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Testosterone is classified as a steroid hormone of the androstane class, featuring a ketone group at position three and a hydroxyl group at position seventeen.
Answer: True
Testosterone is indeed a steroid hormone belonging to the androstane class, characterized by a ketone group at position three and a hydroxyl group at position seventeen.
Testosterone can only act directly on target tissues and cannot be metabolized into other active forms.
Answer: False
Testosterone can act directly on target tissues, but it can also be metabolized into other active forms, such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5α-reductase or estradiol by aromatase, which then exert their own biological effects.
Testosterone exerts its effects solely by directly activating the androgen receptor.
Answer: False
Testosterone exerts its effects not only by directly activating the androgen receptor (or indirectly as dihydrotestosterone) but also by being converted to estradiol and activating certain estrogen receptors.
In the cellular mechanism of testosterone action, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) binds more strongly to the androgen receptor than testosterone itself.
Answer: True
5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) binds even more strongly to the androgen receptor than testosterone, increasing its androgenic potency.
The primary effect of testosterone in bones is directly through its binding to the androgen receptor, not through aromatization to estradiol.
Answer: False
In bones, the primary effect of testosterone is mediated through its aromatization to estradiol, which accelerates the ossification of cartilage into bone, rather than directly through androgen receptor binding.
The initial step in testosterone biosynthesis involves the oxidative cleavage of cholesterol's side-chain, yielding pregnenolone.
Answer: True
The initial step in testosterone biosynthesis involves the oxidative cleavage of cholesterol's side-chain by cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, resulting in the production of pregnenolone.
Chemically, testosterone is classified as a steroid hormone belonging to which class?
Answer: Androstane
Testosterone is classified as a steroid hormone belonging to the androstane class.
How does testosterone influence the brain in adults, particularly regarding LH secretion?
Answer: It is aromatized into estradiol, which acts as a crucial feedback signal to the hypothalamus affecting LH secretion.
In the central nervous system, testosterone is aromatized into estradiol, which then acts as a crucial feedback signal to the hypothalamus, particularly affecting LH secretion.
What is one of the two main mechanisms through which testosterone exerts its effects in vertebrates?
Answer: Being converted to estradiol and activating certain estrogen receptors
One of the two main mechanisms through which testosterone exerts its effects in vertebrates is by being converted to estradiol and activating certain estrogen receptors.
In the cellular mechanism of testosterone action, what enzyme converts testosterone to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT)?
Answer: 5α-reductase
The enzyme 5α-reductase converts testosterone to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) in the cytoplasm of target tissue cells.
What is the primary effect of testosterone in bones, mediated by aromatization?
Answer: Accelerating the ossification of cartilage into bone
In bones, the primary effect of testosterone is through its aromatization to estradiol, which accelerates the ossification of cartilage into bone, leading to the closure of epiphyses and the cessation of growth.
What is the initial step in the biosynthesis of testosterone from cholesterol?
Answer: Oxidative cleavage of cholesterol's side-chain to yield pregnenolone
The initial step in testosterone biosynthesis involves the oxidative cleavage of cholesterol's side-chain by cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, yielding pregnenolone.
Testosterone's primary role in males is limited to the development of reproductive tissues, with no significant impact on secondary sexual characteristics.
Answer: False
Testosterone is crucial not only for the development of male reproductive tissues but also for promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
In both males and females, testosterone contributes to overall health by impacting mood, cognition, metabolism, and preventing osteoporosis.
Answer: True
Testosterone plays a significant role in the overall health and well-being of both sexes, influencing mood, cognition, metabolism, and contributing to the prevention of osteoporosis.
Anabolic effects of testosterone include increasing muscle mass and strength, enhancing bone density, and stimulating linear growth.
Answer: True
Anabolic effects of testosterone indeed include increasing muscle mass and strength, enhancing bone density and strength, and stimulating linear growth and bone maturation.
During the first period of gestation (4-6 weeks), dihydrotestosterone plays a more significant role than testosterone in genital virilization and prostate gland formation.
Answer: True
During the first period of gestation, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) plays a more significant role than testosterone in genital virilization, including the formation of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles.
Prenatal androgens primarily influence adult hormone levels, with minimal impact on gendered activities or spatial abilities.
Answer: False
Prenatal androgens influence interests and engagement in gendered activities and have moderate effects on spatial abilities, potentially predicting feminine or masculine behaviors more accurately than adult hormone levels.
Male infants experience a surge in testosterone levels during early infancy, which is known to be crucial for brain feminization.
Answer: False
Male infants experience a testosterone surge in early infancy, which is theorized to be involved in brain masculinization, as testosterone is aromatized into estradiol to affect the male brain, not feminization.
Before puberty, rising androgen levels in both boys and girls contribute to adult-type body odor, acne, and a growth spurt.
Answer: True
Rising androgen levels before puberty in both sexes lead to adult-type body odor, increased oiliness of skin and hair, acne, and a growth spurt, among other changes.
In adults, testosterone is essential for normal sperm development and regulates the acute hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response during dominance challenges.
Answer: True
In adults, testosterone is essential for normal sperm development by activating genes in Sertoli cells and also regulates the acute hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response during dominance challenges.
Maintaining normal testosterone levels in elderly men has been shown to improve several parameters that reduce cardiovascular disease risk.
Answer: True
Maintaining normal testosterone levels in elderly men has been shown to improve parameters such as increased lean body mass, decreased visceral fat mass, lower total cholesterol, and improved glycemic control, which are believed to reduce cardiovascular disease risk.
Research indicates a linear relationship between testosterone levels and cognitive function, where higher levels always lead to improved cognition.
Answer: False
Research indicates a curvilinear or quadratic relationship between testosterone levels and cognitive function, meaning both deficient and excessive androgen levels can negatively impact cognition, not a linear improvement with higher levels.
Testosterone deficiency is associated with an increased risk of chronic inflammation and related conditions like metabolic syndrome.
Answer: True
Testosterone deficiency is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and mortality, which are consequences of chronic inflammation. Plasma testosterone concentration shows an inverse correlation with multiple biomarkers of inflammation.
Which of the following is NOT a primary role of testosterone in males?
Answer: Regulating female menstrual cycles
Testosterone's primary roles in males include the development of reproductive tissues, increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. Regulating female menstrual cycles is not a male-specific function of testosterone.
Beyond male-specific functions, what aspect of health and well-being does testosterone contribute to in both sexes?
Answer: Preventing osteoporosis and influencing mood and cognition
In both males and females, testosterone contributes to overall health by impacting mood, cognition, metabolism, and helping to prevent osteoporosis.
Which of the following is an anabolic effect of testosterone?
Answer: Increasing muscle mass and strength
Anabolic effects of testosterone include increasing muscle mass and strength, enhancing bone density, and stimulating linear growth.
During the second trimester, what role do androgens like testosterone play in sex formation?
Answer: Promoting the growth of the Wolffian duct
During the second trimester, androgens like testosterone promote the growth of the Wolffian duct, while anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) promotes the degeneration of the Müllerian duct.
What is the theorized function of the testosterone surge observed in male infants during early infancy?
Answer: To be involved in brain masculinization
The testosterone surge observed in male infants during early infancy is theorized to be involved in brain masculinization, as testosterone is aromatized into estradiol to affect the male brain.
Which of the following is an effect of rising androgen levels before puberty in both boys and girls?
Answer: Adult-type body odor
Before puberty, rising androgen levels in both boys and girls lead to adult-type body odor, increased oiliness of skin and hair, acne, pubarche, axillary hair, a growth spurt, and accelerated bone maturation.
In adults, what is one essential role of testosterone regarding sperm?
Answer: Promoting spermatogonia differentiation
In adults, testosterone is essential for normal sperm development, activating genes in Sertoli cells that promote spermatogonia differentiation.
Which of the following is a benefit associated with maintaining normal testosterone levels in elderly men, regarding cardiovascular health?
Answer: Improved glycemic control
Maintaining normal testosterone levels in elderly men has been shown to improve several parameters that reduce cardiovascular disease risk, including improved glycemic control, increased lean body mass, and decreased visceral fat mass.
What type of relationship does research suggest exists between testosterone levels and cognitive function?
Answer: A curvilinear or quadratic relationship
Research indicates a curvilinear or quadratic relationship between testosterone levels and cognitive function, meaning both deficient and excessive androgen levels can negatively impact cognition.
Testosterone deficiency is inversely correlated with which of the following?
Answer: Biomarkers of inflammation
Plasma testosterone concentration shows an inverse correlation with multiple biomarkers of inflammation, including CRP, interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, TNF alpha, and leukocyte count.
Testosterone is primarily converted into inactive metabolites in the kidneys, not the liver.
Answer: False
Testosterone is primarily converted into inactive metabolites in the liver, not the kidneys.
Adult females typically have testosterone levels about seven to eight times greater than adult males.
Answer: False
Adult males typically have testosterone levels approximately seven to eight times greater than adult females, with their daily production being about 20 times higher.
Free testosterone is the portion of total testosterone that is strongly bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG).
Answer: False
Free testosterone refers to the portion of total testosterone that is not bound to specific carrier proteins, whereas SHBG strongly binds testosterone, effectively inhibiting its action.
Bioavailable testosterone includes both free testosterone and the portion weakly bound to albumin.
Answer: True
Bioavailable testosterone comprises both free testosterone and the fraction weakly bound to albumin, as both are considered available at the tissue level for biological activity.
In males, rising testosterone levels create a positive feedback loop, further stimulating the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH.
Answer: False
In males, rising testosterone levels create a negative feedback loop, inhibiting the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus and FSH/LH from the pituitary, rather than stimulating them.
Resistance training acutely increases testosterone levels in men, but endurance training may lead to lower levels.
Answer: True
Resistance training acutely increases testosterone levels in men, while endurance training may lead to lower testosterone levels.
Weight loss may increase testosterone levels because fat cells synthesize aromatase, which converts testosterone into estradiol.
Answer: True
Weight loss may increase testosterone levels because fat cells synthesize aromatase, an enzyme that converts testosterone into estradiol, thereby reducing testosterone availability.
Testosterone is primarily bound 65% to albumin and 33% to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in plasma.
Answer: False
Testosterone is primarily bound 65% to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and 33% weakly to albumin in plasma, not the other way around.
The liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method is preferred for measuring testosterone due to its superior specificity and precision.
Answer: True
The liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method is preferred for measuring testosterone due to its superior specificity and precision compared to other assay techniques.
Where is testosterone primarily converted into inactive metabolites?
Answer: Liver
Testosterone is primarily converted into inactive metabolites in the liver.
How do average adult male testosterone levels compare to adult female levels?
Answer: Adult males have approximately seven to eight times greater levels.
On average, adult males have testosterone levels approximately seven to eight times greater than adult females, and their daily production is about 20 times higher.
What is 'free testosterone'?
Answer: Testosterone not bound to specific carrier proteins
Free testosterone refers to the portion of total testosterone that is not bound to specific carrier proteins, making it biologically active.
What does bioavailable testosterone include?
Answer: Free testosterone and the portion weakly bound to albumin
Bioavailable testosterone includes both free testosterone and the portion weakly bound to albumin, as both fractions are considered available for biological activity at the tissue level.
Which cells are responsible for testosterone production in the testes?
Answer: Leydig cells
In the testes, testosterone is produced by the Leydig cells.
How does the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis regulate testosterone synthesis when levels are low?
Answer: The hypothalamus releases GnRH, stimulating the pituitary to release FSH and LH, which then stimulate the testes.
When testosterone levels are low, the hypothalamus releases GnRH, which stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH, which in turn stimulate the testes to synthesize testosterone.
Which nutrient deficiency is mentioned as potentially leading to suboptimal plasma testosterone levels?
Answer: Vitamin A
Vitamin A deficiency is mentioned as potentially leading to suboptimal plasma testosterone levels.
What is the recommended minimum normal level for testosterone in men by several medical groups?
Answer: 350 ng/dL
Several professional medical groups recommend that 350 ng/dL generally be considered the minimum normal level for testosterone in men.
Which method is preferred for measuring testosterone levels due to its superior specificity and precision?
Answer: Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
The liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method is preferred for measuring testosterone levels due to its superior specificity and precision.
Excessive testosterone levels in men are primarily linked to increased muscle mass and improved cardiovascular health, with no known risks.
Answer: False
Excessive testosterone levels in men are associated with potential risks such as hyperandrogenism, an elevated risk of heart failure, increased mortality in men with existing prostate cancer, and male pattern baldness, rather than solely positive outcomes.
Testosterone is used as a medication to treat male hypogonadism, gender dysphoria, and certain types of breast cancer.
Answer: True
Testosterone is indeed utilized as a medication for male hypogonadism, gender dysphoria, and specific types of breast cancer.
The World Anti-Doping Agency lists testosterone as a prohibited S1 Anabolic agent substance.
Answer: True
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) classifies testosterone as an S1 Anabolic agent substance, which is prohibited at all times due to its performance-enhancing effects.
Testosterone consistently increases the risk of developing prostate cancer.
Answer: False
Testosterone does not appear to increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. However, in individuals who have undergone testosterone deprivation therapy, increases beyond castrate levels have been shown to accelerate the spread of existing prostate cancer.
High androgen levels in women are exclusively associated with increased fertility and improved skin health.
Answer: False
High androgen levels in women are associated with menstrual cycle irregularities, unusual hair growth, acne, weight gain, infertility, and sometimes scalp hair loss, rather than exclusively increased fertility and improved skin health.
Testosterone substitution therapy in androgen-deficient men with autoimmune thyroiditis can decrease thyroid autoantibody titres.
Answer: True
Testosterone substitution therapy in androgen-deficient men who also have autoimmune thyroiditis has been shown to decrease thyroid autoantibody titres and increase the thyroid's secretory capacity.
The 2020 American College of Physicians guidelines recommend testosterone treatment for age-related low testosterone primarily for improving sexual dysfunction.
Answer: True
The 2020 American College of Physicians guidelines support discussing testosterone treatment for adult men with age-related low testosterone primarily for improving sexual dysfunction.
Which of the following is a potential consequence of insufficient testosterone levels in men?
Answer: Bone loss
Insufficient testosterone levels in men can lead to various abnormalities, including bone loss, frailty, accumulation of adipose fat tissue, anxiety, depression, and sexual performance issues.
What is a potential risk associated with excessive testosterone levels in men?
Answer: Male pattern baldness
Excessive testosterone levels in men may be linked to male pattern baldness, hyperandrogenism, a higher risk of heart failure, and increased mortality in men with existing prostate cancer.
For which condition is testosterone NOT typically used as a medication?
Answer: Type 2 diabetes management
Testosterone is used as a medication for male hypogonadism, gender dysphoria, and certain types of breast cancer, but not typically for Type 2 diabetes management.
What is the World Anti-Doping Agency's classification of testosterone?
Answer: S1 Anabolic agent substance
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) lists testosterone as an S1 Anabolic agent substance, which is prohibited at all times.
What is the relationship between testosterone and the risk of developing prostate cancer?
Answer: Testosterone does not appear to increase the risk of developing prostate cancer.
Testosterone does not appear to increase the risk of developing prostate cancer, though it can accelerate the spread of existing prostate cancer if levels rise above castrate levels.
High androgen levels in women, particularly those with PCOS, are associated with which of the following?
Answer: Unusual hair growth and acne
High androgen levels in women, particularly those with PCOS, are associated with menstrual cycle irregularities, unusual hair growth (hirsutism), acne, weight gain, infertility, and sometimes scalp hair loss.
Which of the following is a common side effect of testosterone medication?
Answer: Acne
Common side effects of testosterone medication include acne, swelling, and breast enlargement in males.
According to the 2020 American College of Physicians guidelines, for what primary reason should testosterone treatment be discussed for adult men with age-related low testosterone?
Answer: To improve sexual dysfunction
The 2020 American College of Physicians guidelines recommend discussing testosterone treatment for adult men with age-related low testosterone primarily for improving sexual dysfunction.
Sexual arousal and masturbation in women lead to significant decreases in testosterone concentrations.
Answer: False
Sexual arousal and masturbation in women result in small increases in testosterone concentrations, not significant decreases.
Men with lower testosterone levels are more likely to be in a relationship or married.
Answer: True
Men with lower testosterone levels are indeed more likely to be in a relationship or married, while those with higher levels are more prone to divorce or extramarital sex.
Fatherhood is associated with increased testosterone levels, promoting more competitive behaviors.
Answer: False
Fatherhood is associated with decreased testosterone levels in men, suggesting that emotions and behaviors related to paternal care reduce these hormone levels, rather than promoting competitive behaviors.
Elevated testosterone, alongside cortisol, is associated with an increased risk of impulsive and violent criminal behavior.
Answer: True
Elevated testosterone, particularly when combined with cortisol, is associated with an increased risk of impulsive and violent criminal behavior.
The 'challenge hypothesis' suggests that testosterone increases during puberty to facilitate reproductive and competitive behaviors, including aggression.
Answer: True
The 'challenge hypothesis' posits that testosterone increases during puberty to facilitate reproductive and competitive behaviors, including aggression, in response to competition among males.
Testosterone might encourage fair behavior in economic experiments, potentially as a strategy to ensure acceptance of offers.
Answer: True
In some behavioral experiments, artificially enhanced testosterone levels have been linked to fairer offers, potentially as a strategic maneuver to ensure acceptance and avoid earning nothing.
What impact do sexual arousal and masturbation have on testosterone concentrations in women?
Answer: Small increases
Sexual arousal and masturbation in women result in small increases in testosterone concentrations.
How do romantic relationships and marital status generally correlate with testosterone levels in men?
Answer: Men with lower testosterone are more likely to be in a relationship or married.
Men with lower testosterone are more likely to be in a relationship or married, while those with higher levels are more prone to divorce or extramarital sex.
What effect does fatherhood typically have on testosterone levels in men?
Answer: Decreases testosterone levels
Fatherhood is associated with decreased testosterone levels in men, suggesting that emotions and behaviors related to paternal care reduce these hormone levels.
Which theory suggests that testosterone increases during puberty to facilitate reproductive and competitive behaviors, including aggression?
Answer: Challenge hypothesis
The 'challenge hypothesis' suggests that testosterone increases during puberty to facilitate reproductive and competitive behaviors, including aggression, in response to competition among males.
Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard's self-injection of testicular extracts in 1889 definitively proved the existence of a 'rejuvenating elixir'.
Answer: False
While Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard reported temporary vigor from his self-injections, his hopes for a definitive 'rejuvenating elixir' were dashed, and his work did not definitively prove its existence.
Fred C. Koch and Lemuel McGee were the first to isolate crystalline male hormone from testicles.
Answer: False
Fred C. Koch and Lemuel McGee extracted a substance that re-masculinized castrated animals, but the Organon group in the Netherlands was the first to isolate the crystalline male hormone, which they named 'testosterone', in May 1935.
Adolf Butenandt and Leopold Ruzicka jointly received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their independent partial syntheses of testosterone.
Answer: True
Adolf Butenandt and Leopold Ruzicka were indeed jointly awarded the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their independent partial syntheses of testosterone from a cholesterol base.
Testosterone and the classical nuclear androgen receptor first appeared in jawless vertebrates like lampreys.
Answer: False
Testosterone and the classical nuclear androgen receptor first appeared in gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates), while jawless vertebrates like lampreys use androstenedione as their male sex hormone.
Who conducted early research linking testicular action to circulating blood fractions through castration and testicular transplantation in fowl?
Answer: Arnold Adolph Berthold
Arnold Adolph Berthold conducted early research linking testicular action to circulating blood fractions through his work on castration and testicular transplantation in fowl.
Which group was the first to isolate the crystalline male hormone from testicles in May 1935 and named it 'testosterone'?
Answer: The Organon group in the Netherlands
The Organon group in the Netherlands was the first to isolate the crystalline male hormone from testicles in May 1935 and named it 'testosterone'.
Who, along with Hanisch, achieved the chemical synthesis of testosterone from cholesterol in August 1935?
Answer: Adolf Butenandt
Adolf Butenandt, along with Hanisch, achieved the chemical synthesis of testosterone from cholesterol in August 1935.
In which animal groups did testosterone and the classical nuclear androgen receptor first appear?
Answer: Gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates)
Testosterone and the classical nuclear androgen receptor first appeared in gnathostomes, which are jawed vertebrates.
People from Central European nations like the Czech Republic and Slovakia have consistently shown significantly elevated testosterone levels.
Answer: False
People from Central European and Baltic nations such as the Czech Republic and Slovakia have exhibited significantly decreased testosterone levels, not elevated levels.
The Yakuts are a people group recorded with the highest-ever tested testosterone levels.
Answer: True
The Yakuts are indeed the people group recorded with the highest-ever tested testosterone levels, found in the region of Chita, Russia.
Which people group has been recorded with the highest-ever tested testosterone levels?
Answer: Yakuts
The Yakuts are the people group recorded with the highest-ever tested testosterone levels, found in the region of Chita, Russia.
What is used as a male sex hormone in jawless vertebrates like lampreys, instead of testosterone?
Answer: Androstenedione
Agnathans, or jawless vertebrates such as lampreys, utilize androstenedione as their male sex hormone, rather than testosterone.