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Stillbirth is primarily defined as the death of a fetus at or after 20 or 28 weeks of pregnancy, depending on the source, where the baby is born without any signs of life.
Answer: True
Stillbirth is defined as fetal death occurring at or after 20 or 28 weeks of gestation, depending on the specific medical or legal definition, characterized by the absence of any signs of life at birth.
Miscarriage, stillbirth, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are all terms used interchangeably to describe fetal death before or during delivery.
Answer: False
Stillbirth is distinct from miscarriage, which is an early pregnancy loss, and from SIDS, which is the death of a live-born infant. These terms are not interchangeable.
Fetal death and fetal demise are alternative terms commonly used to refer to stillbirth.
Answer: True
The terms 'fetal death' and 'fetal demise' are indeed commonly used as synonyms for stillbirth, particularly in medical and reporting contexts where a single standard definition for 'stillbirth' may not exist.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the US defines stillbirth as the loss of a fetus during or after the 20th week of pregnancy, classifying them as early, late, and term.
Answer: True
The CDC defines stillbirth as fetal loss occurring at or after the 20th week of pregnancy and further categorizes these losses by gestational age into early (20-27 weeks), late (28-36 weeks), and term (37 weeks or more) stillbirths.
According to the source, what is the primary definition of stillbirth?
Answer: The death of a fetus at or after 20 or 28 weeks of pregnancy, resulting in a baby born without any signs of life.
The primary definition of stillbirth involves the death of a fetus at or after 20 or 28 weeks of gestation, depending on the specific criteria, where the infant is born without any vital signs.
How does stillbirth specifically differ from miscarriage and SIDS?
Answer: Stillbirth refers to fetal death before or during delivery, unlike miscarriage (early loss) and SIDS (post-birth death).
Stillbirth is distinguished from miscarriage as an early pregnancy loss and from SIDS as a post-birth death, by specifically referring to fetal death that occurs before or during the delivery process.
How does the CDC classify stillbirths in the US based on gestational age?
Answer: As early (20-27 weeks), late (28-36 weeks), and term (during or after week 37).
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the US classifies stillbirths based on gestational age into three categories: early (20-27 weeks), late (28-36 weeks), and term (during or after week 37 of pregnancy).
The cause of stillbirth is almost always identifiable after extensive medical testing and an autopsy.
Answer: False
A significant challenge in stillbirth cases is that the cause often remains unknown even after extensive medical testing and postmortem evaluation, with only about 40% of autopsied cases revealing a definitive cause.
Sudden antenatal death syndrome (SADS) is a term used for stillbirths where the cause remains unknown even after a thorough postmortem evaluation, often occurring at full term.
Answer: True
Sudden antenatal death syndrome (SADS) specifically refers to stillbirths where the cause cannot be determined even after a comprehensive postmortem evaluation, frequently occurring in full-term pregnancies.
A postmortem evaluation reveals a cause of death in approximately 75% of autopsied stillbirth cases.
Answer: False
Contrary to the statement, a postmortem evaluation identifies a cause of death in approximately 40% of autopsied stillbirth cases, not 75%.
Maternal conditions such as obesity, high blood pressure, or diabetes are believed to contribute to about 10% of stillbirth cases.
Answer: True
Maternal health conditions, including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, are indeed recognized as contributing factors to stillbirth, accounting for approximately 10% of cases.
Syphilis and malaria are bacterial infections that can cross the placenta and lead to stillbirth.
Answer: True
Syphilis and malaria are specific bacterial infections identified as capable of crossing the placental barrier and causing stillbirth.
Pulmonary hypoplasia, an underdevelopment of the lungs, is a birth defect that can increase the risk of stillbirth.
Answer: True
Pulmonary hypoplasia, characterized by the underdevelopment of the fetal lungs, is a significant birth defect that can compromise a fetus's viability and increase the risk of stillbirth.
Chromosomal aberrations and fetal growth restriction are both significant risk factors that can lead to stillbirth.
Answer: True
Both chromosomal aberrations, which involve genetic abnormalities, and fetal growth restriction, indicating inadequate fetal development, are well-established significant risk factors for stillbirth.
A postdate pregnancy, extending beyond the typical due date, is considered a protective factor against stillbirth.
Answer: False
A postdate pregnancy, defined as one extending beyond the expected due date, is actually considered a risk factor for stillbirth, potentially due to placental aging and decreased function, rather than a protective factor.
Placental abruptions, where the placenta detaches from the uterine wall, can contribute to stillbirth by depriving the fetus of oxygen.
Answer: True
Placental abruption, the premature detachment of the placenta from the uterine wall, is a critical obstetric complication that can lead to severe fetal hypoxia and stillbirth.
External factors like physical trauma or radiation poisoning cannot cause stillbirth.
Answer: False
External factors such as significant physical trauma to the mother or exposure to radiation poisoning are indeed capable of causing stillbirth by directly harming the fetus or severely compromising the pregnancy.
Rh disease occurs when an Rh-positive mother's immune system attacks her Rh-negative fetus, potentially leading to stillbirth.
Answer: False
Rh disease occurs when an Rh-negative mother's immune system attacks an Rh-positive fetus, not the other way around. This can lead to severe fetal anemia and stillbirth if untreated.
Celiac disease is identified as a risk factor for stillbirth, emphasizing the importance of its management during pregnancy.
Answer: True
Celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder, has been identified as a risk factor for stillbirth, underscoring the importance of its effective management throughout pregnancy to mitigate potential complications.
Umbilical cord torsion, the twisting of the cord around itself, is a rare phenomenon and not a common cause of stillbirth.
Answer: False
Umbilical cord torsion, the twisting of the cord around itself, is described as a very common phenomenon, particularly in equine stillbirths, and is a recognized type of umbilical cord accident that can lead to stillbirth.
A pregnant woman sleeping on her back after 28 weeks of pregnancy has been identified as a potential risk factor for stillbirth.
Answer: True
Research suggests that a pregnant woman's sleeping position, specifically sleeping on her back after 28 weeks of gestation, may be a potential risk factor for stillbirth, prompting recommendations for side sleeping.
What is a common challenge in identifying the cause of stillbirths?
Answer: The reason for fetal death is often unknown even after extensive medical testing and autopsy.
A significant challenge in stillbirth investigations is that the underlying cause of fetal death frequently remains undetermined, even after comprehensive medical evaluations and postmortem examinations.
What percentage of autopsied stillbirth cases reveal a cause of death after a postmortem evaluation?
Answer: About 40%
A postmortem evaluation, which is a medical examination of the deceased fetus, reveals a cause of death in approximately 40% of autopsied stillbirth cases.
Which of the following maternal health conditions are believed to contribute to about 10% of stillbirth cases?
Answer: Obesity, high blood pressure, or diabetes
Maternal conditions such as obesity, high blood pressure (hypertension), and diabetes are collectively estimated to contribute to approximately 10% of stillbirth cases.
Which bacterial infections are specifically mentioned as being able to cross the placenta and lead to stillbirth?
Answer: Syphilis and Malaria
The source specifically identifies syphilis and malaria as bacterial infections capable of crossing the placental barrier and causing stillbirth.
How does pulmonary hypoplasia contribute to stillbirth?
Answer: It leads to the underdevelopment of the lungs, impairing the fetus's ability to survive outside the womb.
Pulmonary hypoplasia, a birth defect characterized by the underdevelopment of the lungs, contributes to stillbirth by severely compromising the fetus's respiratory capacity, making survival outside the womb highly improbable.
What is a 'postdate pregnancy' and why is it a risk factor for stillbirth?
Answer: A pregnancy that extends beyond the typical due date, possibly due to placental aging and decreased function.
A pregnancy that extends beyond the typical due date, defined as a postdate pregnancy, is a recognized risk factor for stillbirth, potentially due to the aging and diminished function of the placenta, which can compromise fetal well-being.
What happens during a placental abruption that contributes to stillbirth?
Answer: The placenta detaches from the uterine wall before birth, leading to bleeding and oxygen deprivation.
During a placental abruption, the placenta prematurely separates from the uterine wall, resulting in maternal hemorrhage and, critically, depriving the fetus of essential oxygen and nutrients, which can lead to stillbirth.
Which condition involves an Rh-negative mother's immune system attacking the red blood cells of her Rh-positive fetus?
Answer: Rh disease
Rh disease is an alloimmune condition where an Rh-negative mother's immune system produces antibodies that target and destroy the red blood cells of an Rh-positive fetus, potentially causing severe anemia and stillbirth.
Which of the following is identified as a risk factor for stillbirth, suggesting the importance of its management during pregnancy?
Answer: Celiac disease
Celiac disease has been identified as a risk factor for stillbirth, highlighting the critical need for its effective management throughout pregnancy to mitigate potential adverse outcomes.
Why are monoamniotic twins at a higher risk for umbilical cord accidents?
Answer: They share the same placenta and amniotic sac, allowing their umbilical cords to become entangled.
Monoamniotic twins are at an elevated risk for umbilical cord accidents because they share both the same placenta and the same amniotic sac, which increases the likelihood of their umbilical cords becoming entangled and compromising blood flow.
What is a nuchal cord?
Answer: A specific type of cord entanglement where the umbilical cord wraps around the neck of the fetus.
A nuchal cord is a specific form of umbilical cord entanglement characterized by the cord wrapping around the fetus's neck, which can lead to constriction and compromise of blood flow.
What is a potential risk factor related to a pregnant woman's sleeping position after 28 weeks of pregnancy?
Answer: Sleeping on her back.
Sleeping on the back after 28 weeks of pregnancy has been identified as a potential risk factor for stillbirth, prompting recommendations for pregnant women to sleep on their side.
The medical specialties of cardiology and neurology are primarily involved in cases of stillbirth.
Answer: False
The primary medical specialties involved in stillbirth cases are Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Neonatology, and Pediatrics, not cardiology and neurology.
Following a stillbirth, women face a 0.4% risk of experiencing another stillbirth in a subsequent pregnancy, which is the same as the general population risk.
Answer: False
Women who have experienced a stillbirth face an elevated risk of recurrent stillbirth in a subsequent pregnancy, estimated at 2.5%, which is significantly higher than the general population risk of 0.4%.
A decrease or complete cessation of fetal activity is an initial sign that may indicate fetal distress or death.
Answer: True
A noticeable change in fetal movement patterns, particularly a decrease or complete cessation of activity, is a critical initial sign that warrants immediate medical evaluation for potential fetal distress or death.
Fetal death in utero typically presents an immediate and severe health risk to the pregnant woman, requiring immediate intervention.
Answer: False
While fetal death in utero is a profound loss, it typically does not pose an immediate severe health risk to the pregnant woman. However, waiting beyond two weeks for labor to begin spontaneously increases the risk of developing blood clotting problems.
Labor induction is recommended immediately after fetal death in utero to prevent psychological trauma to the mother.
Answer: False
While a pregnant woman may *choose* immediate labor induction to mitigate psychological trauma, the medical recommendation for induction to prevent *health risks* (specifically blood clotting problems) is typically after two weeks following fetal death in utero.
A Caesarean birth is generally recommended for a stillbirth to minimize complications.
Answer: False
A Caesarean birth is generally not recommended for stillbirth unless specific complications arise during labor. Vaginal delivery through induced labor is the typical practice for a single stillborn baby, primarily for maternal health.
Which medical specialties are primarily involved in cases of stillbirth?
Answer: Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Neonatology, and Pediatrics
The primary medical specialties engaged in the care and study of stillbirth cases are Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Neonatology, and Pediatrics, reflecting the multidisciplinary nature of managing such events.
What is the risk of recurrent stillbirth in subsequent pregnancies for women who have experienced a stillbirth?
Answer: 2.5%
For women who have experienced a stillbirth, the risk of a recurrent stillbirth in a subsequent pregnancy is approximately 2.5%, which is notably higher than the general population risk.
What are the initial signs that may indicate fetal distress or death?
Answer: A change in the fetus's movements or sleep-wake cycles, particularly a decrease or complete cessation of fetal activity.
Initial indications of potential fetal distress or death include a noticeable alteration in the fetus's movement patterns or sleep-wake cycles, most critically a reduction or complete cessation of fetal activity.
What is the immediate health risk to a pregnant woman after fetal death in utero?
Answer: No immediate health risk, but increased risk of blood clotting problems after two weeks.
While fetal death in utero is a serious event, it typically does not pose an immediate health risk to the pregnant woman. However, if labor does not spontaneously begin within two weeks, there is an increased risk of developing blood clotting complications.
When is labor induction recommended after a stillbirth to mitigate health risks to the pregnant woman?
Answer: After two weeks following fetal death in utero.
To mitigate the risk of blood clotting problems for the pregnant woman, labor induction is medically recommended approximately two weeks after fetal death in utero, although immediate induction may be chosen for psychological reasons.
What is the typical practice for delivering a single stillborn baby?
Answer: Labor is induced for the health of the mother, which can take up to 48 hours.
For a single stillborn baby, the typical medical practice involves inducing labor to ensure the mother's health and prevent complications, a process that can extend up to 48 hours.
What is the purpose of ultrasound in diagnosing stillbirth and related conditions?
Answer: To provide visual confirmation of fetal status and identify medical conditions that elevate stillbirth risk.
Ultrasound imaging serves a crucial role in diagnosing stillbirth by providing visual confirmation of fetal status and is also instrumental in identifying underlying medical conditions that may elevate the risk of stillbirth.
The average stillbirth rate in the United States is approximately 1 in 500 births.
Answer: False
The average stillbirth rate in the United States is approximately 1 in 160 births, which is significantly higher than 1 in 500 births.
Stillbirth rates in the United States have increased by about two-thirds since the 1950s.
Answer: False
Stillbirth rates in the United States have actually shown a significant decline, decreasing by about two-thirds since the 1950s, rather than increasing.
The vast majority of stillbirths worldwide, 98%, occur in low- and middle-income countries.
Answer: True
Globally, a disproportionate number of stillbirths, approximately 98%, occur in low- and middle-income countries, often attributable to inadequate or inaccessible medical care.
In 2021, there were an estimated 1.9 million stillbirths worldwide, representing a 35% decline from 2000.
Answer: True
Global estimates indicate that in 2021, there were 1.9 million stillbirths worldwide, reflecting a 35% reduction from the 2.9 million recorded in 2000.
Stillbirths were first included in the Global Burden of Disease Study in 1995.
Answer: False
Stillbirths were not incorporated into the Global Burden of Disease Study until 2015, a significant delay in recognizing their global health impact.
In the United States, which demographic groups and medical conditions are associated with the highest rates of stillbirths?
Answer: Women aged 35 or older, low socioeconomic status, African-American, with chronic conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure.
In the United States, elevated stillbirth rates are observed among women aged 35 or older, those of low socioeconomic status, African-American women, and individuals with chronic medical conditions such as diabetes or hypertension.
What is the average stillbirth rate in the United States?
Answer: 1 in 160 births
The average stillbirth rate in the United States is approximately 1 in 160 births, equating to about 26,000 stillbirths annually.
What trend has been observed in stillbirth rates in the United States since the 1950s?
Answer: They have declined by about two-thirds.
Since the 1950s, stillbirth rates in the United States have experienced a substantial decline, decreasing by approximately two-thirds.
Where do the majority of stillbirths occur globally?
Answer: Low- and middle-income countries, often due to lower quality or unavailable medical care.
The vast majority of stillbirths worldwide, approximately 98%, occur in low- and middle-income countries, frequently attributed to deficiencies in the quality or accessibility of medical care.
When were stillbirths first included in the Global Burden of Disease Study?
Answer: 2015
Stillbirths were formally integrated into the Global Burden of Disease Study, which quantifies global health losses, in the year 2015.
Men typically cope psychologically after a stillbirth by openly expressing their grief and seeking support groups.
Answer: False
Men often cope with stillbirth by concealing their grief and emotions, prioritizing the support of their partner and attempting to maintain an appearance of strength, rather than openly expressing their sorrow or seeking formal support groups.
What is a 'cuddle cot' used for in the context of stillbirth?
Answer: A cooled bassinet that allows parents to spend time with their stillborn child.
A 'cuddle cot' is a specialized cooled bassinet designed to allow parents to spend an extended period with their stillborn infant, facilitating the grieving and bonding process before burial or cremation.
What specific psychological effect is most notably caused in mothers after a stillbirth?
Answer: Intense feelings of guilt
Among the significant psychological effects experienced by mothers after a stillbirth, intense feelings of guilt are particularly notable, often accompanying grief, apprehension, and depression.
How do men typically cope psychologically after a stillbirth, according to the source?
Answer: They often conceal their grief and feelings, attempting to appear strong and support their partner.
Following a stillbirth, men commonly cope psychologically by suppressing their own grief and emotions, often striving to appear strong and provide support for their partner, rather than openly expressing their personal sorrow.
In the early 20th century, stillborn babies were often discarded, and parents were expected to quickly detach and attempt another pregnancy.
Answer: True
Historical accounts indicate that in the early 20th century, societal norms often dictated the swift disposal of stillborn infants and an expectation for parents to rapidly overcome their grief and pursue subsequent pregnancies, a stark contrast to contemporary approaches to bereavement.
What cultural practice in Japan is referenced for memorializing stillborn babies?
Answer: Erecting statues of Jizō, a Buddhist patron deity of children.
In Japan, a notable cultural practice for memorializing stillborn babies involves the erection of statues of Jizō, a Buddhist deity revered as the patron of children, reflecting a spiritual approach to remembrance.
In Australia, a stillbirth is legally defined as a baby born with no signs of life that weighs more than 500 grams or has reached more than 24 weeks in gestation.
Answer: False
In Australia, a stillbirth is legally defined as a baby born without signs of life that weighs more than 400 grams or has reached more than 20 weeks of gestation, not 500 grams or 24 weeks.
The U.S. Born-Alive Infants Protection Act of 2002 states that any breathing, heartbeat, pulsating umbilical cord, or confirmed voluntary muscle movement indicates a live birth.
Answer: True
The U.S. Born-Alive Infants Protection Act of 2002 establishes specific physiological indicators—breathing, heartbeat, umbilical cord pulsation, or voluntary muscle movement—as definitive signs of a live birth, distinguishing it from stillbirth.
Parents can claim a tax exemption for stillborn infants in all US states, regardless of whether the birth was certified as live.
Answer: False
In the U.S., parents cannot claim a tax exemption for a stillborn infant unless the birth was certified as live, even if the infant lived only briefly. State legislation for birth certificates for stillborns does not automatically confer tax exemption status.
Post-Dobbs v. Jackson abortion restrictions have no impact on treatment options for miscarriage or stillbirth.
Answer: False
Following the *Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization* decision, abortion restrictions enacted in some states have indeed impacted the treatment options available for women experiencing miscarriage or stillbirth, as certain medications and procedures may be affected.
In Australia, what are the legal criteria for a stillbirth to be registered?
Answer: A baby born with no signs of life, weighing more than 400 grams or after 20 weeks gestation.
In Australia, for a stillbirth to be legally registered, the baby must be born without any signs of life and either weigh more than 400 grams or have reached more than 20 weeks of gestation.
According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) 1950 definition of 'fetal death' adopted by Canada, what indicates death after expulsion?
Answer: Absence of breathing, heartbeat, umbilical cord pulsation, or definite voluntary muscle movements.
The WHO's 1950 definition of 'fetal death,' adopted by Canada, specifies that death after expulsion is indicated by the absence of breathing, heartbeat, umbilical cord pulsation, or definite voluntary muscle movements, distinguishing these from transient or fleeting signs.
What is the general situation regarding the definition of 'stillbirth' in the United States?
Answer: Various reporting areas have different guidelines, and many do not use the term 'stillbirth' at all.
In the United States, there is no single, universally adopted standard definition for 'stillbirth.' Instead, various reporting areas adhere to different guidelines, and many opt to use the term 'fetal death' interchangeably or exclusively.