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Total Categories: 6
The assertion that Cybele originated as a Roman goddess associated with the sea, prior to her cult spreading to Anatolia, is accurate.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. Cybele's origins are traced to Anatolia, where she was revered as a mother goddess. Her cult was later introduced to Rome, not the other way around.
The formal introduction of Cybele's cult to Rome is historically situated during the period of the Second Punic War.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. The cult of Cybele was formally introduced to Rome during the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE), a significant conflict that prompted the Romans to seek divine assistance.
Roman officials consulted the literary works of Virgil as the primary source for deciding on the formal introduction of Cybele's cult.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. Roman officials consulted the Sibylline Books, a collection of prophetic texts, rather than the writings of Virgil, to guide their decision regarding the introduction of Cybele's cult.
The formal introduction of Cybele's cult to Rome occurred during a period characterized by widespread peace and economic prosperity.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The cult was introduced during the Second Punic War, a time of significant conflict and crisis for Rome, not peace and prosperity.
Based on the provided source material, what was the geographical origin of Cybele prior to the establishment of her cult in Rome?
Answer: Anatolia, as a mother goddess.
The source material indicates that Cybele originated in Anatolia, where she was revered as a mother goddess. Her cult was subsequently introduced to Rome.
During which significant historical conflict was the cult of Cybele formally introduced to Rome?
Answer: The Second Punic War
The cult of Cybele was formally introduced to Rome during the Second Punic War, a major military engagement between Rome and Carthage.
Prior to the formal establishment of Cybele's cult in Rome, Roman officials consulted which collection of prophetic texts?
Answer: The Sibylline Books
Roman officials consulted the Sibylline Books, a collection of sacred prophecies, to guide their decision regarding the formal introduction of Cybele's cult.
Within the Circus Maximus, a shrine dedicated to Cybele was situated on the spina, the central barrier of the racetrack.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. Archaeological and textual evidence indicates the presence of a shrine to Cybele located on the spina of the Circus Maximus, the primary venue for Roman chariot races and public spectacles.
The corpus of ancient Roman texts mentioning Cybele's shrine at the Circus Maximus definitively includes the historical writings of Livy and Tacitus.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. While other sources mention the shrine, the primary texts cited for its presence at the Circus Maximus are the Notitia (Region XI) and the writings of Tertullian, not Livy or Tacitus.
Artistic evidence, including reliefs and mosaics, confirms the depiction of Cybele seated upon a lion, specifically located on the spina of the Circus Maximus.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. Representations of Cybele seated on a lion have been found in association with the Circus Maximus, particularly on its spina (central median strip).
Identify the specific location of the shrine dedicated to Cybele within the Circus Maximus.
Answer: On the spina (central barrier)
The shrine dedicated to Cybele within the Circus Maximus was situated on the spina, the central median strip that divided the racetrack.
The annual 'Lavatio' ceremony associated with Cybele's cult primarily involved the ritualistic cleansing of her sacred statue.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The 'Lavatio' ceremony involved the ritual washing of a sacred black stone representing the Magna Mater (Cybele), not her statue.
The 'Lavatio' ceremony was observed annually on the 27th of April.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The 'Lavatio' ceremony was performed annually on the 27th of March.
The sacred object cleansed during the 'Lavatio' ceremony was transported from Cybele's principal temple situated on the Capitoline Hill.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The sacred object, a black stone representing Magna Mater, was brought from Cybele's main temple on the Palatine Hill for the 'Lavatio' ceremony.
The annual 'Lavatio' ceremony was conducted in the vicinity of the Porta Praenestina.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The 'Lavatio' ceremony took place annually where the brook Almo crossed the Via Appia, south of the Porta Capena.
The modern appellation for the brook Almo, the site of the 'Lavatio' ceremony, is the Acquataccio.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. The brook Almo, historically associated with the 'Lavatio' ceremony, is known today as the Acquataccio.
The site of the 'Lavatio' ceremony is classified as a 'locus sacer' owing to substantial archaeological evidence of a permanent structure.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The site is considered a 'locus sacer' precisely because of the *lack* of archaeological evidence for a permanent structure, suggesting its sacredness derived from the ritual itself.
The presence of numerous altars discovered at the shrine on the Almo suggests it was a permanent building.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The text suggests the opposite: the *lack* of evidence for a permanent structure, despite the presence of altars, leads to the interpretation of the site as a 'locus sacer' (sacred place) rather than a built temple.
Identify the name of the annual ceremony within Cybele's cult that entailed ritual washing.
Answer: Lavatio
The annual ceremony involving ritual washing associated with Cybele's cult was known as the 'Lavatio'.
On which specific date was the 'Lavatio' ceremony observed annually?
Answer: March 27th
The 'Lavatio' ceremony was observed annually on the 27th of March.
What specific sacred object underwent washing during the 'Lavatio' ceremony?
Answer: A sacred black stone representing Magna Mater
During the 'Lavatio' ceremony, a sacred black stone, representing the Magna Mater (Cybele), was washed.
From which location was the sacred black stone brought for the 'Lavatio' ceremony?
Answer: From Cybele's main temple on the Palatine Hill
The sacred black stone was brought from Cybele's main temple situated on the Palatine Hill for the 'Lavatio' ceremony.
The annual 'Lavatio' ceremony was conducted at a site associated with which ancient Roman road and gate?
Answer: Via Appia, south of Porta Capena
The 'Lavatio' ceremony took place annually at a location associated with the Via Appia, south of the Porta Capena.
What is the contemporary name for the brook Almo, which is historically linked to the 'Lavatio' ceremony?
Answer: Acquataccio
The modern name for the brook Almo, associated with the 'Lavatio' ceremony, is the Acquataccio.
What is the primary reason for considering the site of the 'Lavatio' ceremony a 'locus sacer' rather than a permanent built structure?
Answer: Because there is a lack of archaeological evidence for a fixed building.
The site is considered a 'locus sacer' due to the absence of archaeological evidence indicating a permanent building, suggesting its sacredness was tied to the ritual performed there.
A circular edifice adorned with frescoes, identified as a tholos, was situated at the lower section of the Sacra Via.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The tholos structure described was located at the *upper* part of the Sacra Via, not the lower.
The tholos structure located on the Sacra Via was positioned at the junction where the Clivus Capitolinus diverged.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The tholos structure on the Sacra Via was situated where the Clivus Palatinus branched off, not the Clivus Capitolinus.
The Haterii relief provides evidence suggesting the potential location of a temple dedicated to Magna Mater in proximity to the Arch of Titus.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. The Haterii relief, a significant piece of Roman sculpture, depicts elements that imply the presence of a Magna Mater temple near the Arch of Titus.
Hypotheses proposed by Spano suggest the possible erection of a Janus arch in the vicinity of the Meta sudans and the Arch of Constantine.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. Spano theorized that a Janus arch may have been constructed near the Meta sudans, a prominent fountain, and potentially close to the Arch of Constantine.
The shrine located on Vatican Hill was positioned on the left bank of the Tiber River.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The shrine on Vatican Hill was situated on the right bank of the Tiber River.
The discovery of fragmentary marble altars in the vicinity of Saint Peter's Basilica serves as evidence for the existence of a shrine on Vatican Hill.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. These altars, bearing inscriptions, were found beneath the facade of Saint Peter's Basilica and are considered key evidence for the Vatican Hill shrine.
The marble altars linked to the Vatican shrine were unearthed in the year 1709.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The marble altars associated with the Vatican shrine were discovered in 1609, not 1709.
The fragmentary marble altar inscriptions discovered near Saint Peter's Basilica are dated approximately between 305 CE and 390 CE.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. These inscriptions provide a chronological marker for the shrine's use during the later Roman Empire.
What type of circular building, adorned with frescoes, was located at the upper section of the Sacra Via?
Answer: A tholos
A tholos, a circular building, adorned with frescoes, was situated at the upper part of the Sacra Via.
At which street's divergence was the tholos structure on the Sacra Via situated?
Answer: Clivus Palatinus
The tholos structure on the Sacra Via was located where the Clivus Palatinus branched off.
Regarding the location of a temple to Magna Mater, what potential inference can be drawn from the Haterii relief?
Answer: It was situated adjacent to the Arch of Titus.
The Haterii relief potentially suggests that a temple to Magna Mater was situated adjacent to the Arch of Titus.
According to Spano's hypothesis, a particular type of arch, potentially erected near the Meta sudans, was named in honor of which Roman deity?
Answer: Janus
Spano's hypothesis suggests that a Janus arch, named after the Roman god Janus, may have been erected near the Meta sudans.
On which bank of the Tiber River was the shrine on Vatican Hill situated?
Answer: The right bank
The shrine on Vatican Hill was located on the right bank of the Tiber River.
What specific archaeological discoveries in the vicinity of Saint Peter's Basilica offer evidence for the shrine on Vatican Hill?
Answer: Fragmentary marble altars with inscriptions
Fragmentary marble altars bearing inscriptions, discovered beneath the facade of Saint Peter's Basilica, provide evidence for the shrine on Vatican Hill.
In which year were the marble altars associated with the Vatican shrine discovered?
Answer: 1609
The marble altars associated with the Vatican shrine were discovered in the year 1609.
According to the Notitia, what is the probable identification of the shrine on Vatican Hill?
Answer: The Frigianum (or Phrygianum)
Based on the Notitia, the shrine on Vatican Hill is probably identified as the Frigianum (or Phrygianum), consistent with Cybele's Phrygian origins.
What is the approximate terminal date for the Roman Imperial period during which the Vatican Hill altar inscriptions were created?
Answer: 390 CE
The Vatican Hill altar inscriptions were created during the Roman Imperial period, with an approximate end date of 390 CE.
The historical accounts of Tacitus are generally interpreted as referencing the temple situated on the Palatine Hill.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The historian Cassius Dio, not Tacitus, is generally understood to refer to the temple on the Palatine Hill in the cited passage.
An inscription originating from Lyon, dated to the reign of Emperor Hadrian, corroborates the importance of the Vatican Hill shrine.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. The inscription CIL XIII.1751 from Lyon, dating to Hadrian's period, provides significant evidence for the prominence and reach of the Vatican Hill shrine.
L. Aemilius Carpus, as referenced in inscription CIL XIII.1751, held the exclusive role of a civic official engaged in Roman administration.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The inscription indicates L. Aemilius Carpus held multiple religious and civic roles, including receiving and transferring rites from the Vatican, suggesting a significant connection to the shrine's cultic activities beyond mere civic administration.
Classical authors such as Cicero, Ovid, and Martial are cited within the provided material as sources concerning Roman temples dedicated to Cybele.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. Cicero (De Natura Deorum), Ovid (Fasti), and Martial are among the classical authors whose works are referenced as providing information on Cybele's cult in Rome.
The cited passage from Cassius Dio (Book XLVI) details the relocation of the statue of the Mother of the Gods from the Roman Forum.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The passage from Cassius Dio describes the statue of the Mother of the Gods on the Palatine Hill, noting its visibility before being moved, not its relocation from the Forum.
Which of the following is *not* identified in the source material as an ancient Roman text mentioning the shrine of Cybele at the Circus Maximus?
Answer: Pliny the Elder
Pliny the Elder is not listed among the specific ancient Roman sources cited for mentioning the shrine of Cybele at the Circus Maximus. The sources mentioned are the Notitia and Tertullian.
Which Roman historian's account is cited as most likely referring to the temple of Cybele situated on the Palatine Hill?
Answer: Cassius Dio
The account of Cassius Dio is cited as likely referring to the temple of Cybele located on the Palatine Hill.
Which specific inscription, discovered in Lyon and dating to the period of Hadrian, offers evidence for the significance of the Vatican Hill shrine?
Answer: CIL XIII.1751
Inscription CIL XIII.1751, found in Lyon and dating to Hadrian's reign, provides evidence supporting the importance of the Vatican Hill shrine.
As documented in inscription CIL XIII.1751, what significant action did L. Aemilius Carpus perform concerning the Vatican shrine?
Answer: He received the rites and transferred them from the Vatican.
According to inscription CIL XIII.1751, L. Aemilius Carpus performed the significant action of receiving the rites and transferring them from the Vatican.
Which of the following authors is *not* cited in the provided material as a classical source for information regarding Roman temples of Cybele?
Answer: Homer
Homer is not listed among the classical authors cited as sources for information on Roman temples of Cybele. Authors such as Cicero, Ovid, and Martial are mentioned.
On which hill is the statue of the Mother of the Gods described as being located in the cited passage from Cassius Dio (Book XLVI)?
Answer: Palatine Hill
The passage cited from Cassius Dio (Book XLVI) describes the statue of the Mother of the Gods located on the Palatine Hill.
Artistic representations, such as reliefs and mosaics, commonly depict Cybele seated upon a chariot drawn by horses in contexts associated with the Circus Maximus.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The prevalent imagery associated with Cybele in the Circus Maximus context, as seen in reliefs and a mosaic, shows her seated upon a lion, not a chariot.
The Haterii relief depicts the Magna Mater statue situated at the base of a thirteen-step staircase.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The Haterii relief shows the Magna Mater statue situated *at the top* of a thirteen-step staircase, beneath an arch.
In reliefs and mosaics associated with the Circus Maximus, how is Cybele typically represented?
Answer: Seated upon a lion.
Cybele is typically depicted seated upon a lion in artistic representations linked to the Circus Maximus, as evidenced by reliefs and mosaics.