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Substance dependence is solely a psychological condition characterized by cravings.
Answer: False
The provided text defines substance dependence as a biopsychological state, encompassing both physical and psychological adaptive changes, rather than being solely psychological. It involves withdrawal symptoms upon cessation, necessitating re-consumption of the substance.
Drug addiction, as defined in the text, focuses primarily on the physical need to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Answer: False
The text distinguishes drug addiction as compulsive use despite negative consequences, whereas substance dependence is characterized by the development of withdrawal symptoms and the need to avoid them. Addiction emphasizes the behavioral aspect of continued use despite harm.
Withdrawal symptoms only manifest as physical-somatic reactions.
Answer: False
Withdrawal symptoms can include both physical-somatic reactions (physical dependence) and emotional-motivational symptoms (psychological dependence).
Physical dependence is defined by emotional-motivational withdrawal symptoms like anxiety.
Answer: False
Physical dependence is characterized by physical-somatic withdrawal symptoms, while emotional-motivational withdrawal symptoms like anxiety define psychological dependence.
Psychological dependence is characterized by physical-somatic symptoms like nausea.
Answer: False
Psychological dependence is characterized by emotional-motivational withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety and anhedonia, whereas physical dependence involves physical-somatic symptoms like nausea.
What is the core definition of substance dependence according to the provided text?
Answer: A state where functioning relies on repeated substance consumption due to adaptive changes leading to withdrawal.
Substance dependence is defined as a biopsychological state where an individual's functioning relies on repeated substance consumption due to adaptive changes leading to withdrawal symptoms, necessitating re-consumption.
How does the text differentiate drug addiction from substance dependence?
Answer: Addiction is defined by compulsive use despite harm, whereas dependence focuses on withdrawal symptoms.
The text defines addiction as compulsive, out-of-control drug use despite negative consequences, while dependence is characterized by the development of withdrawal symptoms and the need for the drug to avoid them.
In the context of substance dependence, what is withdrawal?
Answer: The body's reaction, including unpleasant physical or psychological symptoms, upon abstaining from a substance.
Withdrawal is the body's reaction, involving unpleasant physical or psychological symptoms, when a person abstains from a substance to which they have developed a dependence syndrome.
Which of the following best describes psychological dependence?
Answer: Emotional-motivational withdrawal symptoms like anxiety and anhedonia.
Psychological dependence is characterized by emotional-motivational withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety and anhedonia, which drive continued drug use.
The gene transcription factor \u0394FosB is directly linked to the development of substance dependence itself.
Answer: False
While \u0394FosB is a critical factor in the neurobiological adaptations underlying addiction, the source indicates it is linked to the addictive process rather than directly to the development of dependence itself.
CREB activation in the nucleus accumbens primarily reduces dopamine release, contributing to dependence.
Answer: True
CREB activation in the nucleus accumbens leads to changes in gene expression that can reduce dopamine release, potentially causing depression and anhedonia, thereby driving re-consumption of the drug.
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is hypothesized to contribute to the dysregulated emotional state associated with psychological dependence.
Answer: True
The hypothesis by Koob and Kreek suggests that CRF activation contributes to the dysregulated emotional state characteristic of psychological dependence.
Opioid-induced physical dependence is primarily linked to changes in the serotonin pathway.
Answer: False
Opioid-induced physical dependence is primarily linked to adaptations in the cAMP signal transduction pathway in the locus coeruleus, mediated by CREB.
Incentive salience refers to the negative emotional state experienced during withdrawal.
Answer: False
Incentive salience refers to the motivational property that makes a drug highly desirable and sought after, driving compulsive drug-seeking behavior, rather than the negative emotional state of withdrawal.
c-Fos and Cdk5 are examples of transcription factors involved in addiction mechanisms.
Answer: True
c-Fos and Cdk5 are listed among the key transcription factors implicated in the cellular mechanisms of addiction, playing roles in regulating gene expression within reward pathways.
The locus coeruleus is primarily involved in the processing of visual information related to drug cues.
Answer: False
The locus coeruleus plays a role in physical dependence and withdrawal, particularly concerning opioid withdrawal, through adaptations in the cAMP pathway, rather than processing visual information.
Which biomolecular factor is identified as a common factor in virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions?
Answer: \u0394FosB
The gene transcription factor \u0394FosB is identified as a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions.
Which neuropeptide is identified as pivotal in psychological dependence, involved in stress systems?
Answer: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is identified as a pivotal neuropeptide involved in the stress systems and psychological dependence.
How does CREB activation in the nucleus accumbens contribute to dependence, according to the text?
Answer: It reduces dopamine release by affecting proteins like dynorphin, potentially causing depression and driving re-consumption.
CREB activation in the nucleus accumbens leads to changes in gene expression affecting proteins like dynorphin, which reduces dopamine release, potentially causing depression and driving re-consumption.
The hypothesis by Koob and Kreek suggests CRF activation contributes to which aspect of dependence?
Answer: The dysregulated emotional state associated with psychological dependence.
Koob and Kreek hypothesized that CRF activation contributes to the dysregulated emotional state associated with psychological dependence.
What mechanism is implicated in opioid-induced physical dependence?
Answer: Upregulation of the cAMP signal transduction pathway in the locus coeruleus.
The upregulation of the cAMP signal transduction pathway in the locus coeruleus, mediated by CREB, is implicated in opioid-induced physical dependence.
What does 'incentive salience' refer to in the context of addiction?
Answer: The motivational property making a drug highly desirable and sought after.
Incentive salience refers to the motivational property that makes a drug highly desirable and sought after, driving compulsive drug-seeking behavior.
Which of the following is listed as a key transcription factor involved in the cellular mechanisms of addiction?
Answer: c-Fos
c-Fos is listed among the key transcription factors implicated in the cellular mechanisms of addiction, playing a role in regulating gene expression within the brain's reward pathways.
What role does the locus coeruleus play in physical dependence and withdrawal?
Answer: Adaptations within it, related to the cAMP pathway, are linked to withdrawal symptoms.
The locus coeruleus plays a role in physical dependence and withdrawal, with adaptations in its cAMP pathway linked to tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.
The DSM-5 consolidated substance abuse and substance dependence into a single diagnosis called 'substance use disorders'.
Answer: True
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), revised the classification by consolidating the previous distinct diagnoses of 'substance abuse' and 'substance dependence' into a singular category known as 'substance use disorders'.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is a condition where adults experience withdrawal from prescribed medications.
Answer: False
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is a condition experienced by infants whose mothers had substance addiction during pregnancy, not by adults withdrawing from prescribed medications.
Capture rates indicate the percentage of users who develop dependence on a specific drug.
Answer: True
Capture rates are defined as the percentage of users who report becoming dependent on a particular drug at some point in their lives.
Under the DSM-IV, substance dependence could be diagnosed even without physiological evidence like tolerance or withdrawal.
Answer: True
The DSM-IV allowed for the diagnosis of substance dependence without physiological evidence, classifying it as dependence without physiological dependence, alongside dependence with physiological dependence.
Africa and the Middle East report the highest worldwide rates of substance abuse disorders.
Answer: False
Africa, Asia, and the Middle East report the lowest worldwide occurrence rates of substance abuse disorders, estimated at 1-2%.
According to NSDUH data, American Indian/Alaskan Natives have among the lowest rates of substance dependence/abuse in the U.S.
Answer: False
NSDUH data indicates that American Indian/Alaskan Natives have among the highest rates of substance dependence/abuse in the U.S., while Asian populations have among the lowest.
Substance use rates in the U.S. are consistently higher among females than males across all age groups.
Answer: False
Overall, males aged 12 and older show a higher substance dependence rate than females. This gender difference is more pronounced in adults aged 18 and older.
Illicit drug use showed a correlation with education level, with higher education linked to lower dependence rates.
Answer: True
While alcohol dependence rates showed no correlation with education, illicit drug use was correlated, with college graduates reporting the lowest rates of dependence.
The 'kindling' phenomenon suggests withdrawal symptoms become less severe with repeated episodes.
Answer: False
The 'kindling' phenomenon suggests that repeated withdrawal episodes can lead to increasingly severe symptoms, particularly relevant for sedative-hypnotic withdrawal.
'Meth mouth' is a dental condition associated with chronic cannabis use.
Answer: False
'Meth mouth' is a severe dental condition strongly associated with chronic methamphetamine use, not cannabis use.
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are considered protective factors against developing addiction.
Answer: False
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are recognized as significant risk factors that contribute to an increased likelihood of developing addiction later in life.
The DSM-5 uses the term 'substance dependence' to describe mild cases of problematic substance use.
Answer: False
The DSM-5 replaced 'substance dependence' and 'substance abuse' with 'substance use disorders,' which encompass a spectrum from mild to severe, rather than using 'substance dependence' specifically for mild cases.
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) primarily collects data on treatment outcomes.
Answer: False
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) primarily collects data on substance dependence and abuse rates across various demographics, informing public health strategies, rather than focusing solely on treatment outcomes.
The DSM-5 retained the separate diagnoses of substance abuse and substance dependence.
Answer: False
The DSM-5 consolidated the diagnoses of substance abuse and substance dependence into a single category: substance use disorders.
What change did the DSM-5 introduce regarding the classification of substance-related disorders?
Answer: It eliminated the distinct diagnoses of substance abuse and dependence, creating 'substance use disorders'.
The DSM-5 consolidated the previous distinct diagnoses of 'substance abuse' and 'substance dependence' into a singular category known as 'substance use disorders'.
What condition can infants experience if their mothers have substance addiction during pregnancy?
Answer: Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)
Infants can experience Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) if their mothers have substance addiction during pregnancy, a condition that can have severe effects.
What do 'capture rates' refer to in the context of drug dependence?
Answer: The percentage of users who report becoming dependent on a specific drug.
Capture rates refer to the percentage of users who report becoming dependent on a particular drug at some point in their lives.
According to the DSM-IV, which of the following was a criterion for diagnosing substance dependence?
Answer: Evidence of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms.
Under the DSM-IV, evidence of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms was a criterion for diagnosing substance dependence, alongside other behavioral indicators.
Which regions report the lowest worldwide occurrence rates of substance abuse disorders?
Answer: Africa, Asia, and the Middle East
Africa, Asia, and the Middle East report the lowest worldwide occurrence rates of substance abuse disorders, estimated at 1-2%.
According to NSDUH data, which U.S. racial/ethnic group showed among the lowest rates of substance dependence/abuse?
Answer: Asian populations
According to NSDUH data, Asian populations showed among the lowest rates of substance dependence/abuse in the U.S., while American Indian/Alaskan Natives showed among the highest.
How do substance use rates differ between genders and age groups in the U.S. according to the NSDUH?
Answer: Males aged 18+ have significantly higher rates than females.
Males aged 18 and older have significantly higher substance dependence rates than females in the same age bracket, while rates for younger individuals (12-17) are nearly equal.
What correlation was observed between education level and illicit drug use in the U.S. survey?
Answer: College graduates reported the lowest rates of illicit drug dependence.
The survey found that college graduates reported the lowest rates of illicit drug dependence, indicating a correlation between higher education and lower dependence rates for illicit drugs.
The 'kindling' phenomenon in sedative-hypnotic withdrawal implies that:
Answer: Repeated withdrawal episodes can lead to increasingly severe symptoms.
The 'kindling' phenomenon suggests that repeated withdrawal episodes, particularly from sedative-hypnotics, can lead to increasingly severe symptoms.
What is 'Meth mouth'?
Answer: A severe dental condition associated with chronic methamphetamine use.
'Meth mouth' is a severe dental condition characterized by tooth decay and gum disease, strongly associated with chronic methamphetamine use.
What is the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and addiction risk?
Answer: ACEs are recognized as significant factors contributing to increased addiction risk.
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are recognized as significant factors contributing to an increased risk of developing addiction later in life due to their impact on brain development and stress response systems.
In the DSM-5, what replaced the distinct diagnoses of 'substance abuse' and 'substance dependence'?
Answer: Substance Use Disorder
The DSM-5 replaced the distinct diagnoses of 'substance abuse' and 'substance dependence' with the single category 'Substance Use Disorder'.
The route of administration is not a factor influencing a drug's dependence potential.
Answer: False
The route of administration is identified as one of the key factors influencing a drug's dependence potential, alongside dose, frequency, pharmacokinetics, and duration of use.
According to The Lancet study cited, Heroin/Morphine scored the lowest in dependence potential among the drugs listed.
Answer: False
The Lancet study indicated that Heroin/Morphine scored the highest in dependence potential among the drugs listed, with a mean dependence score of 3.00.
Tobacco has a higher dependence potential score than Cocaine according to The Lancet study.
Answer: False
The Lancet study indicated that Cocaine (2.39) has a higher dependence potential score than Tobacco (2.21), although both are high. Heroin/Morphine scored the highest at 3.00.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a factor influencing a drug's dependence potential?
Answer: User's socioeconomic status
Factors influencing dependence potential include dose, frequency, pharmacokinetics, route of administration, and duration of use. User's socioeconomic status is not explicitly listed as a direct factor in the provided text.
According to The Lancet study, which drug scored the highest for dependence potential?
Answer: Heroin/Morphine
The Lancet study indicated that Heroin/Morphine scored the highest for dependence potential, with a mean dependence score of 3.00.
A primary goal of addiction treatment is solely to achieve complete abstinence from all substances.
Answer: False
While abstinence is a goal for some, addiction treatment also aims to manage substance misuse, reduce harm, and improve functioning, reflecting a broader approach than solely focusing on complete abstinence.
European countries generally prioritize total abstinence as the sole aim of addiction treatment.
Answer: False
Many European countries consider treatment aims to be more complex than total abstinence, often including goals like reducing drug use to functional levels and treating comorbidities.
Therapeutic communities and 12-step programs represent the two main divisions of residential drug treatment.
Answer: True
Residential drug treatment is broadly divided into two main camps: 12-step programs and therapeutic communities.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) views addiction as an unchangeable condition.
Answer: False
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) views addiction as a behavior that can be unlearned and acknowledges that controlled use may be a realistic goal for some individuals.
Contingency management is an evidence-based behavioral intervention that uses positive reinforcement for desired behaviors.
Answer: True
Contingency management utilizes positive reinforcement, such as tangible rewards, to motivate individuals towards desired behaviors like abstinence and engagement in treatment.
The American Medical Association (AMA) has found substantial evidence supporting the efficacy of most alternative addiction therapies.
Answer: False
The AMA policy indicates that there is little evidence to confirm the safety or efficacy of most alternative therapies for addiction, emphasizing the need for rigorous research.
Psychodynamic therapy alone is considered highly effective for solving addiction problems.
Answer: False
Using psychodynamic therapy alone has proven ineffective in solving addiction problems, highlighting the need for integration with cognitive and behavioral techniques.
Aversion therapy works by creating positive associations with substance use.
Answer: False
Aversion therapy works by pairing substance use with unpleasant stimuli or conditions to create negative associations, thereby discouraging use.
TA-CD is a vaccine designed to treat nicotine addiction.
Answer: False
TA-CD is an active vaccine developed to negate the effects of cocaine, not nicotine addiction. TA-NIC is the vaccine in development for nicotine addiction.
Recent trends in U.S. state legislation include a growing acceptance of needle exchange programs and safe injection sites.
Answer: True
Recent legislative trends in U.S. states reflect a public health approach, including increased allowance for needle exchange programs and consideration of safe injection sites.
The 'Addiction Belief Scale' measures the severity of withdrawal symptoms.
Answer: False
The 'Addiction Belief Scale' measures adherence to either the disease model or the free-will model of addiction, not the severity of withdrawal symptoms.
Opioid replacement therapy uses illicit opioids to manage cravings for legally prescribed ones.
Answer: False
Opioid replacement therapy substitutes misused opioids with safer, legally administered alternatives like methadone or buprenorphine to manage cravings and withdrawal.
Drug checking or reagent testing is a harm reduction strategy to identify unknown substances before use.
Answer: True
Drug checking, including reagent testing, is a harm reduction strategy that allows individuals to test the composition of illicit drugs to identify potential adulterants or unexpected substances.
A managed alcohol program provides unregulated alcohol to individuals with severe dependence.
Answer: False
A managed alcohol program provides a regulated supply of alcohol to individuals with severe dependence, aiming to reduce harms associated with uncontrolled consumption.
Sober companions offer live-in support and accountability to aid in addiction recovery.
Answer: True
Sober companions provide live-in support, monitoring, and accountability to assist individuals in maintaining sobriety and adhering to their recovery plans.
The 'disease model of addiction' posits that addiction is primarily a matter of poor choices and willpower.
Answer: False
The 'disease model of addiction' views addiction as a chronic, relapsing brain disease, contrasting with the 'free-will model' which emphasizes personal responsibility and choice.
Harm reduction strategies aim to eliminate substance use entirely.
Answer: False
Harm reduction strategies aim to reduce the negative consequences associated with substance use without necessarily requiring complete abstinence.
Contingency management provides incentives for negative drug tests or attendance at therapy sessions.
Answer: True
Contingency management utilizes positive reinforcement, such as incentives, for desired behaviors like negative drug tests or consistent attendance at therapy sessions.
The primary goal of addiction treatment in the US is often focused on harm reduction and reduced use.
Answer: False
In the U.S., the primary goal of addiction treatment commissioners is generally total abstinence, whereas harm reduction and reduced use are more often emphasized in European treatment approaches.
Which of the following is considered a primary goal of addiction treatment?
Answer: Achieving abstinence for some individuals and managing substance misuse for others.
Primary goals of addiction treatment include enabling individuals to manage substance misuse, which may involve achieving abstinence for some or reducing use and minimizing complications for others.
How do treatment aims in many European countries often differ from those in the US?
Answer: European countries often include goals like reducing drug use to functional levels and treating comorbidities.
Many European countries consider treatment aims to be more complex than total abstinence, often including goals like reducing drug use to functional levels and treating comorbid conditions.
What are the two main types of residential drug treatment programs mentioned?
Answer: 12-Step Programs and Therapeutic Communities
Residential drug treatment is broadly divided into two main types: 12-step programs and therapeutic communities.
What is a key principle of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in addiction treatment?
Answer: It examines the link between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to address maladaptive patterns.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) examines the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to address maladaptive patterns associated with addiction.
Which medication is mentioned for managing alcohol detoxification?
Answer: Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines are mentioned as medications used to help manage alcohol detoxification symptoms.
Contingency management is an evidence-based intervention that utilizes what principle?
Answer: Positive reinforcement for desired behaviors like abstinence.
Contingency management is an evidence-based intervention that uses positive reinforcement, such as incentives, for desired behaviors like abstinence.
Which recent trend in U.S. state legislation reflects a public health approach to substance abuse?
Answer: Expansion of needle exchange programs and consideration of safe injection sites.
The expansion of needle exchange programs and legislative efforts towards safe injection sites reflect a growing trend in U.S. state legislation towards a public health approach to substance abuse.
What does the 'Addiction Belief Scale' measure?
Answer: Adherence to either the disease model or the free-will model of addiction.
The 'Addiction Belief Scale' measures an individual's adherence to either the disease model or the free-will model of addiction.
What is the main goal of opioid replacement therapy?
Answer: To substitute misused opioids with safer, legally administered alternatives like methadone.
The main goal of opioid replacement therapy is to substitute misused opioids with safer, legally administered alternatives like methadone or buprenorphine to manage cravings and withdrawal.
Drug checking or reagent testing is primarily used as which type of strategy?
Answer: A harm reduction strategy to assess drug composition.
Drug checking or reagent testing is primarily employed as a harm reduction strategy to assess the chemical composition of illicit drugs before use.
What is the core principle of a 'managed alcohol program'?
Answer: Offering a regulated supply of alcohol to reduce harms from uncontrolled use.
The core principle of a managed alcohol program is to offer a regulated supply of alcohol to individuals with severe dependence, aiming to reduce harms associated with uncontrolled use.
What role do 'sober companions' play in addiction recovery?
Answer: They offer live-in support, monitoring, and accountability.
Sober companions play a role in addiction recovery by offering live-in support, monitoring, and accountability to help individuals maintain sobriety.
The 'Harm Reduction' approach to substance misuse is characterized by:
Answer: Reducing negative consequences associated with substance use without requiring abstinence.
The Harm Reduction approach is characterized by reducing the negative consequences associated with substance use, rather than solely focusing on complete abstinence.
Advancements in biochemistry and the introduction of synthetic compounds contributed to increased drug addiction in the 20th century.
Answer: True
Developments in biochemistry and the introduction of synthetic compounds were among the factors that exacerbated drug addiction in the 20th century.
In the 19th century, doctors correctly believed that injecting morphine prevented addiction.
Answer: False
In the 19th century, doctors incorrectly hypothesized that injecting morphine would prevent addiction, partly due to the misconception that addiction occurred in the stomach.
Most countries regulate addictive drugs through licensing systems and criminalize unlicensed activities.
Answer: True
Legislation in most countries brings addictive drugs under licensing systems to control their production, supply, and possession, with unlicensed activities typically criminalized.
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) focuses on regulating treatment programs for addiction.
Answer: False
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) primarily focuses on enforcing controlled substances laws and regulations, combating illegal drug trafficking and use, rather than regulating treatment programs.
The United States' approach to substance abuse policy has consistently focused on criminalization since the 19th century.
Answer: False
The U.S. approach has evolved, shifting from minimal federal involvement in the 19th century to increased criminalization in the 20th century, and more recently, a trend towards treating substance abuse as a health condition.
Which historical factor contributed to the exacerbation of drug addiction in the 20th century?
Answer: Developments in biochemistry and the introduction of synthetic compounds.
Advancements in biochemistry and the introduction of synthetic compounds were key historical factors that contributed to increased drug addiction in the 20th century.
What was a common misconception about morphine use in the 19th century?
Answer: That addiction occurred in the stomach, not the bloodstream.
A common misconception in the 19th century was that the addiction process occurred in the stomach, leading to the incorrect hypothesis that injecting morphine would prevent addiction.
How does the illegality of addictive drugs impact their market price?
Answer: It allows sellers to charge premium prices, often hundreds of times the production cost.
The illegality of addictive drugs allows sellers, often linked to organized crime, to charge premium prices, frequently hundreds of times the production cost, due to the addict's need.
What is the primary role of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in the United States regarding controlled substances?
Answer: Enforcing controlled substances laws and regulations.
The primary role of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is to enforce controlled substances laws and regulations, combating illegal drug trafficking and use.