Export your learner materials as an interactive game, a webpage, or FAQ style cheatsheet.
Unsaved Work Found!
It looks like you have unsaved work from a previous session. Would you like to restore it?
Total Categories: 7
The assertion that Tatsama words are exclusively loanwords found within the Indo-Aryan language family requires critical examination.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. While Tatsama words are indeed prevalent in Indo-Aryan languages, they are also significantly present in Dravidian languages such as Tamil, Kannada, and Telugu, as well as in Sinhala.
The literal interpretation of the Sanskrit term 'Tatsama' is 'changed form'.
Answer: False
The literal meaning of the Sanskrit term 'Tatsama' is 'same as that,' indicating that these words retain their original form when borrowed, rather than signifying a 'changed form'.
Tatsama words are Sanskrit loanwords that have undergone significant phonetic changes.
Answer: False
Tatsama words are Sanskrit loanwords that, by definition, retain their original form and have undergone minimal to no significant phonetic changes. This contrasts with tadbhava words, which do exhibit such changes.
What is the literal meaning of the Sanskrit term 'Tatsama'?
Answer: Same as that
The Sanskrit term 'Tatsama' literally translates to 'same as that,' signifying that these words are borrowed from Sanskrit and retain their original form in the borrowing language.
Which of the following is NOT a language family where Tatsama words are commonly found?
Answer: Sino-Tibetan
Tatsama words are commonly found in Indo-Aryan and Dravidian language families, as well as in Sinhala. The Sino-Tibetan language family is not typically associated with the presence of Tatsama words.
Tatsama words generally represent a lower, more colloquial register in modern Indic languages compared to tadbhava words.
Answer: False
Contrary to this assertion, Tatsama words typically belong to a higher, more erudite register in modern Indic languages, whereas tadbhava words, which have undergone phonetic and morphological changes from Old Indo-Aryan, often represent the more common or colloquial lexicon.
In Bengali, tadbhava words, which have undergone changes, form the majority of the lexicon.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. Tadbhava words, representing evolved forms from Old Indo-Aryan via Prakrit, constitute approximately 58% of the Bengali lexicon, making them the predominant category.
Tadbhava vocabulary in Bengali originates directly from Classical Sanskrit without any intermediate stages.
Answer: False
Tadbhava vocabulary in Bengali does not originate directly from Classical Sanskrit. Instead, it is inherited from Old Indo-Aryan through intermediate Prakrit languages, such as Apabhramsha, which involved significant phonetic and morphological evolution.
The Bengali lexicon contains a higher proportion of Tatsama words than tadbhava words.
Answer: False
The Bengali lexicon is composed of approximately 40% Tatsama words and about 58% tadbhava words, indicating that tadbhava words constitute the larger proportion.
How do Tatsama words typically compare in register to common words in modern Indic languages?
Answer: They belong to a higher, more erudite register.
Tatsama words generally occupy a higher and more formal or erudite register within modern Indic languages, distinguishing them from the more common, evolved tadbhava words.
What is the approximate percentage of tadbhava words in the Bengali lexicon?
Answer: About 58%
Tadbhava words constitute approximately 58% of the Bengali lexicon, representing the majority of words derived from Old Indo-Aryan via Prakrit languages.
Tadbhava words in Bengali languages are derived from which linguistic stage?
Answer: Old Indo-Aryan via Prakrit languages
Tadbhava vocabulary in Bengali originates from Old Indo-Aryan, having passed through intermediate Prakrit languages such as Apabhramsha and Avahaṭṭha, which involved significant linguistic evolution.
The earliest origins of Tatsama words in Bengali are linked to poets from the 19th century.
Answer: False
The emergence of Tatsama words in Bengali literature dates back much earlier, with origins traceable to poets from the 10th century, predating the 19th century by several centuries.
Fort William College in Kolkata contributed significantly to the Tatsama vocabulary of Bengali in the early 19th century.
Answer: True
Indeed, Fort William College served as a crucial academic institution where Sanskrit scholars actively introduced and promoted a substantial volume of Tatsama vocabulary into the Bengali language during the early 19th century.
The Bengali term for Tatsama words is romanized as 'tatsama'.
Answer: False
The Bengali term for Tatsama words is <span title="Bengali-language romanization">তৎসম</span>, which is romanized as *tôtśômô*, not simply 'tatsama'.
Early Odia dictionaries, such as Gitabhidhana, did not document Tatsama words.
Answer: False
This statement is incorrect. Early Odia dictionaries, including Gitabhidhana (17th Century), did indeed document Tatsama words, alongside other lexicographical works like Sabda Tattva Abhidhana and Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha.
In Odia, 'tatsama krudanta' refers to words borrowed directly from Sanskrit without modification.
Answer: False
The Odia term 'tatsama krudanta' specifically refers to Tatsama words that are formed from Sanskrit verbal roots with the addition of suffixes, not simply words borrowed directly without modification.
When did the initial emergence of Tatsama words in Bengali literature begin?
Answer: Around the 10th century
The initial emergence of Tatsama words in Bengali literature is documented as originating around the 10th century, significantly predating the 19th century and the influence of institutions like Fort William College.
What role did Fort William College play in the history of Bengali vocabulary?
Answer: It was a center where Sanskrit scholars introduced a significant amount of Tatsama vocabulary.
Fort William College was instrumental in the early 19th century as a hub for Sanskrit scholars who significantly contributed to the influx of Tatsama vocabulary into the Bengali language.
Which of the following is listed as an early Odia dictionary documenting Tatsama words?
Answer: Gitabhidhana
Gitabhidhana, dating from the 17th Century, is cited as an early Odia dictionary that documented Tatsama words, alongside other significant lexicographical works.
What does the Odia term 'tatsama krudanta' specifically refer to?
Answer: Tatsama words formed from Sanskrit verbal roots with suffixes
In the Odia language, 'tatsama krudanta' is a specific designation for Tatsama words that are derived from Sanskrit verbal roots and further modified by the addition of suffixes.
Tatsama words entered the Sinhala language primarily through everyday spoken usage.
Answer: False
Tatsama words entered the Sinhala language predominantly through scholarly channels, as borrowings of Sanskrit or Pali terms, rather than primarily through everyday spoken usage.
Native Sinhala words commonly end in '-ya' or '-va', similar to Tatsama words.
Answer: False
Tatsama words in Sinhala are often characterized by endings such as '-ya' or '-va'. In contrast, native Sinhala words exhibit a broader diversity of endings and do not exclusively conform to these patterns.
In Sinhala, Tatsama words are exclusively used for scientific concepts.
Answer: False
Tatsama words in Sinhala are utilized for a range of concepts, encompassing not only scientific and technical terminology but also more general, everyday terms.
Malayalam incorporates Tatsama words, but their use is strictly limited to written forms.
Answer: False
Malayalam does incorporate numerous Tatsama words, and their usage is not strictly confined to written forms; they are employed in both written and spoken contexts, contingent upon the specific register and dialect.
Tatsama words in Sinhala are characterized by endings like '-a' or '-i', unlike native words.
Answer: False
Tatsama words in Sinhala are typically characterized by endings such as '-ya' or '-va'. Endings like '-a' or '-i' are not the defining feature distinguishing them from native Sinhala words.
How did Tatsama words primarily enter the Sinhala language?
Answer: As scholarly borrowings of Sanskrit or Pali terms
The primary mode of entry for Tatsama words into the Sinhala language was through scholarly adoption and borrowing of terms from Sanskrit and Pali, mirroring the process observed in other Indic languages.
Which characteristic endings are typical for Tatsama words in Sinhala?
Answer: -ya or -va
Tatsama words in Sinhala are frequently identified by their characteristic endings, specifically '-ya' or '-va', which helps distinguish them from native Sinhala words that exhibit a wider range of terminal sounds.
Tatsama words in Sinhala are used for which types of concepts?
Answer: Both scientific and everyday concepts
Tatsama words in Sinhala are employed across a broad spectrum of concepts, including specialized scientific terminology (e.g., *grahaṇaya* for 'eclipse') as well as more common, everyday terms.
How are Tatsama words used in the Malayalam language according to the source?
Answer: In both written and spoken forms, depending on register/dialect
Malayalam integrates numerous Tatsama words, which find application in both its written and spoken forms, with usage varying according to specific registers and dialects.
Which of the following is an example of a Tatsama word found in Malayalam?
Answer: Pustakam (book)
Among the options provided, 'Pustakam' (book) is cited as an example of a Tatsama word found in the Malayalam language. Other examples include *abhimānam*, *vidya*, and *svargam*.
Punjabi, Sindhi, Hindko, and Saraiki are Western Indo-Aryan languages that heavily utilize Tatsama vocabulary.
Answer: False
These languages (Punjabi, Sindhi, Hindko, and Saraiki) are Western Indo-Aryan languages that, for the most part, do not heavily utilize Tatsama vocabulary. Their lexicon is primarily derived from Prakrit inheritance and borrowings from Persian and Arabic.
The primary sources for Punjabi and Sindhi vocabulary are Prakrit inheritance and borrowings from Persian and Arabic.
Answer: True
This statement accurately reflects the linguistic composition of Punjabi and Sindhi. Their vocabulary predominantly stems from Prakrit inheritance and significant borrowings from Persian and Arabic, rather than extensive direct Sanskrit borrowings (Tatsama).
Hindustani is a Western Indo-Aryan language that completely avoids Sanskrit-derived vocabulary.
Answer: False
Hindustani, particularly in its modern standard form (Hindi), is a Western Indo-Aryan language that incorporates a substantial amount of Sanskrit-derived vocabulary (Tatsama words). It is a notable exception to the trend in some other Western Indo-Aryan languages.
Modern Standard Hindi primarily incorporated vocabulary from Persian before adopting Sanskrit borrowings.
Answer: True
Historically, Hindustani's borrowed vocabulary was heavily influenced by Persian. However, in more recent times, particularly in the development of Modern Standard Hindi, there has been a significant increase in the adoption of learned borrowings from Sanskrit.
In Punjabi, Tatsama words borrowed from Hindi are commonly used in everyday colloquial speech.
Answer: False
In Punjabi, Tatsama words, often borrowed from Hindi, are generally restricted to formal settings or specific religious contexts. Their usage in everyday colloquial speech is limited.
Which group of Western Indo-Aryan languages largely avoids Tatsama vocabulary?
Answer: Punjabi, Sindhi, Hindko, and Saraiki
Punjabi, Sindhi, Hindko, and Saraiki represent a group of Western Indo-Aryan languages that generally exhibit a limited use of Tatsama vocabulary, relying more heavily on Prakrit inheritance and Persian/Arabic borrowings.
What are the main sources of vocabulary for Punjabi and Sindhi, excluding Tatsama words?
Answer: Words inherited from Prakrit or borrowed from Persian and Arabic
The primary lexical sources for Punjabi and Sindhi, aside from native developments, are words inherited from Prakrit and substantial borrowings from Persian and Arabic.
Which Western Indo-Aryan language is a notable exception regarding the use of Tatsama vocabulary?
Answer: Hindustani (Modern Standard Hindi)
Hindustani, particularly in its modern standard form (Hindi), stands out among Western Indo-Aryan languages for its significant incorporation of learned Sanskrit borrowings (Tatsama words).
Historically, what was the primary source of borrowed vocabulary for Hindustani before the increased adoption of Sanskrit words?
Answer: Persian
Prior to the more recent emphasis on Sanskrit borrowings, Hindustani's lexicon of borrowed words was predominantly influenced by Persian.
In Punjabi, how are Tatsama words typically acquired, and where is their use generally limited?
Answer: In formal settings or Hindu religious contexts
In Punjabi, Tatsama vocabulary is typically acquired via Hindi, and its usage is generally confined to formal registers or specific Hindu religious contexts, rather than being prevalent in colloquial speech.
The Telugu language has been influenced by Sanskrit for over a millennium.
Answer: True
Indeed, the Telugu language has experienced a profound influence from Sanskrit, with this interaction spanning approximately 500 years, which constitutes over a millennium of continuous linguistic engagement.
During 1000-1100 AD, Telugu became subordinate to Sanskrit, absorbing its vocabulary.
Answer: False
During the period of 1000-1100 AD, Telugu did not become subordinate to Sanskrit. Instead, it re-established its linguistic roots and gained prominence, while simultaneously absorbing a significant amount of Tatsama vocabulary from Sanskrit.
Telugu metrical poetry, known as 'Chandassu', uses meters derived from Prakrit.
Answer: False
Telugu metrical poetry, referred to as 'Chandassu', utilizes meters that are derived directly from Sanskrit, not Prakrit. These Sanskrit meters form the basis for Telugu prosody.
In Telugu, 'prakruti' is the term for colloquial equivalents of Tatsama words.
Answer: False
In Telugu, 'prakruti' refers to the original Sanskrit words (Tatsama), while the colloquial or altered equivalents are termed 'vikrutis'.
The Telugu term 'vikrutis' refers to words that are considered altered or 'distorted' versions of original Sanskrit words.
Answer: True
This is correct. The Telugu term 'vikrutis' denotes words that are colloquial or altered forms, implying a deviation or 'distortion' from the original Sanskrit (Tatsama) source.
In contemporary Telugu, 'vikrutis' are primarily used in educational institutions and offices.
Answer: False
Conversely, in contemporary Telugu, 'prakruti' (Tatsama) words are primarily utilized in educational institutions and official settings, while spoken Telugu incorporates both 'prakruti' and 'vikrutis'.
The word pair 'bhojanam' (prakruti) and 'bōnam' (vikruti) in Telugu both mean 'food'.
Answer: True
This is an accurate example. 'Bhojanam' represents the Tatsama (prakruti) form, while 'bōnam' is its colloquial (vikruti) equivalent, and both terms signify 'food' in Telugu.
For approximately how many years has Sanskrit influenced the Telugu language?
Answer: About 500 years
The influence of Sanskrit on the Telugu language has been substantial and enduring, spanning approximately 500 years, representing a significant period of linguistic interaction.
What significant linguistic event occurred in Telugu around 1000-1100 AD concerning Sanskrit?
Answer: Telugu became dominant over Sanskrit while absorbing Tatsama words.
Around 1000-1100 AD, Telugu experienced a resurgence where it re-established its linguistic identity and gained prominence over Sanskrit, while simultaneously integrating a considerable volume of Tatsama vocabulary.
What are the Sanskrit meters used in Telugu metrical poetry called?
Answer: Chandassu (purely Sanskrit in origin)
The metrical systems employed in Telugu poetry, known collectively as 'Chandassu', are derived directly from Sanskrit prosody, indicating a direct adoption of these structures.
In Telugu, what term is used for the colloquial equivalents of Tatsama words?
Answer: Vikruti
The colloquial or altered forms corresponding to Tatsama words in Telugu are referred to as 'vikrutis', a term implying a deviation from the original Sanskrit form.
Which Telugu term refers to the original Sanskrit words (Tatsama)?
Answer: Prakruti
In the Telugu linguistic context, the term 'Prakruti' is used to denote the original Sanskrit words, which are equivalent to Tatsama words.
How are 'prakruti' words primarily used in contemporary Telugu society, according to the text?
Answer: As the main medium of instruction in educational institutions and offices
Contemporary Telugu usage indicates that 'prakruti' words (Tatsama) are predominantly employed as the medium of instruction within educational institutions and in official administrative contexts.
The phenomenon of Tatsama words in Indic languages is linguistically similar to the use of Latin loanwords in English.
Answer: True
This analogy holds true. Just as Latin loanwords in English often serve a more formal, technical, or academic function, Tatsama words in Indic languages function similarly, representing direct borrowings from Sanskrit that maintain a higher register compared to evolved native vocabulary.
The use of Tatsama words in Indic languages is analogous to the role of which type of words in English?
Answer: Loanwords derived from Greek or Latin
The function and register of Tatsama words in Indic languages are comparable to loanwords derived from Greek or Latin in English. Both serve to introduce specialized, formal, or learned vocabulary into the lexicon.