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Total Categories: 6
Social privilege is solely defined by an individual's personal wealth and financial status.
Answer: False
Social privilege is not solely defined by personal wealth. It encompasses systemic advantages and entitlements based on various social group memberships, which may include but are not limited to wealth, race, gender, and education.
Privilege can only be based on race and gender, as these are the most significant factors.
Answer: False
While race and gender are significant factors, privilege can be based on a wide array of characteristics, including social class, age, sexual orientation, religion, physical ability, and more. The impact of these factors can also vary.
An individual cannot simultaneously experience privilege in one aspect of their identity while lacking it in another.
Answer: False
Individuals can indeed experience privilege in certain identity categories while facing disadvantage in others. This intersectional reality means privilege is not monolithic and varies across different social contexts for the same person.
The amount of social privilege an individual possesses is static and never changes throughout their life.
Answer: False
The amount of social privilege an individual possesses is dynamic and can change over time due to factors such as age, life experiences, or shifts in societal structures and norms.
Social privilege is considered the direct opposite of social inequality, focusing only on the oppression of certain groups.
Answer: False
Social privilege is often viewed as the inverse or counterpart to social inequality. While inequality focuses on disadvantages and oppression, privilege highlights the unearned advantages and entitlements that benefit certain groups, thereby maintaining societal hierarchies.
What is the fundamental definition of social privilege according to the provided text?
Answer: An advantage or entitlement benefiting certain groups, often to the detriment of others, stemming from systemic factors.
Social privilege is defined as an advantage or entitlement benefiting certain groups, often to the detriment of others, stemming from systemic factors within society.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a factor upon which social privilege can be based?
Answer: Personal musical talent
While privilege can be based on numerous factors such as height, neurodiversity, and religion, personal musical talent is generally not considered a basis for social privilege in the same systemic manner as inherent or socially constructed group identities.
How does the source describe the relationship between privilege and social inequality?
Answer: Privilege is often considered the inverse of social inequality, highlighting how power structures benefit certain groups.
Privilege is often conceptualized as the inverse of social inequality, focusing on the advantages conferred by power structures rather than solely on the disadvantages and oppression experienced by certain groups.
W. E. B. Du Bois discussed the concept of 'wages of whiteness' in his 1903 book, *The Souls of Black Folk*.
Answer: False
While W. E. B. Du Bois discussed racial dynamics in his 1903 book, *The Souls of Black Folk*, the specific concept of 'wages of whiteness' was articulated later, in 1935. His earlier work highlighted the lack of awareness among white Americans regarding racial discrimination.
The 'wages of whiteness,' as described by W. E. B. Du Bois, referred only to monetary benefits received by white Americans.
Answer: False
W. E. B. Du Bois's concept of 'wages of whiteness' referred primarily to the non-economic, social advantages and deference white Americans received due to their race, in addition to any potential monetary benefits.
Peggy McIntosh's influential 1988 essay focused on documenting privileges associated with being white and male.
Answer: True
Peggy McIntosh's seminal 1988 essay, 'White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences through Work in Women's Studies,' primarily focused on documenting privileges associated with being white and male.
Peggy McIntosh documented forty-six specific privileges she experienced as a white person in her 1988 essay.
Answer: True
In her influential 1988 essay, Peggy McIntosh detailed forty-six specific privileges she identified as being associated with her identity as a white person in the United States.
McIntosh described white privilege as an 'invisible package of unearned assets.'
Answer: True
Peggy McIntosh famously described white privilege as an 'invisible package of unearned assets,' emphasizing that these advantages are conferred by societal structures rather than individual merit.
In the late 1980s, academic study of social inequality began shifting focus from minority discrimination to the advantages of dominant groups.
Answer: True
The late 1980s marked a significant shift in the academic study of social inequality, with a growing emphasis on examining the concept of privilege and the advantages afforded to dominant social groups, complementing earlier focuses on minority discrimination.
W. E. B. Du Bois discussed the 'wages of whiteness' in 1935 to describe:
Answer: The unearned social advantages and non-economic benefits white Americans received due to their race.
W. E. B. Du Bois used the term 'wages of whiteness' in 1935 to denote the non-economic, social advantages and deference white Americans received by virtue of their race, beyond mere monetary compensation.
Who is Peggy McIntosh known for, and what was her key contribution regarding privilege?
Answer: An activist who, in 1988, documented specific privileges associated with being white and male.
Peggy McIntosh, an activist and scholar, is renowned for her influential 1988 essay where she documented numerous specific privileges associated with being white and male in American society.
How did Peggy McIntosh describe white privilege in her 1988 essay?
Answer: As an 'invisible package of unearned assets' that often goes unrecognized.
Peggy McIntosh described white privilege as an 'invisible package of unearned assets,' highlighting its often unrecognized and systemic nature that confers advantages upon white individuals.
Heterosexual privilege grants unearned advantages to individuals based on their sexual orientation, normalizing heterosexuality as the standard.
Answer: True
Heterosexual privilege refers to the unearned advantages heterosexual individuals receive due to societal norms that normalize and prioritize heterosexuality as the default orientation, often leading to disadvantages for non-heterosexual individuals.
Male privilege encompasses advantages men experience that are solely based on their individual achievements and hard work.
Answer: False
Male privilege encompasses systemic and culturally ingrained benefits men experience simply because they are men, not solely based on individual achievements. These advantages are often unearned and conferred by societal structures.
Heterosexual privilege operates through societal forces that:
Answer: Promote and normalize heterosexuality as the assumed standard.
Heterosexual privilege functions through societal norms and institutional structures that promote and normalize heterosexuality as the default and standard orientation, often marginalizing non-heterosexual identities.
What does male privilege encompass according to the text?
Answer: Systemic and culturally ingrained benefits men experience simply because they are men.
Male privilege encompasses the systemic and culturally ingrained advantages that men experience in society due to their gender, which are often unearned and conferred by societal structures.
The unequal distribution of household chores is presented as a real-life example that can illustrate:
Answer: Male privilege.
The unequal distribution of household chores, where women often bear a disproportionate burden, is presented as a tangible example that can illustrate the operation of male privilege within domestic contexts.
Herb Goldberg raised concerns that the concept of male privilege might negatively impact men's:
Answer: Personal self-realization and authentic self-expression.
Herb Goldberg expressed concern that the discourse surrounding male privilege might negatively affect men's capacity for personal self-realization and authentic self-expression, potentially due to societal pressures associated with masculinity.
Michael S. Kimmel uses the metaphor of wind to explain social privilege, where individuals are propelled forward with less effort.
Answer: True
Michael S. Kimmel employs the metaphor of wind to illustrate how social privilege acts as a force that propels individuals forward with less effort, often unnoticed, akin to walking with the wind at one's back.
According to privilege theory, privileged individuals are often perceived as 'the norm' in society.
Answer: True
Privilege theory posits that individuals from dominant or privileged groups are frequently perceived as 'the norm' in society. This normalization grants them a degree of invisibility and ease in navigating social structures.
Seeing themselves reflected in societal structures can lead privileged individuals to develop a sense of entitlement and assume success is solely due to merit.
Answer: True
When privileged individuals consistently see themselves represented in media, leadership, and other societal structures, it can foster a sense of entitlement and the belief that their success is solely attributable to personal merit, potentially obscuring the role of systemic advantages.
Derald Wing Sue uses the term 'microaggression' to describe the denial of privilege and its impact on marginalized experiences.
Answer: True
Derald Wing Sue utilizes the concept of 'microaggression' and microinvalidation to describe subtle, often unintentional, communications that deny privilege and invalidate the lived experiences of marginalized groups.
Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren Klein define 'privilege hazard' as the risks associated with privileged individuals attempting to address issues faced by marginalized groups without fully understanding their own advantages.
Answer: True
D'Ignazio and Klein define 'privilege hazard' as the potential risks that arise when individuals in privileged positions engage with issues affecting marginalized groups without adequate awareness of their own systemic advantages, which can inadvertently perpetuate inequalities.
Felicia Pratto and Andrew Stewart's research suggests dominant social groups are highly aware of their privileged identities.
Answer: False
Research by Pratto and Stewart indicates that dominant social groups often lack awareness of their privileged identities, viewing their advantages as normal rather than as privileges, which contributes to the maintenance of group dominance.
Kaidi Wu and David Dunning explored 'hypocognition' in relation to group dominance privilege, meaning a lack of cognitive categories to understand minority difficulties.
Answer: True
Wu and Dunning examined 'hypocognition' in the context of group dominance privilege, defining it as a deficit in cognitive categories necessary to comprehend the experiences and difficulties faced by minority groups, contributing to the unawareness of privilege.
The term 'intersectionality' was coined by Kimberle Crenshaw in 1989.
Answer: True
The term 'intersectionality' was coined by legal scholar Kimberle Crenshaw in 1989 to describe how various social identities overlap and interact to create unique experiences of discrimination and privilege.
Michael S. Kimmel's metaphor of wind illustrates that social privilege:
Answer: Propels individuals forward with less effort, often unnoticed.
Michael S. Kimmel's metaphor of wind suggests that social privilege acts as a force that propels individuals forward with less effort, often without their conscious awareness, facilitating easier navigation through life's challenges.
What is a consequence for privileged individuals who consistently see themselves reflected in societal structures like media and leadership?
Answer: A tendency to feel entitled and assume success is solely based on personal merit.
Consistent reflection in societal structures can lead privileged individuals to develop a sense of entitlement and assume their successes are solely due to personal merit, potentially overlooking the role of systemic advantages.
Derald Wing Sue refers to the denial of privilege as a form of:
Answer: Microaggression or microinvalidation
Derald Wing Sue describes the denial of privilege, which invalidates the experiences of marginalized groups, as a form of microaggression or microinvalidation.
What is the 'privilege hazard' as defined by D'Ignazio and Klein?
Answer: The potential dangers arising when privileged individuals address issues faced by marginalized groups without awareness of their own advantages.
D'Ignazio and Klein define 'privilege hazard' as the risks inherent when privileged individuals engage with issues concerning marginalized groups without fully recognizing their own systemic advantages, potentially leading to missteps or perpetuation of harm.
Research by Pratto and Stewart emphasizes that dominant social groups often:
Answer: Lack awareness of their privileged identities, viewing advantages as normal.
Research by Pratto and Stewart highlights that dominant social groups frequently lack awareness of their privileged identities, tending to perceive their advantages as normal societal conditions rather than unearned benefits.
Who coined the term 'intersectionality' in 1989?
Answer: Kimberle Crenshaw
The term 'intersectionality' was coined by legal scholar Kimberle Crenshaw in 1989.
How can intersectionality be applied to understand social privilege?
Answer: It shows how overlapping identities can combine to enhance privilege or mitigate disadvantage.
Intersectionality provides a framework for understanding social privilege by illustrating how the interplay of multiple identities can either amplify privilege or mitigate disadvantage, creating complex and unique social positions.
The Black Codes enacted in the 18th and 19th centuries primarily served to grant educational opportunities to formerly enslaved people.
Answer: False
The Black Codes enacted in the 18th and 19th centuries were restrictive laws that primarily served to criminalize the pursuit of education and limit the freedoms of Black people, rather than granting educational opportunities.
The *Brown v. Board of Education* case declared state-sponsored segregation in public schools constitutional.
Answer: False
The landmark Supreme Court case *Brown v. Board of Education* (1954) declared state-sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the 'separate but equal' doctrine.
The Canadian Indian residential school system aimed to assimilate Indigenous children into white settler society by eradicating their cultural identities.
Answer: True
The Canadian Indian residential school system was designed to forcibly assimilate Indigenous children into white settler society, aiming to eradicate their cultural and linguistic identities through a process of cultural genocide.
The 'opportunity gap' in education refers to the difference in academic achievement between students who attend public versus private schools.
Answer: False
The 'opportunity gap' in education refers to disparities in access to quality schooling and necessary resources based on factors like race and socioeconomic status, rather than solely the distinction between public and private institutions.
Marriage laws in most countries provide equal benefits and access to both heterosexual and non-heterosexual couples.
Answer: False
While progress has been made, marriage laws in many countries do not yet provide equal benefits and access to both heterosexual and non-heterosexual couples, reflecting ongoing systemic inequalities.
The Black Codes enacted in the 18th and 19th centuries primarily served to:
Answer: Criminalize the pursuit of education for Black people.
The Black Codes were laws enacted primarily to restrict the freedom and opportunities of Black individuals, including criminalizing their pursuit of education, thereby maintaining a subordinate status.
What was the significance of the *Brown v. Board of Education* Supreme Court case?
Answer: It declared state-sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
The *Brown v. Board of Education* Supreme Court case was pivotal in declaring state-sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional, marking a significant legal challenge to educational racism.
The Canadian Indian residential school system is cited as an example of educational racism because it:
Answer: Forced Indigenous children into schools designed to eradicate their cultural identities for assimilation.
The Canadian Indian residential school system exemplified educational racism by forcibly removing Indigenous children from their families and communities to attend schools where their cultural identities were systematically suppressed and eradicated in an effort toward assimilation.
The 'opportunity gap' in education highlights disparities related to:
Answer: Access to quality schooling and necessary resources based on factors like race and socioeconomic status.
The 'opportunity gap' in education refers to disparities in access to quality schooling and essential resources, often influenced by factors such as race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, which impede equitable academic achievement.
According to the text, institutional structures like marriage laws can create advantages for heterosexual couples by granting them access to:
Answer: Benefits such as health insurance, tax advantages, and adoption rights.
Institutional structures, including marriage laws, can confer advantages upon heterosexual couples by granting them access to benefits like health insurance, tax advantages, and legal rights related to adoption, which may not be equally available to non-heterosexual couples.
The 'Opportunity to Learn' index is used to measure:
Answer: Disparities in educational access and resources, indicating educational racism.
The 'Opportunity to Learn' index is employed to quantify disparities in educational access and resources, serving as an indicator of educational racism and its impact on student outcomes.
The denial of privilege by those who benefit from it is seen as a positive step towards acknowledging inequality.
Answer: False
The denial of privilege by beneficiaries is generally considered a barrier to acknowledging inequality, as it negates the experiences of marginalized individuals and perpetuates the status quo. True acknowledgment requires confronting these unearned advantages.
Individuals readily acknowledge their privilege because it validates their hard work and merit.
Answer: False
Research suggests that individuals often resist acknowledging their privilege precisely because it challenges the belief that success is solely based on merit. Confronting privilege requires recognizing systemic factors beyond individual effort.
The concept of privilege supports the idea of a pure meritocracy where success is based only on talent and effort.
Answer: False
The concept of privilege fundamentally challenges the notion of a pure meritocracy by highlighting how unearned advantages, rather than solely talent and effort, significantly influence societal outcomes and success.
According to Phillips and Lowery, white individuals tend to readily acknowledge their privilege when confronted with it.
Answer: False
Research by Phillips and Lowery suggests that white individuals often tend to hide their privilege from themselves through motivated denial, rather than readily acknowledging it when confronted.
How does the concept of privilege challenge the idea of a meritocracy?
Answer: By highlighting unearned advantages, suggesting societal structures significantly influence outcomes, challenging the notion of pure meritocracy.
The concept of privilege challenges meritocracy by demonstrating that unearned advantages and systemic structures significantly influence outcomes, suggesting that success is not solely based on individual talent and effort.
Taylor Phillips and Brian Lowery suggest that white individuals often tend to interact with their privilege by:
Answer: Hiding it from themselves through motivated denial.
Research by Taylor Phillips and Brian Lowery indicates that white individuals often engage with their privilege through motivated denial, actively hiding it from themselves to maintain the existing social order.
According to Phillips and Lowery, how do individuals often react when confronted with their class privilege?
Answer: They become defensive, attributing success solely to personal efforts.
Phillips and Lowery's research suggests that individuals confronted with their class privilege often react defensively, attributing their successes exclusively to personal efforts rather than acknowledging systemic advantages.
What is one criticism of the concept of privilege mentioned in the text?
Answer: It can sometimes ignore or oversimplify relative differences *within* broader social groups.
A criticism of privilege theory is that it may sometimes overlook or oversimplify the significant variations and relative differences that exist within broadly defined social groups.
Lawrence Blum proposed differentiating between 'spared injustice' and 'unjust enrichment' because he felt the term 'privilege' might imply:
Answer: Luxuries rather than essential rights or protections from harm.
Lawrence Blum suggested differentiating 'spared injustice' and 'unjust enrichment' because the term 'privilege' can sometimes imply mere luxuries, whereas he argued that certain benefits, like freedom from systemic harm, should be considered fundamental rights.
Michael Monahan suggested that 'white privilege' might be more accurately described as:
Answer: Benefits white individuals receive through the historical disenfranchisement of non-white populations.
Michael Monahan proposed that 'white privilege' is more accurately understood as the benefits white individuals receive resulting from the historical disenfranchisement and oppression of non-white populations.
What was a finding of Erin Cooley's 2019 study on reading about white privilege?
Answer: It decreased liberals' sympathy for poor white individuals and increased blame.
Erin Cooley's 2019 study found that social liberals who read about white privilege showed decreased sympathy and increased blame towards poor white individuals, without a corresponding increase in sympathy for poor Black individuals.