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*Kholopstvo*, an earlier form of slavery, was abolished by Catherine the Great in 1723.
Answer: False
*Kholopstvo* was abolished by Peter I in 1723, not Catherine the Great.
The origins of serfdom in Russia can be traced back to the 12th century, involving practices like 'zakups' and 'corvée smerds'.
Answer: True
The origins of serfdom in Russia are indeed traced to the 12th century, with 'zakups' and 'corvée smerds' being early forms of exploitation.
The *Russkaya Pravda* granted princely smerds extensive property and personal rights, with their property passing to their heirs upon death.
Answer: False
The *Russkaya Pravda* granted princely smerds limited property and personal rights, with their property transferring to the prince as escheat upon their death.
The *Sudebnik of 1497* officially confirmed the restriction on peasant movement to a period around Yuri's Day and established a 'pozhiloye' fee.
Answer: True
The *Sudebnik of 1497* indeed restricted peasant movement to a period around Yuri's Day and introduced the 'pozhiloye' fee.
The *Sudebnik of 1550* decreased the 'pozhiloye' fee and abolished the 'za povoz' transportation fee, thereby easing peasant dependency.
Answer: False
The *Sudebnik of 1550* actually increased the 'pozhiloye' fee and introduced an additional 'za povoz' fee, thus strengthening peasant dependency.
The ukase of 1597 under Boris Godunov introduced 'forbidden years' which permanently prohibited peasants from leaving their masters, effectively binding them in full serfdom.
Answer: True
The ukase of 1597 introduced 'forbidden years' that temporarily, and later permanently, prohibited peasants from leaving their masters, leading to full serfdom.
The *Sobornoye Ulozhenie* of 1649 granted Russian landowners unlimited ownership over their serfs, including the right to kill them.
Answer: False
While the *Sobornoye Ulozhenie* granted landowners almost unlimited ownership, they were explicitly forbidden from killing their serfs.
When was *kholopstvo*, an earlier form of slavery in Russia, abolished?
Answer: 1723
*Kholopstvo* was abolished by Peter I in 1723.
The origins of serfdom in Russia can be traced back to which century?
Answer: 12th century
The origins of serfdom in Russia can be traced back to the 12th century.
According to the *Russkaya Pravda*, what happened to a princely smerd's property upon their death?
Answer: It was transferred to the prince as escheat.
The *Russkaya Pravda* stipulated that a princely smerd's property transferred to the prince as escheat upon their death.
The *Sudebnik of 1497* restricted the right of peasants to leave their master to a period around which specific day?
Answer: Yuri's Day
The *Sudebnik of 1497* restricted peasant movement to a period around Yuri's Day (November 26).
How did the *Sudebnik of 1550* impact peasant dependency?
Answer: It increased the 'pozhiloye' fee and introduced an additional 'za povoz' fee.
The *Sudebnik of 1550* increased the 'pozhiloye' fee and introduced a 'za povoz' fee, thereby strengthening peasant dependency.
What was the purpose of the 'fixed years' introduced by the ukase of 1597 under Boris Godunov?
Answer: To establish a 5-year period for searching for and returning runaway peasants.
The 'fixed years' introduced in 1597 established a 5-year period for the search and return of runaway peasants.
Which legal framework in 1649 formally assigned serfs to estates and granted landowners almost unlimited ownership over them?
Answer: The *Sobornoye Ulozhenie*
The *Sobornoye Ulozhenie* of 1649 was the legal framework that formally assigned serfs to estates and granted landowners extensive control.
What was the one explicit limit on a landowner's power over their serfs according to the *Sobornoye Ulozhenie*?
Answer: They were forbidden from killing the serf.
The *Sobornoye Ulozhenie* explicitly forbade landowners from killing their serfs, despite granting them extensive other powers.
Why did major landowners and southern dvoryane advocate for shorter 'fixed years' for searching runaway peasants?
Answer: Because most runaways typically fled to the southern parts of Russia.
Southern landowners advocated for shorter 'fixed years' because runaways often fled to the south, making recovery easier with a shorter search period.
By the 19th century, legal distinctions between serfs and slaves in Russia had largely disappeared, making them practically indistinguishable in many aspects.
Answer: True
The source indicates that by the 19th century, the requirement for serfs to be sold only with land largely ceased, rendering them practically indistinguishable from slaves in many respects, despite earlier legal distinctions.
Serfdom was most common in the northern and northeastern parts of the Russian Empire, where free peasants were rare.
Answer: False
Serfdom was most common in the central and southern areas of the Tsardom of Russia. Free peasants were primarily found in the northern and northeastern parts of the country.
The term 'muzhik' is a Russian word that, when used in English, refers to a 'Russian noble.'
Answer: False
The term 'muzhik' refers to a 'Russian peasant' in English literature, not a noble.
According to 17th-century censuses, approximately four-fifths of Russian peasants were serfs.
Answer: True
Censuses from 1678 and 1719 confirm that approximately four-fifths of Russian peasants were indeed serfs.
*Dvorovie lyudi*, a class of serfs who could be sold without land, had no legal protections and could not file complaints against their landowners.
Answer: False
*Dvorovie lyudi* possessed legal protections for their movable property, religious rights, and inviolability, and could file complaints against landowners.
Before the 1861 emancipation, state peasants and peasants under the Tsar's patronage were considered personally free and could not be sold.
Answer: True
State peasants and 'udelnye krestiane' were indeed considered personally free and could not be sold, distinguishing them from privately owned serfs.
By the mid-19th century, private serfs constituted over 50% of the Russian Empire's total population.
Answer: False
According to the 1857 census, private serfs constituted 37.7% of the total population, not over 50%.
What was the Russian term for an unfree peasant who was originally tied to the land?
Answer: Krepostnoy krest'yanin
The Russian term 'krepostnoy krest'yanin' directly translates to 'bonded peasant' and refers to an unfree peasant tied to the land.
In which regions was serfdom rare until the reign of Catherine the Great?
Answer: Little Russia, other Cossack lands, the Urals, and Siberia
Serfdom was rare in Little Russia, other Cossack lands, the Urals, and Siberia until Catherine the Great's reign.
What does the Russian term 'muzhik' refer to in English literature?
Answer: A Russian peasant
The term 'muzhik' is used in English literature to refer to a Russian peasant.
According to 17th-century censuses, what proportion of Russian peasants were serfs?
Answer: Approximately four-fifths
17th-century censuses indicated that approximately four-fifths of Russian peasants were serfs.
What legal protection did *dvorovie lyudi* possess, despite being serfs who could be sold without land?
Answer: Their movable property, religious rights, and inviolability were officially protected.
*Dvorovie lyudi* had legal protections for their movable property, religious rights, and personal inviolability, and could file complaints against landowners.
Before the Great Emancipation of 1861, how many Russians were estimated to be privately owned serfs?
Answer: 23 million
Before 1861, an estimated 23 million Russians were privately owned serfs.
How did state peasants and 'udelnye krestiane' differ from privately owned serfs before 1861?
Answer: They were considered personally free and could not be sold.
State peasants and 'udelnye krestiane' were considered personally free and could not be sold, unlike privately owned serfs.
According to the 1857 census, what percentage of the Russian Empire's total population consisted of private serfs?
Answer: 37.7%
The 1857 census reported that private serfs constituted 37.7% of the Russian Empire's total population.
Peter III's 1762 reforms included ending mandatory military service for nobles, which removed a key justification for their control over serfs.
Answer: True
Peter III's 1762 reform ending mandatory military service for nobles indeed removed a primary justification for their landownership and control over serfs.
Catherine II completely abolished the cruel treatment of serfs by estate owners through a series of strict decrees in 1775.
Answer: False
Catherine II took measures to prosecute cruel estate owners in 1775, but these were limited interventions, not a complete abolition of cruel treatment, which continued to be addressed in later decades.
Alexander I's reforms included liberating serfs in Estonia, Livonia, and Courland in the early 19th century.
Answer: True
Alexander I did liberate serfs in Estonia (1816), Livonia (1816), and Courland (1817) as part of his early reforms.
Alexander I consistently expanded serf rights throughout his reign, never reversing any of his reforms.
Answer: False
Alexander I reversed some of his reforms in 1822-23, forbidding serfs from complaining to authorities and restoring landlords' right to exile peasants to Siberia.
Nicholas I's 'decree on obliged peasants' in 1842 granted peasants full ownership of their plots upon emancipation, without further duties to the landlord.
Answer: False
The 'decree on obliged peasants' granted peasants use of plots, not ownership, and they were still required to perform duties for the landlord.
Which two key measures did Peter III introduce in 1762 that indirectly influenced the abolition of serfdom?
Answer: He ended mandatory military service for nobles and secularized church estates.
Peter III's 1762 reforms included ending mandatory military service for nobles and secularizing church estates, both indirectly impacting serfdom.
Which of the following was NOT a reform introduced by Alexander I concerning serfs?
Answer: Restoring landlords' right to exile peasants to Siberia.
Alexander I initially cancelled the right to exile peasants to Siberia, but later *restored* this right as part of his reversals, meaning it was not a reform *introduced* to expand serf rights.
Why did Alexander I reverse some of his serfdom reforms in 1822-23?
Answer: Due to changes in the domestic political course.
Alexander I reversed some of his reforms due to shifts in the domestic political course.
Which of the following was a measure taken by Nicholas I to mitigate serfdom without abolishing it?
Answer: He banned the sale of serfs at public auctions with family splitting.
Nicholas I banned the sale of serfs at public auctions with family splitting as one of his measures to mitigate serfdom.
Serfdom was highly efficient for agriculture, leading to significant improvements in land yields due to serf labor.
Answer: False
Serfdom was largely inefficient for agriculture, resulting in low and stagnant yields due to a lack of incentive for both serfs and nobles to improve the land.
Major rebellions like those of Stenka Razin and Yemelyan Pugachev were primarily directed at abolishing the institution of serfdom itself.
Answer: False
These rebellions were not primarily aimed at abolishing serfdom as an institution; rather, peasants often joined as Cossacks to escape their serf status.
The newspaper *Kolokol* was instrumental in publicizing the abuses of serfdom within Russia, but its influence did not extend to Europe.
Answer: False
*Kolokol* was published in London and Geneva and specifically drew international attention to the abuses of serfdom, indicating its influence extended to Europe.
The Russian state supported serfdom partly because conscripted serfs significantly increased the size of its military.
Answer: True
Military conscription of serfs was a key reason the Russian state supported serfdom, as it provided a large military force.
By 1859, only a small fraction, about 20%, of all serfs were mortgaged to state credit institutions.
Answer: False
By 1859, a significant majority, 66%, of all serfs were mortgaged to state credit institutions, not 20%.
Bourgeois individuals were never permitted to own serfs in Russia, as serf ownership was exclusively reserved for the nobility.
Answer: False
Bourgeois individuals were permitted to own serfs during specific periods (1721–62 and 1798–1816) to encourage industrialization.
Russian literature and art often depicted serfdom, contributing to calls for social reform by highlighting the harsh realities of serf life.
Answer: True
Prominent Russian authors and artists used serfdom as a backdrop, portraying its realities and contributing to calls for social reform.
How did serfdom generally impact agricultural efficiency in Russia?
Answer: It resulted in low and stagnant yields due to lack of incentive.
Serfdom was largely inefficient, leading to low and stagnant agricultural yields because neither serfs nor nobles had sufficient incentive for improvement.
What was a key characteristic of major rebellions involving serfs, such as those led by Stenka Razin and Yemelyan Pugachev?
Answer: Peasants often joined as Cossacks to escape their peasant status.
These rebellions saw peasants joining Cossack movements primarily to escape their serf status, rather than to abolish serfdom as an institution.
What was the primary role of the newspaper *Kolokol* regarding serfdom?
Answer: To collect and publicize cases of serf abuse, drawing international attention.
*Kolokol* played a crucial role in exposing and publicizing the abuses of serfdom, garnering international attention.
What was the percentage of all serfs mortgaged to state credit institutions by 1859?
Answer: 66%
By 1859, 66% of all serfs were mortgaged to state credit institutions.
During which periods were bourgeois individuals permitted to own serfs in Russia?
Answer: 1721–62 and 1798–1816
Bourgeois individuals were permitted to own serfs during the periods of 1721–62 and 1798–1816.
Which prominent Russian authors used serfdom as a backdrop in their literature, portraying serf characters with emotional depth?
Answer: Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky
Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky are noted for using serfdom as a backdrop in their literature, portraying serf characters with emotional depth.
Serfdom in Russia was abolished by Emperor Nicholas I in 1861, making it one of the first European countries to do so.
Answer: False
Serfdom was abolished by Emperor Alexander II in 1861, not Nicholas I. Furthermore, Russia's abolition occurred later than in many other European countries.
One of the primary reasons for the abolition of serfdom was the government's concern about a potential large-scale peasant revolt.
Answer: True
Scholars identify the government's fear of a large-scale peasant revolt as a key reason for the abolition of serfdom.
After serfdom was abolished in Estland, Courland, and Livonia, all the land was immediately transferred to the peasants.
Answer: False
After serfdom was abolished in these Baltic provinces, all the land remained in the hands of the nobility, and labor rent continued for decades.
The nobility was too weak to effectively oppose the emancipation of serfs due to widespread mortgaging of their serfs and estates.
Answer: True
The extensive mortgaging of serfs and estates, along with other factors, significantly weakened the nobility's ability to oppose emancipation.
Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna played a significant behind-the-scenes role in supporting Alexander II's emancipation reform.
Answer: True
Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna actively supported and guided Alexander II in his reform efforts, mobilizing advisors for the cause.
Serfdom was abolished in Kalmykia in 1861, at the same time as the main emancipation reform.
Answer: False
Serfdom in Kalmykia was abolished much later, in 1892, not in 1861.
Following the 1861 emancipation, peasants often received highly fertile and contiguous plots of land at below-market prices.
Answer: False
Peasants often received less fertile, non-contiguous plots at prices higher than market value, and had to pay a redemption fee.
A 2018 study found that the abolition of serfdom led to significant negative economic impacts, including decreased agricultural productivity.
Answer: False
A 2018 study found that the abolition of serfdom led to 'substantial increases in agricultural productivity, industrial output, and peasants' nutrition,' indicating positive economic impacts.
After the 1861 emancipation, the household patriarch gained more power as he could rely on landowner intervention to enforce obedience.
Answer: False
After emancipation, the household patriarch lost some traditional power because landowner intervention was no longer available to enforce obedience, and younger generations gained independence.
Which emperor was responsible for officially abolishing serfdom in Russia in 1861?
Answer: Alexander II
Emperor Alexander II officially abolished serfdom in Russia through his emancipation reform of 1861.
Which of the following was NOT a key reason scholars proposed for the abolition of serfdom?
Answer: A sudden, widespread serf uprising demanding freedom
While fear of revolt was a factor, a sudden, widespread uprising demanding freedom is not listed as a primary reason for abolition; rather, it was a concern that contributed to the government's decision.
What was the status of land ownership in Estland, Courland, and Livonia after serfdom was abolished there?
Answer: All the land remained in the hands of the nobility.
After serfdom was abolished in these Baltic provinces, all land remained with the nobility, and peasants continued to pay labor rent.
What was a significant factor contributing to the nobility's inability to effectively oppose the emancipation of serfs?
Answer: The extensive mortgaging of their serfs and estates.
The extensive mortgaging of serfs and estates was a major factor in the nobility's weakened position to oppose emancipation.
When was serfdom abolished in Kalmykia?
Answer: 1892
Serfdom was abolished in Kalmykia in 1892.
According to a 2018 study, what was a positive economic impact of the abolition of serfdom?
Answer: Substantial increases in agricultural productivity
A 2018 study found that the abolition of serfdom led to substantial increases in agricultural productivity, industrial output, and peasants' nutrition.
How did the emancipation of serfs in 1861 affect the power dynamics within peasant households?
Answer: Younger generations gained more independence by earning their own wages.
The emancipation led to a decrease in the household patriarch's power and increased independence for younger generations who could earn their own wages.
'Barshchina' was a levy or payment made to the landowner, while 'obrok' was obligatory work on the landowner's land.
Answer: False
The definitions are reversed: 'barshchina' was obligatory work, and 'obrok' was a levy or payment.
Paul I's 1797 ukase described a 'barshchina' of three days a week as a normal and sufficient amount of labor.
Answer: True
Paul I's 1797 ukase indeed described three days a week of 'barshchina' as normal and sufficient.
The Russian Orthodox Church's rules allowed serf marriages to occur at any time of the year, including during fasting periods.
Answer: False
The Russian Orthodox Church had strict rules prohibiting marriage during fasting periods, on the eve or day of holidays, and at other specific times, concentrating marriages into certain months.
After 1830, the minimum marriage age for serf women was 16 and for men was 18.
Answer: True
The minimum marriage ages for serfs were raised to 16 for women and 18 for men after 1830.
In the Central Black Earth Region, the majority of serfs performed 'obrok' (payments) rather than 'barshchina' (labor services).
Answer: False
In the Central Black Earth Region, 70-77% of serfs performed 'barshchina' (labor services), meaning the majority performed labor, not payments.
What were the two main types of labor and obligations performed by serfs?
Answer: Barshchina and Obrok
The two main types of labor and obligations performed by serfs were 'barshchina' (labor) and 'obrok' (payments).
What was the typical extent of 'barshchina' described by Paul I's 1797 ukase?
Answer: Three days a week
Paul I's 1797 ukase described a 'barshchina' of three days a week as normal and sufficient.
Which months were most marriages concentrated in due to Russian Orthodox Church rules before 1861?
Answer: January, February, October, November
Due to Orthodox Church rules prohibiting marriage during fasting and holidays, most marriages were concentrated in January, February, October, and November.
What was the minimum marriage age for serf women after 1830?
Answer: 16 years old
After 1830, the minimum marriage age for serf women was raised to 16 years old.
In the Central Black Earth Region, what percentage of serfs performed 'barshchina' (labor services)?
Answer: 70-77%
In the Central Black Earth Region, 70-77% of serfs performed 'barshchina' (labor services).