact, indicating potential deer-to-human transmission, and possessed numerous mutations suggesting evolution in an intermediate host.
What are 'Deltacron' strains in the context of SARS-CoV-2?
Answer: Hybrid variants potentially combining Delta and Omicron mutations, possibly evolving in animals.
'Deltacron' strains refer to hybrid variants that may arise from co-infections, potentially combining mutations from Delta and Omicron, and are a concern due to their possible evolution in animal hosts.
What is the main concern associated with white-tailed deer being identified as a 'natural reservoir' for SARS-CoV-2?
Answer: The virus could persist indefinitely and evolve variants potentially re-transmissible to humans.
The primary concern with white-tailed deer being identified as a 'natural reservoir' is the potential for SARS-CoV-2 to persist indefinitely and evolve new variants within the deer population, which could then be re-transmitted to humans.
What is the primary risk if SARS-CoV-2 evolves new variants within deer populations?
Answer: The variants might enhance transmissibility, virulence, or immune evasion, posing greater threats.
The primary risk associated with SARS-CoV-2 evolving new variants within deer populations is the potential emergence of strains with enhanced transmissibility, virulence, or immune evasion capabilities, which could pose greater risks to human health.
The extended duration (6-9 months) of SARS-CoV-2 infection in deer compared to humans implies:
Answer: Increased opportunities for transmission and viral evolution in deer.
The extended duration of SARS-CoV-2 infection in deer (6-9 months), compared to humans, implies increased opportunities for viral transmission within the deer population and for subsequent viral evolution.
What does the persistence of older SARS-CoV-2 variants in deer suggest?
Answer: Deer populations act as a reservoir for strains no longer dominant in humans.
The persistence of older SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as Alpha and Gamma, in deer populations suggests that these animals can serve as a reservoir for strains that are no longer dominant in humans.
What does the 'triple rate' of viral evolution in deer signify?
Answer: The speed of genetic change in the virus is three times faster in deer than in humans.
The 'triple rate' of viral evolution in deer signifies that the speed of genetic change in SARS-CoV-2 is approximately three times faster in white-tailed deer compared to humans.
Which of the following is a potential consequence of SARS-CoV-2 evolving in deer?
Answer: Emergence of variants with increased transmissibility or immune evasion.
A potential consequence of SARS-CoV-2 evolving in deer populations is the emergence of variants with increased transmissibility, virulence, or immune evasion capabilities, which could pose greater risks to human health.
What did the study involving the 'Ontario WTD clade' suggest about its origin?
Answer: It evolved in an intermediate animal host before infecting deer.
The study involving the 'Ontario WTD clade' suggested that this variant likely evolved in an intermediate animal host before infecting deer, evidenced by its numerous mutations and divergence.
European deer species like roe and red deer showed widespread SARS-CoV-2 infections in the early pandemic.
Answer: False
European deer species, such as roe and red deer, did not exhibit widespread SARS-CoV-2 infections in the initial phases of the pandemic, unlike North American white-tailed deer. This is attributed to factors like lower population density and less frequent human interaction.
Canadian researchers found the Omicron variant circulating widely in Canadian wild deer populations.
Answer: False
Canadian researchers identified older variants, specifically Alpha and Delta, circulating among wild deer populations. The Omicron variant was not explicitly mentioned as being widely found in Canadian wild deer in the provided source.
The first detection of SARS-CoV-2 in mule deer occurred in Utah.
Answer: True
The initial detection of SARS-CoV-2 in mule deer was reported by Utah wildlife officials, involving a Delta variant infection in Morgan County in late 2021.
White-tailed deer migration into mule deer habitats may hinder SARS-CoV-2 spread between species.
Answer: False
The migration of white-tailed deer into mule deer habitats may facilitate SARS-CoV-2 spread between species due to population overlap and potential interbreeding, rather than hindering it.
Elk and moose in Canada showed evidence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure similar to white-tailed deer.
Answer: False
Canadian researchers found that elk and moose populations did not show evidence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure, unlike white-tailed and mule deer.
The first instance of SARS-CoV-2 infection in European deer was found in red deer in Germany.
Answer: False
The first identified instance of SARS-CoV-2 infection in free-ranging European deer occurred in fallow deer in Dublin, Ireland, not in red deer in Germany.
The Delta variant was the first SARS-CoV-2 variant detected in mule deer in Utah.
Answer: True
The initial detection of SARS-CoV-2 in mule deer in Utah involved the Delta variant, identified in Morgan County in late 2021.
Fallow deer in Dublin, Ireland, were the first European deer population found to have contracted SARS-CoV-2.
Answer: True
The first free-ranging European deer population identified with SARS-CoV-2 infection was in Dublin, Ireland, specifically among fallow deer.
Why did European deer species like roe and red deer show fewer significant SARS-CoV-2 cases compared to North American white-tailed deer?
Answer: They have a lower population density and less interaction with humans.
European deer species like roe and red deer exhibited fewer significant SARS-CoV-2 cases compared to North American white-tailed deer, likely due to lower population densities and less frequent human interactions, despite possessing susceptible ACE2 receptors.
What variants did Canadian researchers identify among wild deer populations?
Answer: Alpha and Delta variants
Canadian researchers identified the Alpha and Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 circulating among wild deer populations. They also noted a strain previously observed only in the UK.
Where was the first active SARS-CoV-2 (Delta variant) infection detected in mule deer?
Answer: Utah
The first active SARS-CoV-2 (Delta variant) infection in mule deer was detected in Morgan County, Utah, in late 2021.
How might the migration of white-tailed deer into mule deer habitats affect SARS-CoV-2 spread?
Answer: It may facilitate transmission due to population overlap.
The migration of white-tailed deer into mule deer habitats may facilitate SARS-CoV-2 transmission between species due to increased population overlap and potential interbreeding.
Which Canadian cervid species, besides white-tailed and mule deer, did NOT show evidence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure?
Answer: Both A and C
Canadian researchers found that elk and moose populations did not show evidence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure, unlike white-tailed and mule deer.
Where were the first free-ranging European deer found to have contracted SARS-CoV-2?
Answer: Ireland
The first free-ranging European deer population identified with SARS-CoV-2 infection was in Dublin, Ireland, specifically among fallow deer.
What is a key factor contributing to the widespread SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in North American white-tailed deer, according to the source?
Answer: High population density and frequent interactions with humans.
A key factor contributing to widespread SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in North American white-tailed deer is their high population density and frequent interactions with humans, contrasting with European deer populations.
SARS-CoV-2 replicates mainly in the lower respiratory tract of deer, similar to humans.
Answer: False
Research indicates that SARS-CoV-2 primarily replicates in the upper respiratory tract of deer, particularly nasal structures, rather than the lower respiratory tract.
The Ohio State University study identified six novel mutations in deer strains that were common in human strains at the time.
Answer: False
The Ohio State University study identified six mutations in deer strains of SARS-CoV-2 that were uncommon in human strains circulating at that time, indicating potential independent evolution within the deer population.
Seroconversion, the development of antibodies, can occur rapidly in deer after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Answer: True
Seroconversion, defined as the development of antibodies in response to infection, can occur rapidly in deer following SARS-CoV-2 exposure, potentially within one week post-infection.
The ACE2 receptors in deer are structurally different from those in humans, preventing viral entry.
Answer: False
The ACE2 receptors in deer are structurally similar to those in humans, which facilitates SARS-CoV-2 entry into deer cells and is a key factor in the virus's ability to infect these animals.
In March 2022, which international health organizations jointly identified white-tailed deer as a newly formed wild animal reservoir for SARS-CoV-2?
Answer: WHO, FAO, and OIE
In March 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) jointly identified white-tailed deer as a newly formed wild animal reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.
Where does SARS-CoV-2 primarily replicate in deer, according to research?
Answer: The upper respiratory tract
Research indicates that SARS-CoV-2 primarily replicates within the upper respiratory tract of deer, specifically in nasal structures, and has also been detected in tonsils and lymph nodes.
What does 'seroconversion' mean in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection in deer?
Answer: The development of antibodies in response to infection.
In the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection in deer, 'seroconversion' refers to the development of antibodies in response to the infection, which can occur rapidly.
Why is the similarity of ACE2 receptors between deer and humans significant for SARS-CoV-2?
Answer: It allows SARS-CoV-2 to use the same entry mechanism in both species.
The structural similarity of ACE2 receptors between deer and humans is significant because it allows SARS-CoV-2 to utilize the same cellular entry mechanism in both species, facilitating infection.