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Soul music primarily emerged from European classical music traditions combined with American folk songs in the mid-20th century.
Answer: False
Soul music's origins are rooted in African-American gospel music and rhythm and blues, not European classical or American folk traditions.
A defining characteristic of soul music is its emphasis on complex instrumental solos and a lack of vocal improvisation.
Answer: False
Soul music is characterized by its emotional intensity, personal expression, and features such as call-and-response patterns and occasional improvisational vocal additions, rather than a lack of vocal improvisation or a primary emphasis on complex instrumental solos.
The emergence of soul music coincided with the Civil Rights Movement, reflecting a newfound consciousness and pride in African-American identity.
Answer: True
Soul music emerged concurrently with the Civil Rights Movement, serving as a musical expression of heightened African-American consciousness and cultural pride.
In the 1960s, soul music struggled to gain traction on U.S. R&B charts but found significant success on pop charts in Europe.
Answer: False
Soul music dominated the U.S. R&B charts in the 1960s and successfully crossed over into pop charts in the United States, United Kingdom, and other regions, indicating widespread success, not struggle.
The overall style of soul music is marked by its emotional intensity and personal expression.
Answer: True
The defining characteristic of soul music's style is its profound emotional intensity and deeply personal expression.
Musicologist Barry Hansen asserted that white fans experienced rock and roll sung in a gospel style primarily through early 1950s R&B hits, not soul music.
Answer: False
Musicologist Barry Hansen stated that most white fans had to wait for the emergence of soul music in the 1960s to experience rock and roll sung in a gospel style, despite earlier R&B hits.
The phrase 'soul music' was first attested in 1971, referring to secular music with gospel influences.
Answer: False
The phrase 'soul music,' referring to gospel-style music with secular lyrics, was first attested in 1961, not 1971.
The term 'soul' in African-American parlance carries connotations of African-American pride and culture.
Answer: True
In African-American parlance, the term 'soul' is indeed associated with connotations of African-American pride and cultural identity.
Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in African-American communities during which time frame?
Answer: Late 1950s to early 1960s
Soul music originated in African-American communities during the late 1950s and early 1960s.
Which of the following is a key musical characteristic that defines soul music?
Answer: Catchy rhythms, often stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body movements
Soul music is characterized by catchy rhythms, frequently emphasized by handclaps and spontaneous bodily movements, along with expressive vocal elements.
Soul music primarily drew its roots from which two African-American genres?
Answer: African-American gospel music and rhythm and blues
Soul music primarily derived its roots from African-American gospel music and rhythm and blues, incorporating elements from both.
The emergence of soul music coincided with which major social movement in the United States?
Answer: The Civil Rights Movement
The emergence of soul music was deeply intertwined with the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, reflecting a burgeoning consciousness among African Americans.
Which of the following statements accurately describes soul music's chart performance in the 1960s?
Answer: It dominated the U.S. R&B charts and successfully crossed over into pop charts in multiple regions.
In the 1960s, soul music achieved significant dominance on the U.S. R&B charts and successfully crossed over to pop charts in the United States, United Kingdom, and other regions.
What is the overall style of soul music marked by?
Answer: Its emotional intensity and personal expression.
The defining characteristic of soul music's style is its profound emotional intensity and deeply personal expression.
According to musicologist Barry Hansen, most white fans had to wait for the emergence of soul music in the 1960s to experience what?
Answer: Rock and roll sung in a gospel style.
Musicologist Barry Hansen noted that most white fans encountered rock and roll performed in a gospel style primarily with the advent of soul music in the 1960s.
The phrase 'soul music' itself, referring to gospel-style music with secular lyrics, was first attested in what year?
Answer: 1961
The phrase 'soul music,' denoting secular compositions with gospel influences, was first documented in 1961.
Sam Cooke's 1962 recording of 'Bring It On Home To Me' is considered a foundational record for defining the soul experience.
Answer: True
Sam Cooke's 1962 recording of 'Bring It On Home To Me' is widely regarded as a foundational work that helped define the early soul music experience.
Jackie Wilson was primarily known for his quiet, understated vocal delivery rather than dramatic performances.
Answer: False
Jackie Wilson was notably influential for his highly dramatic vocal delivery and captivating stage performances, not for a quiet or understated style.
Solomon Burke was identified by Peter Guralnick as a key figure in the emergence of soul music, with Motown Records being crucial to his success.
Answer: False
Peter Guralnick identified Solomon Burke as a key figure in soul music's emergence, but he cited Atlantic Records, not Motown, as crucial to Burke's success.
Otis Redding earned the nickname 'Mr. Pitiful' due to his upbeat, celebratory lyrics in his soul ballads.
Answer: False
Otis Redding earned the nickname 'Mr. Pitiful' due to his soul ballads featuring unabashedly sentimental lyrics, often expressing pleas for forgiveness, not upbeat or celebratory themes.
Aretha Franklin's career was revitalized by her recordings for Stax Records in the mid-1960s.
Answer: False
Aretha Franklin's career was revitalized by her recordings for Atlantic Records in the mid-1960s, not Stax Records.
James Brown is widely known as the 'Queen of Soul' for his powerful vocal performances.
Answer: False
James Brown is widely known as the 'Godfather of Soul,' while Aretha Franklin is recognized as the 'Queen of Soul.'
Who are often acknowledged as soul forefathers, alongside Ray Charles and James Brown?
Answer: Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson
Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are frequently acknowledged as foundational figures in soul music, alongside Ray Charles and James Brown.
What was Sam Cooke's significant 1962 recording that has been described as perhaps the first record to define the soul experience?
Answer: 'Bring It On Home To Me'
Sam Cooke's 1962 recording of 'Bring It On Home To Me' is considered a seminal work that helped define the early soul experience.
Jackie Wilson was particularly influential for his:
Answer: Dramatic delivery and performances.
Jackie Wilson was notably influential for his highly dramatic vocal delivery and captivating stage performances.
Who did writer Peter Guralnick identify as a key figure in the emergence of soul music, with Atlantic Records being the crucial label?
Answer: Solomon Burke
Writer Peter Guralnick identified Solomon Burke as a key figure in the emergence of soul music, with Atlantic Records serving as the crucial label.
Otis Redding became known as 'Mr. Pitiful' due to his soul ballads characterized by what?
Answer: Unabashedly sentimental lyrics, often begging forgiveness.
Otis Redding earned the nickname 'Mr. Pitiful' because his soul ballads featured overtly sentimental lyrics, frequently expressing pleas for forgiveness or reconciliation.
Aretha Franklin's career was revitalized by her recordings for which record label in the mid-1960s?
Answer: Atlantic Records
Aretha Franklin's career experienced a significant revitalization through her recordings for Atlantic Records in the mid-1960s.
Who was known as the 'Godfather of Soul'?
Answer: James Brown
James Brown was widely recognized as the 'Godfather of Soul,' a title reflecting his immense influence on the genre.
Levi Stubbs was the lead singer of which prominent Motown group?
Answer: The Four Tops
Levi Stubbs served as the lead vocalist for The Four Tops, a distinguished Motown ensemble.
Isaac Hayes's 1969 recording of 'Walk on By' is considered a classic of which soul subgenre?
Answer: Progressive Soul
Isaac Hayes's 1969 recording of 'Walk on By' is considered a canonical work within the progressive soul subgenre.
Motown, Atlantic, and Stax were all highly influential European record labels in the proliferation of soul music.
Answer: False
Motown, Atlantic, and Stax were highly influential American record labels in the proliferation of soul music, not European.
The 'Motown sound' was characterized by raw vocals, minimal production, and socially conscious subject matter for niche audiences.
Answer: False
The 'Motown sound' was characterized by polished production and toned-down subject matter for pop radio and crossover success, despite sometimes featuring raw vocals, and was not primarily for niche audiences.
Stax Records was founded by Berry Gordy and was the most successful record label in the music industry.
Answer: False
Stax Records was founded by siblings Estelle and James Stewart, and it was the second most successful record label, behind Motown Records, which was founded by Berry Gordy.
The Stax Records sound in Memphis typically placed vocals prominently in the mix and relied heavily on background vocals instead of horn parts.
Answer: False
The Stax Records sound in Memphis was characterized by placing vocals further back in the mix and utilizing vibrant horn parts in place of background vocals.
Philadelphia soul was characterized by sparse instrumentation and a focus on raw, unpolished vocals.
Answer: False
Philadelphia soul was characterized by lush string and horn arrangements and doo-wop-inspired vocals, not sparse instrumentation or raw, unpolished vocals.
Which of these American record labels was NOT listed as highly influential in the proliferation of soul music during the Civil Rights Movement?
Answer: Chess
While Motown, Atlantic, and Stax were explicitly listed as highly influential American record labels in the proliferation of soul music during the Civil Rights Movement, Chess Records was not.
What was a key characteristic of the 'Motown sound'?
Answer: Strongly rhythmic, influenced by gospel, often including hand clapping, a powerful bassline, strings, brass, and vibraphone.
The 'Motown sound' was characterized by its robust rhythmic foundation, heavily influenced by gospel music, and often included handclaps, a prominent bassline, strings, brass, and vibraphone.
Stax Records was founded by which siblings?
Answer: Estelle and James Stewart
Stax Records was established by siblings Estelle and James Stewart.
Which house bands were responsible for backing the vast majority of Stax releases?
Answer: Booker T & the MGs and the Memphis Horns
The majority of Stax releases were backed by the house bands Booker T & the MGs and the Memphis Horns.
Who was the principal architect of New Orleans soul?
Answer: Allen Toussaint
Allen Toussaint, a prolific songwriter, arranger, and producer, was the primary architect of New Orleans soul.
What is a defining feature of 'Philadelphia soul'?
Answer: Lush string and horn arrangements and doo-wop-inspired vocals.
Philadelphia soul is distinguished by its opulent string and horn arrangements, complemented by doo-wop-influenced vocal stylings.
Soul music's influence was limited to the United States and did not significantly impact global music genres.
Answer: False
Soul music achieved global popularity and directly influenced various international music genres, including rock music and the music of Africa, and was foundational to funk, disco, and hip-hop.
The subgenre neo soul, which incorporated modern production elements and hip hop influences, marked a resurgence of soul music in the mid-to late 1990s.
Answer: True
Neo soul, a subgenre integrating modern production and hip-hop influences, indeed marked a significant resurgence for soul music during the mid-to late 1990s.
By 1968, the soul music genre began to unify, with most artists adopting a single, more socially conscious style.
Answer: False
By 1968, the soul music genre began to splinter, with artists diversifying into funk or more sophisticated and socially conscious varieties, rather than unifying into a single style.
'Deep soul' and 'Southern soul' are terms that refer to a driving, energetic soul style combining R&B with pulsating southern United States gospel music sounds.
Answer: True
The terms 'deep soul' and 'Southern soul' accurately describe a vigorous, energetic soul style that integrates the dynamism of R&B with the fervent sounds of gospel music from the Southern United States.
Psychedelic soul, also known as 'black rock,' was a blend of psychedelic rock and soul music that emerged in the late 1960s.
Answer: True
Psychedelic soul, also referred to as 'black rock,' was indeed a hybrid genre combining psychedelic rock and soul music, emerging in the late 1960s.
A distinct genre of British soul emerged in the 1960s, heavily influencing American popular music.
Answer: False
While soul music influenced British popular music from the 1960s, a distinct genre of British soul did not emerge until the 1980s, and it was more influenced by American soul than heavily influencing it.
Neo soul is characterized by a heavy dose of Fender Rhodes or Wurlitzer electric piano 'pads' and a mellow, grooving interplay between drums and a muted, deep funky bass.
Answer: True
Neo soul is indeed characterized by the prominent use of Fender Rhodes or Wurlitzer electric piano 'pads' and a smooth, rhythmic interplay between the drums and a deep, muted funky bass.
Northern soul is a music and dance movement that emerged in the early 1980s in Southern England, focusing on slow tempo R&B records.
Answer: False
Northern soul emerged in the late 1960s in Northern England and the English Midlands, focusing on uptempo soul records, not slow tempo R&B records in Southern England in the early 1980s.
Soul music's emphasis on rhythm and groove became foundational to the development of which three later genres?
Answer: Funk, Disco, and Hip-hop
Soul music's characteristic emphasis on rhythm and groove served as a foundational element for the subsequent development of funk, disco, and hip-hop.
When did soul music experience a resurgence with the subgenre neo soul?
Answer: Mid-to late 1990s
Soul music experienced a resurgence in the mid-to late 1990s with the emergence of the neo soul subgenre.
By 1968, the soul music genre began to splinter, with some artists moving towards funk music and others developing what?
Answer: Slicker, more sophisticated, and sometimes more socially conscious varieties.
By 1968, the soul music genre diversified, with some artists exploring funk and others developing more refined, sophisticated, and socially conscious styles.
What defines 'deep soul' and 'Southern soul'?
Answer: A driving, energetic soul style combining R&B with pulsating southern United States gospel music sounds.
'Deep soul' and 'Southern soul' refer to a vigorous, energetic soul style that fuses the dynamism of R&B with the fervent, pulsating sounds of gospel music from the Southern United States.
Psychedelic soul, also known as 'black rock,' was a blend of psychedelic rock and soul music that emerged in which period?
Answer: Late 1960s
Psychedelic soul, a fusion of psychedelic rock and soul music, emerged in the late 1960s.
Who coined the term 'neo soul' in the early 1990s?
Answer: Kedar Massenburg
The term 'neo soul' was coined in the early 1990s by producer and record label executive Kedar Massenburg.
What is a key instrumental element in neo soul music?
Answer: Heavy dose of Fender Rhodes or Wurlitzer electric piano 'pads'.
A defining instrumental characteristic of neo soul is the prominent use of Fender Rhodes or Wurlitzer electric piano 'pads'.
Northern soul is a music and dance movement that emerged in the late 1960s out of which British subculture?
Answer: The Mod subculture
Northern soul emerged in the late 1960s from the British mod subculture in Northern England and the English Midlands.