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Theravada Buddhism, often translated as the 'School of the Elders,' is considered the most recent major school of Buddhism to emerge.
Answer: False
The assertion that Theravada Buddhism is the most recent major school is incorrect. As indicated by its name, 'School of the Elders,' it is recognized as the oldest existing school of Buddhism, preserving teachings transmitted since the time of the Buddha.
The historical lineage of Theravada Buddhism is understood to originate from the Vibhajyavada school, itself a subdivision of the Sthavira nikaya.
Answer: True
Scholarly consensus indicates that the Theravada tradition traces its origins to the Vibhajyavada school, which emerged as a distinct branch within the broader Sthavira nikaya.
The patronage of King Ashoka is considered instrumental in the dissemination of Theravada Buddhism, particularly to regions such as Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, but not directly to China.
Answer: False
While King Ashoka's patronage was crucial for the spread of Buddhism, his missionary efforts focused primarily on Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. The transmission of Buddhism to China followed different historical pathways.
In Sri Lanka, the Abhayagiri and Jetavana monastic traditions developed as distinct branches from the original Mahavihara lineage, occasionally incorporating elements or engaging with Mahayana textual traditions.
Answer: True
Historical accounts confirm that the Abhayagiri and Jetavana sects in Sri Lanka arose from the Mahavihara tradition and, in contrast to the strict adherence of the Mahavihara, showed a greater openness to engaging with Mahayana and Vajrayana texts.
King Parakramabahu I's reforms aimed to unify the Sri Lankan Sangha, predominantly favoring the practices of the Abhayagiri sect.
Answer: False
King Parakramabahu I did indeed unify the Sri Lankan Sangha, but his reforms predominantly favored the Mahavihara sect, re-establishing its orthodox practices as the standard.
The ascendancy of Theravada Buddhism as the predominant religious tradition in mainland Southeast Asia commenced approximately in the 11th century, facilitated by Sri Lankan monks and local ruling elites.
Answer: True
Historical evidence indicates that Theravada Buddhism gained widespread adoption in mainland Southeast Asia from around the 11th century onwards, supported by the influence of monks from Sri Lanka and the endorsement of local monarchs and elites.
The Fifth Buddhist Council, convened in Myanmar, culminated in the inscription of the Buddha's teachings onto metal plates, which are now housed at the Kuthodaw Pagoda.
Answer: False
While the Fifth Buddhist Council in Myanmar (1871) was significant, its primary achievement was the collective recitation and verification of the Tipitaka. The inscription of the teachings onto marble slabs at the Kuthodaw Pagoda was a related but distinct project sponsored by King Mindon Min.
From which early Buddhist school is the Theravada tradition understood to have originated?
Answer: The Vibhajyavada school
The Theravada tradition traces its historical roots to the Vibhajyavada school, which itself was a significant branch that emerged from the Sthavira nikaya, one of the principal orders formed after the initial schism in the early Buddhist Sangha.
Which Mauryan emperor is historically recognized for his significant patronage and role in disseminating Theravada Buddhism?
Answer: Ashoka
Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire is widely credited with playing a pivotal role in the early expansion of Buddhism, including sending missionaries to various regions, notably Sri Lanka, which became a stronghold for Theravada.
Which significant Sri Lankan monarch implemented reforms aimed at unifying the Sangha, predominantly aligning it with the Mahavihara tradition?
Answer: King Parakramabahu I
King Parakramabahu I, reigning in the 12th century, undertook a major initiative to unify the Sri Lankan Sangha, re-establishing the dominance and orthodox practices of the Mahavihara sect after periods of division.
Identify the Southeast Asian monarchs who played instrumental roles in establishing Theravada Buddhism as the predominant religion within their respective kingdoms.
Answer: King Anawrahta and King Ram Khamhaeng
Monarchs such as King Anawrahta of Burma and King Ram Khamhaeng of Thailand were pivotal figures in the establishment and promotion of Theravada Buddhism, contributing significantly to its widespread adoption across mainland Southeast Asia.
What significant achievement related to the Buddha's teachings is associated with the Fifth Buddhist Council in Myanmar, patronized by King Mindon Min?
Answer: Creating the Tripiṭaka tablets inscribed on marble slabs at Kuthodaw Pagoda.
The Fifth Buddhist Council, convened under King Mindon Min in 1871, is renowned for the monumental undertaking of inscribing the entire Pali Canon (Tipitaka) onto 729 marble slabs, housed within the Kuthodaw Pagoda complex in Mandalay, Myanmar, thus preserving the teachings in a durable form.
In which of the following countries is Theravada Buddhism recognized as its official or dominant religion?
Answer: Sri Lanka
Theravada Buddhism is the official or dominant religion in several Southeast Asian nations, including Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand.
Theravada Buddhist cosmology categorizes existence into three primary planes: the plane of desire, the plane of form, and the formless plane.
Answer: True
Theravada cosmology delineates existence into three principal realms: the formless plane (Arūpabhava), the plane of form (Rūpabhava), and the plane of desire (Kāma-bhava), representing different states of rebirth.
Within Theravada Buddhism, Nirvana (Nibbana) is conceptualized as the ultimate state of complete cessation of suffering and the cycle of rebirth, attained through the eradication of craving and ignorance.
Answer: True
Nirvana (Nibbana) represents the ultimate goal in Theravada Buddhism, signifying the final end of suffering and the cycle of rebirth (samsara), achieved by extinguishing the roots of craving and ignorance.
The Four Noble Truths posit that suffering arises from attachment to worldly possessions and that the path to its cessation involves the accumulation of wealth.
Answer: False
The Four Noble Truths identify craving (tanha) as the primary cause of suffering, not merely attachment to worldly possessions. Furthermore, the path to cessation involves detachment and ethical conduct, not the accumulation of wealth.
The Noble Eightfold Path is effectively summarized by the three principal disciplines of morality (sila), concentration (samadhi), and wisdom (prajna).
Answer: True
The Noble Eightfold Path, comprising eight interconnected factors, is conventionally grouped into three overarching categories: morality (sila), concentration (samadhi), and wisdom (prajna).
The doctrine of Anatta posits the existence of a permanent, unchanging soul or self in all sentient beings.
Answer: False
The doctrine of Anatta (not-self) fundamentally asserts the absence of a permanent, unchanging soul or self in all phenomena, including sentient beings. Instead, it emphasizes the impermanent and conditioned nature of existence.
The three fundamental characteristics of existence, central to Vipassanā meditation, are impermanence (anicca), suffering (dukkha), and the existence of a permanent self (atta).
Answer: False
The three marks of existence, as understood in Theravada Vipassanā meditation, are impermanence (anicca), suffering (dukkha), and not-self (anatta). The assertion of a permanent self (atta) is directly contradicted by the doctrine of anatta.
Theravada Buddhism recognizes a pantheon of numerous Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, prominently featuring figures such as Amitabha and Vairocana.
Answer: False
Theravada Buddhism primarily venerates the historical Buddha, Gautama, and anticipates the future Buddha, Metteyya. It generally does not recognize the numerous Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, such as Amitabha and Vairocana, who are central figures in Mahayana traditions.
Theravada Buddhism interprets the Buddha's physical existence and life events, such as his birth and death, as illusory manifestations, akin to the docetic views found in Mahayana Buddhism.
Answer: False
Theravada Buddhism maintains that the Buddha possessed a physical body and that his life events, including birth and death, were real occurrences. This perspective contrasts with the Mahayana docetic view, which posits the Buddha's body as an incorporeal manifestation or illusion.
The Theravada interpretation of the 'Middle Way' denotes a path situated between extreme indulgence and extreme nihilism.
Answer: False
The 'Middle Way' in Theravada Buddhism refers to the path that avoids the extremes of severe asceticism and unrestrained sensual indulgence, representing a balanced approach to spiritual practice. It also encompasses a middle view between annihilation and eternalism.
What is the principal characteristic that differentiates Theravada Buddhism from the Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions?
Answer: Its conservative doctrines and monastic discipline.
Theravada Buddhism is distinguished by its conservative adherence to the earliest recorded teachings of the Buddha, as preserved in the Pali Canon, and its emphasis on strict monastic discipline, in contrast to the broader scriptural canons and diverse practices found in Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism.
In Theravada cosmology, which of the following is NOT classified among the three principal categories of planes of existence?
Answer: Niraya-bhava (hell plane)
Theravada cosmology typically categorizes existence into three main realms: the formless plane (Arūpabhava), the plane of form (Rūpabhava), and the plane of desire (Kāma-bhava). While concepts of hell realms exist, they are not typically listed as one of these three primary categories of existence.
What is identified as the ultimate goal in Theravada Buddhism, characterized by the cessation of suffering and the cycle of rebirth?
Answer: Nirvana (Nibbana)
Nirvana (Nibbana) represents the ultimate goal in Theravada Buddhism, signifying the complete extinguishment of suffering and the cessation of the cycle of rebirth (samsara).
According to the Four Noble Truths, from what primary cause does suffering (dukkha) arise?
Answer: Craving (tanha)
The second Noble Truth explicitly states that suffering arises from craving (tanha), which is the insatiable desire for sensual pleasures, existence, and non-existence. This craving fuels the cycle of rebirth and suffering.
Which of the following options is NOT enumerated as one of the eight factors comprising the Noble Eightfold Path?
Answer: Right Understanding
The Noble Eightfold Path comprises eight distinct factors: Right View, Right Intention, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration (Samadhi). 'Right Understanding' is often used synonymously with 'Right View,' but in the context of these specific options, it is presented as the factor not explicitly listed among the eight.
What does the Theravada doctrine of Anatta (not-self) assert?
Answer: The five aggregates are empty of a permanent self or essence.
The doctrine of Anatta asserts that the five aggregates (skandhas)—form, feeling, perception, mental formations, and consciousness—are devoid of an inherent, permanent, or independent self or essence.
Which of the following is NOT recognized as one of the 'three marks of existence' central to Theravada Vipassanā meditation?
Answer: The existence of a permanent self (atta)
The three marks of existence emphasized in Theravada Vipassanā meditation are impermanence (anicca), suffering (dukkha), and not-self (anatta). The concept of a permanent self (atta) is explicitly denied by the doctrine of anatta.
Which statement accurately delineates the Theravada perspective on Buddhas and Bodhisattvas in comparison to Mahayana Buddhism?
Answer: Theravada focuses on the historical Buddha and Metteyya, generally not recognizing numerous Mahayana figures.
Theravada Buddhism primarily venerates the historical Buddha, Gautama, and anticipates the future Buddha, Metteyya. It generally does not recognize the extensive pantheon of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, such as Amitabha and Vairocana, that are central to Mahayana traditions.
How does Theravada Buddhism interpret the nature of the Buddha's physical body and his life events, such as birth and death?
Answer: As real human events, rejecting the docetic view.
Theravada Buddhism regards the Buddha as a historical human being who attained enlightenment. His physical existence, birth, and death are understood as real occurrences, in contrast to the Mahayana docetic concept of the Buddha's body as an illusory manifestation.
The Theravada understanding of the 'Middle Way' primarily denotes a path situated between which two extremes?
Answer: Extreme asceticism and sensual indulgence.
The 'Middle Way' in Theravada Buddhism refers to the path that avoids the extremes of severe asceticism and unrestrained sensual indulgence, representing a balanced approach to spiritual practice.
The Pali Canon serves as the primary scriptural collection for Theravada Buddhism; however, it is written in Sanskrit.
Answer: False
While the Pali Canon is indeed the primary scriptural collection for Theravada Buddhism, it is written in the Pali language, not Sanskrit.
Within the Theravada tradition, Mahayana sutras are generally regarded as authentic canonical teachings of the Buddha.
Answer: False
Theravada Buddhism maintains a conservative stance regarding its canon and generally does not consider Mahayana sutras to be authentic teachings of the Buddha, as they emerged later and differ significantly in content and emphasis.
The comprehensive compilation of the Pali Canon into written form occurred in the 20th century CE.
Answer: False
The Pali Canon was first committed to writing much earlier, during the 1st century BCE, at the Fourth Buddhist Council held in Sri Lanka, marking a significant preservation milestone.
The Visuddhimagga, authored by Buddhaghosa, stands as a seminal text that systematically delineates the Theravada path to liberation, with a particular emphasis on meditation practices.
Answer: True
The Visuddhimagga, composed by the 5th-century scholar Buddhaghosa, is a comprehensive and highly influential work that provides a systematic exposition of the Theravada path to purification, detailing ethical conduct, concentration, and wisdom, with extensive guidance on meditation.
The Theravada Abhidhamma employs an analytical framework that dissects reality into ultimate constituents, termed 'dhammas' (factors or phenomena), to elucidate the nature of conditioned experience.
Answer: True
The Abhidhamma, a key component of the Theravada canon, systematically analyzes reality into fundamental elements or 'dhammas.' This approach aims to provide a precise understanding of the conditioned nature of existence and the processes underlying experience.
Which language functions as the sacred language and lingua franca for Theravada Buddhism, housing its primary scriptural collection?
Answer: Pali
Pali serves as the sacred language and lingua franca for Theravada Buddhism. The primary scriptural collection, the Pali Canon (Tipitaka), is preserved in this language, representing the most complete extant canon in a classical Indian language.
What is the significance and role of the Pali Canon within the Theravada Buddhist tradition?
Answer: It is the most complete Buddhist canon surviving in Pali, holding the highest authority on doctrine and monastic organization.
The Pali Canon is considered the most authoritative collection of scriptures in Theravada Buddhism. It is the most complete surviving Buddhist canon in a classical Indian language, Pali, and serves as the foundational text for doctrine and monastic discipline.
According to the established doctrines of Theravada Buddhism, the authenticity of which category of texts is generally rejected?
Answer: Mahayana sutras
Theravada Buddhism maintains a distinct scriptural tradition and generally rejects the authenticity of Mahayana sutras, which emerged later and contain doctrines and figures not found in the Pali Canon.
During which period was the Pali Canon first committed to writing, representing a crucial step in the preservation of Theravada scriptures?
Answer: 1st century BCE
The Pali Canon was first committed to writing during the 1st century BCE at the Fourth Buddhist Council in Sri Lanka. This event was pivotal for preserving the extensive oral tradition of the Buddha's teachings.
The Visuddhimagga, authored by Buddhaghosa, is significant for providing what?
Answer: A systematic exposition of the Theravada path to liberation and meditation practices.
The Visuddhimagga serves as a comprehensive manual that systematically outlines the Theravada path to liberation, detailing ethical conduct, concentration techniques, and wisdom cultivation, thereby providing an authoritative guide for practitioners.
The Theravada Abhidhamma analyzes reality into 'dhammas' for the purpose of understanding what?
Answer: Ultimate truth as composed of conditioned factors or phenomena.
The Abhidhamma's analytical approach, focusing on 'dhammas,' aims to deconstruct reality into its fundamental, conditioned constituents. This methodology seeks to reveal the ultimate nature of phenomena and their interrelationships, thereby fostering insight.
The contemporary Vipassana movement is primarily dedicated to the study and practice of Mahayana sutras.
Answer: False
The Vipassana movement, a significant development in modern Theravada Buddhism, centers on the practice of insight meditation (Vipassanā) derived from the Pali Canon, not on the study of Mahayana sutras.
Samatha bhavana is primarily concerned with cultivating insight into the nature of reality, whereas Vipassanā bhavana is directed towards achieving profound calming concentration.
Answer: False
This statement reverses the primary aims of the two meditation types. Samatha bhavana (calming meditation) aims to develop concentration (samadhi), while Vipassanā bhavana (insight meditation) focuses on developing insight into the nature of reality.
Merit-making (puñña) in Theravada Buddhism encompasses activities such as supporting the monastic community and engaging in charitable acts, which are believed to result in more favorable rebirths.
Answer: True
Merit-making (puñña) is a significant aspect of Theravada practice, particularly for lay followers. Engaging in acts of generosity, supporting monks, and performing charitable deeds are considered means to generate merit, thereby influencing future rebirths and contributing to spiritual progress.
The five principal hindrances that impede meditative practice are identified as sense-desire, hostility, sloth and torpor, restlessness and worry, and doubt.
Answer: True
These five hindrances—sense-desire, ill-will, sloth-torpor, restlessness-worry, and doubt—are recognized in Theravada Buddhism as significant obstacles to achieving mental concentration and insight during meditation.
What is the principal objective of Samatha bhavana (calming meditation) within the Theravada tradition?
Answer: To achieve concentration (samadhi).
The primary aim of Samatha bhavana is to cultivate profound mental concentration (samadhi) by focusing the mind on a single object, leading to states of deep absorption and tranquility.
What is the intended purpose of 'merit-making' (puñña) activities, such as offering food to monks, within Theravada Buddhism?
Answer: To generate merit leading to a better rebirth and spiritual progress.
Merit-making activities, including acts of generosity like offering food to monks, are undertaken in Theravada Buddhism to generate positive karma (puñña). This merit is believed to contribute to favorable rebirths and facilitate spiritual advancement on the path to liberation.
Which of the following is identified as one of the five hindrances that impede meditation practice in Theravada Buddhism?
Answer: Sense-desire
Sense-desire is one of the five hindrances—along with hostility, sloth-torpor, restlessness-worry, and doubt—that are recognized as significant obstacles to achieving concentration and clarity during meditation.
Thai Kings Mongkut and Chulalongkorn implemented reforms within the Sangha characterized by the decentralization of authority and a diminished role for the Sangha Council of Elders.
Answer: False
Kings Mongkut and Chulalongkorn centralized and bureaucratized the Thai Sangha, establishing the Sangha Council of Elders as the supreme governing body, rather than decentralizing authority.
Within traditional Theravada Buddhism, monastic life is generally considered a less effective path to achieving Nirvana when contrasted with the potential of lay life.
Answer: False
Contrary to the statement, traditional Theravada Buddhism generally views monastic life as a more conducive and effective path to Nirvana compared to lay life, although lay individuals are certainly capable of attaining liberation.
The ten wholesome actions (kusala kamma) central to Theravada ethics encompass practices such as generosity, adherence to moral conduct, and the cultivation of meditation.
Answer: True
The ten wholesome actions, integral to Theravada ethical frameworks, include a range of meritorious deeds such as generosity (dana), moral discipline (sila), and mental cultivation (bhavana), among others.
The order of nuns (bhikkhunis) in Theravada Buddhism has maintained an unbroken lineage of ordination continuously since the time of the Buddha.
Answer: False
The lineage of bhikkhuni ordination historically ceased in Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka and Burma centuries ago. While there have been recent efforts to revive it, the continuity and validity of these ordinations remain a subject of debate among various Theravada authorities.
Within Theravada Buddhism, forest traditions are characterized by an emphasis on ascetic practices and intensive meditation in secluded natural settings, aiming to emulate the lifestyle of the historical Buddha.
Answer: True
The forest traditions, prevalent in countries like Thailand and Sri Lanka, are distinguished by their adherence to ascetic disciplines (dhutanga) and their focus on secluded meditation practice, often in forest monasteries, as a means to follow the Buddha's path closely.
Theravada Buddhism strictly prohibits lay disciples from attaining enlightenment, reserving this ultimate achievement exclusively for ordained monks.
Answer: False
While monastic life is traditionally considered the most conducive path, Theravada Buddhism does not strictly prohibit lay disciples from achieving enlightenment. However, individuals who attain liberation as laypeople often feel compelled to enter the monastic order shortly thereafter, as continuing lay life is seen as incompatible with the state of one who has eradicated all craving.
Theravada Buddhist monks typically affiliate with monastic orders (nikayas), which are characterized by the development of distinct doctrines and practices.
Answer: False
While Theravada monks belong to monastic orders (nikayas), these orders generally do not develop distinct doctrines. Instead, they primarily represent lineages of ordination and may differ in their observance of monastic rules or organizational structures.
How did Thai Kings Mongkut and Chulalongkorn reform the Sangha?
Answer: Centralizing and bureaucratizing the Sangha, establishing a Council of Elders.
The reforms enacted by Kings Mongkut and Chulalongkorn involved the centralization and bureaucratization of the Thai Sangha. They established a formal Sangha Council of Elders to oversee monastic affairs and standardized monastic education and administration.
How is monastic life traditionally regarded within Theravada Buddhism concerning the attainment of Nirvana?
Answer: It is generally considered a superior path to Nirvana compared to lay life.
Traditionally, Theravada Buddhism views monastic life as offering a more direct and conducive environment for pursuing Nirvana, due to the renunciate lifestyle and dedicated focus it allows. However, it is acknowledged that lay followers can also achieve liberation.
Which of the following is NOT enumerated among the ten wholesome actions (kusala kamma) within Theravada ethical teachings?
Answer: Practicing austerities
The ten wholesome actions typically include generosity, moral conduct, meditation, dedicating merit, rejoicing in merit, service, honoring elders, sharing the Dhamma, listening to the Dhamma, and holding right view. Practicing extreme austerities is not generally listed as one of these specific wholesome actions.
According to the provided information, what is the current status of the bhikkhuni (nun) order within Theravada Buddhism?
Answer: It died out historically in Sri Lanka and Burma, and recent revival efforts face debate regarding validity.
The bhikkhuni lineage historically ceased in Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka and Burma. While contemporary efforts are underway to re-establish full ordination for nuns, the validity and recognition of these revivals are subjects of ongoing debate among monastic authorities.
What are the defining characteristics of the 'forest traditions' within Theravada Buddhism?
Answer: Asceticism, secluded forest living, and emulation of the Buddha's lifestyle.
Forest traditions within Theravada Buddhism emphasize ascetic practices (dhutanga), living in secluded forest environments, and striving to emulate the austere lifestyle of the historical Buddha, often seen as a path to deeper meditative insight.
How does Theravada Buddhism conceptualize the potential for lay disciples to achieve enlightenment?
Answer: Lay disciples can achieve enlightenment, but often enter the monastic order afterward.
Theravada Buddhism recognizes the capacity for lay disciples to attain enlightenment. Nevertheless, it is traditionally understood that individuals who achieve this profound realization often subsequently enter the monastic order, as the demands of lay life can be seen as incompatible with the state of one who has completely eradicated craving.
What is the principal role of monastic orders (nikayas) within Theravada Buddhism?
Answer: To serve as lineages of ordination, generally not developing separate doctrines but potentially differing in rule observance.
Monastic orders (nikayas) in Theravada Buddhism primarily function as lineages for ordination and community structure. While they generally adhere to the same core doctrines, they may exhibit variations in the interpretation and observance of monastic rules and traditions.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, Buddhist modernism among Theravada adherents signified a rejection of prevailing rationalist and scientific thought.
Answer: False
Buddhist modernism, particularly within Theravada contexts during the 19th and 20th centuries, represented an adaptation of Buddhist teachings to align with rationalism and science, rather than a rejection of them. It sought to demonstrate the compatibility of Buddhism with modern intellectual currents.
Anagarika Dharmapala and Henry Steel Olcott played pivotal roles in the 19th-century Sri Lankan Buddhist revival, emphasizing the preservation of scholarship and the establishment of Buddhist educational institutions.
Answer: True
Anagarika Dharmapala, alongside figures like Henry Steel Olcott, was instrumental in the resurgence of Buddhism in Sri Lanka during the late 19th century, advocating for the revitalization of Buddhist learning and education.
Theravada Buddhism has exerted a considerable influence on contemporary society, particularly through the dissemination of mindfulness techniques aimed at enhancing mental well-being.
Answer: True
The emphasis on mindfulness (sati) and meditation practices within Theravada Buddhism has led to their widespread adoption in secular contexts, including therapeutic interventions and stress-reduction programs, contributing significantly to modern concepts of mental well-being.
In the context of Theravada Buddhism, what does the term 'Buddhist modernism' signify?
Answer: Responses by Theravada Buddhists to Western ideologies, adapting teachings to be compatible with science and rationalism.
Buddhist modernism denotes the intellectual and social movement within Theravada Buddhism during the 19th and 20th centuries, wherein adherents sought to reconcile Buddhist teachings with modern scientific and rationalist thought, often reinterpreting doctrines to align with contemporary philosophical paradigms.
Identify the principal figures associated with the 19th-century Sri Lankan Buddhist revival who championed the preservation of scholarship and the advancement of Buddhist education.
Answer: Anagarika Dharmapala, Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera, Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera, and Henry Steel Olcott
The Sri Lankan Buddhist revival of the 19th century was significantly shaped by prominent individuals such as Anagarika Dharmapala, Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera, Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera, and Henry Steel Olcott, who worked to re-establish Buddhist learning and counter colonial influences.
Which contemporary movement within Theravada Buddhism is dedicated to the revival of Buddhist meditation and doctrinal study, notably associated with figures such as Mahasi Sayadaw and S.N. Goenka?
Answer: The Vipassana movement
The Vipassana movement represents a significant modern revival within Theravada Buddhism, emphasizing the practice of insight meditation. Its global dissemination has been greatly facilitated by influential teachers like Mahasi Sayadaw and S.N. Goenka.