Export your learner materials as an interactive game, a webpage, or FAQ style cheatsheet.
Unsaved Work Found!
It looks like you have unsaved work from a previous session. Would you like to restore it?
Total Categories: 6
In biology, tissue is defined as an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix that originate from the same embryonic source and collectively perform a specific function.
Answer: True
The biological definition of tissue emphasizes the collective function of similar cells and their extracellular matrix, originating from a common embryonic source.
Tissues occupy a biological organizational level that is situated between individual cells and a complete organ system.
Answer: False
Tissues are organized between individual cells and a complete organ. Organs, in turn, group to form organ systems.
The English word 'tissue' is derived from the Latin word 'texere,' meaning 'to build.'
Answer: False
The English word 'tissue' is derived from the French word 'tissu,' which means 'to weave,' not from the Latin 'texere'.
Histopathology is the scientific field dedicated to the study of tissues in connection with disease.
Answer: True
Histopathology specifically focuses on the microscopic examination of tissues to diagnose and understand diseases, distinguishing it from general histology.
Modern advancements in tissue examination include electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and frozen tissue-sections.
Answer: True
These techniques represent significant modern advancements that enhance the observable detail and diagnostic capabilities in tissue analysis, complementing classical methods.
Mineralized tissues are biological tissues characterized by the incorporation of minerals into their soft matrices, providing hardness and rigidity.
Answer: True
The definition of mineralized tissues highlights the crucial role of mineral incorporation in conferring their characteristic mechanical properties.
Xavier Bichat identified 21 types of elementary tissues using an early optical microscope.
Answer: False
Xavier Bichat identified 21 types of elementary tissues without the aid of a microscope, relying on macroscopic observation and dissection.
According to the biological definition, what is a key characteristic of tissue?
Answer: It is an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix that originate from the same embryonic source and collectively perform a specific function.
The biological definition of tissue emphasizes the collective function of similar cells and their extracellular matrix, originating from a common embryonic source.
Between which two biological organizational levels do tissues fit?
Answer: Between individual cells and a complete organ
Tissues represent an intermediate level of organization, bridging the gap between individual cells and the more complex structure of an organ.
From which language and word is the English term 'tissue' derived?
Answer: French, 'tissu'
The etymology of 'tissue' from the French 'tissu' (to weave) reflects the intricate, interwoven nature of cells and matrix within a tissue.
What is the scientific field dedicated to the study of tissues in connection with disease?
Answer: Histopathology
Histopathology is the specialized branch of pathology that involves the microscopic examination of tissues to study the manifestations of disease.
Who is recognized as the 'Father of Histology'?
Answer: Xavier Bichat
Xavier Bichat's pioneering work in classifying and understanding tissues, even without a microscope, earned him the title 'Father of Histology'.
Which of the following is NOT considered a classical tool for studying tissues?
Answer: Electron microscopy
Electron microscopy is a modern advancement, providing much higher resolution than the classical optical microscope, paraffin blocks, and histological stains.
What defines mineralized tissues?
Answer: They are biological tissues with minerals incorporated into their soft matrices, providing hardness and rigidity.
The defining characteristic of mineralized tissues is the deposition of inorganic mineral crystals within an organic matrix, conferring exceptional mechanical properties.
What significant contribution did Xavier Bichat make to the study of anatomy?
Answer: He was the first to propose that tissue is a central element in human anatomy and identified 21 elementary tissues without a microscope.
Bichat's conceptualization of organs as composites of various tissues, and his classification of these tissues without microscopic aid, revolutionized anatomical study.
Ground tissue in plants is highly differentiated and primarily functions in structural support.
Answer: False
Ground tissue is generally less differentiated and primarily functions in nutrient manufacture (photosynthesis) and storage, rather than being highly specialized for structural support.
Plant tissues can be divided into meristematic tissues, which are actively dividing, and permanent tissues, which have specialized functions and have lost the ability to divide.
Answer: True
This classification accurately distinguishes between meristematic tissues, responsible for growth, and permanent tissues, which are specialized and no longer divide.
Meristematic tissue is responsible for increasing the length and thickness of the plant.
Answer: True
Meristematic tissue, through active cell division, drives both primary growth (length) and secondary growth (thickness) of the plant.
Cells of meristematic tissue typically contain large, prominent vacuoles for storage.
Answer: False
Meristematic cells typically have very few or no vacuoles, as their primary function is division, not storage. Large vacuoles are characteristic of mature plant cells.
Meristematic tissue is classified into primary meristem (including apical meristem) and secondary meristem (including lateral meristem and intercalary meristem).
Answer: True
This classification system accurately categorizes meristematic tissues based on their origin and contribution to primary or secondary growth.
Apical meristem is present at the base of nodes and internodes, increasing the size of internodes.
Answer: False
Apical meristem is found at the tips of stems and roots, increasing their length. Intercalary meristem is responsible for growth at the base of nodes and internodes.
Lateral meristem cells primarily divide in one plane, causing the plant organ to increase in diameter and girth.
Answer: True
Lateral meristem is responsible for secondary growth, which manifests as an increase in the plant's diameter and girth.
What is the main function of ground tissue in plants?
Answer: To manufacture nutrients through photosynthesis and store reserve nutrients
Ground tissue is primarily involved in metabolic processes such as photosynthesis and the storage of various organic compounds.
Based on cellular activity, how are plant tissues divided?
Answer: Into meristematic and permanent tissues
This fundamental classification distinguishes between actively dividing tissues (meristematic) and differentiated, specialized tissues (permanent).
What is the primary role of meristematic tissue in plants?
Answer: Increasing the length and thickness of the plant
Meristematic tissue is characterized by its capacity for continuous cell division, which is essential for all plant growth, both primary and secondary.
Which characteristic is typical of cells found in meristematic tissue?
Answer: Compactly arranged without intercellular spaces
The compact arrangement and lack of intercellular spaces in meristematic tissue facilitate efficient cell division and growth.
Which type of meristematic tissue is responsible for increasing the length of stems and roots (primary growth)?
Answer: Apical meristem
Apical meristem, located at the tips of shoots and roots, is the primary driver of longitudinal growth in plants.
What is the function of lateral meristem in plant growth?
Answer: To increase the diameter and girth of the plant organ
Lateral meristem, including vascular and cork cambia, is responsible for secondary growth, which increases the plant's circumference.
Where is intercalary meristem typically located?
Answer: Between permanent tissues, usually at the base of nodes, internodes, and on leaf bases
Intercalary meristem's location allows for growth in regions already separated by mature tissues, contributing to internode elongation.
Permanent tissues are groups of living or dead cells formed by meristematic tissue that have retained their ability to divide.
Answer: False
Permanent tissues have lost their ability to divide and have undergone cellular differentiation to perform specialized functions.
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are the three types of complex permanent tissue in plants.
Answer: False
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are classified as simple permanent tissues, consisting of cells similar in origin, structure, and function.
Chlorenchyma is a specialized type of parenchyma that performs photosynthesis.
Answer: True
Chlorenchyma is a specific type of parenchyma cell containing chlorophyll, making it specialized for photosynthesis.
Collenchyma tissue provides tensile strength, mechanical support, and elasticity in mature plant stems and roots.
Answer: False
Collenchyma provides support and elasticity primarily in young plant stems and leaves, not typically in mature roots, which rely more on sclerenchyma.
Sclerenchyma tissue consists of thick-walled, dead cells with negligible protoplasm, providing mechanical support and rigidity.
Answer: True
This statement accurately describes sclerenchyma tissue, which is characterized by its lignified, dead cells that provide robust structural support.
Sclereids are long, narrow, unicellular, strong, and flexible cells often used in ropes.
Answer: False
Sclerenchyma fibers are long, narrow, strong, and flexible cells used in ropes. Sclereids are brittle, thick-walled cells found in structures like nutshells.
What process leads to the formation of permanent tissues from meristematic tissue?
Answer: Cellular differentiation
Cellular differentiation is the fundamental process by which undifferentiated meristematic cells develop into specialized permanent tissue cells with distinct structures and functions.
Which of the following is NOT a type of simple permanent tissue in plants?
Answer: Xylem
Xylem is a complex permanent tissue, composed of multiple cell types working together, whereas parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are simple permanent tissues.
What are the primary functions of parenchyma tissue in plants?
Answer: Support to plants while also storing food
Parenchyma cells are versatile, performing basic support functions, but are particularly noted for their roles in storage and metabolism.
Which specialized parenchyma type contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis?
Answer: Chlorenchyma
Chlorenchyma is a specialized form of parenchyma tissue, distinguished by the presence of chloroplasts, enabling it to carry out photosynthesis.
What is a key structural feature of collenchyma tissue?
Answer: Thin cell walls with localized thickenings at the corners
The unevenly thickened cell walls, particularly at the corners, are a hallmark of collenchyma tissue, providing flexible support.
What defines sclerenchyma tissue?
Answer: Thick-walled, dead cells with negligible protoplasm and lignin deposition
Sclerenchyma is characterized by its rigid, lignified secondary cell walls and the absence of living protoplasm at maturity, providing robust mechanical support.
Which type of sclerenchyma cell is described as long, narrow, unicellular, strong, and flexible, often used in ropes?
Answer: Sclerenchyma fibers
Sclerenchyma fibers are elongated cells that provide significant tensile strength, making them suitable for industrial applications like rope production.
In plant anatomy, tissues are broadly categorized into four primary tissue systems: the epidermis, the ground tissue, the vascular tissue, and the meristematic tissue.
Answer: False
Plant tissues are broadly categorized into three primary tissue systems: the epidermis, the ground tissue, and the vascular tissue. Meristematic tissue is a classification based on cellular activity, not a primary tissue system.
The epidermis in plants primarily functions in internal transport of fluids and nutrients.
Answer: False
The epidermis primarily provides a protective outer layer and regulates exchange with the environment, while internal transport is the function of vascular tissues.
Xylem and phloem are the primary components of plant vascular tissue, responsible for internal transport.
Answer: True
Xylem and phloem are indeed the two main components of vascular tissue, forming the plant's transport system for water, minerals, and organic nutrients.
The waxy thick layer called cutin on the plant epidermis prevents excessive water loss.
Answer: True
Cutin forms a protective, waxy layer on the epidermis, which is crucial for minimizing water evaporation and preventing desiccation in plants.
Complex permanent tissue is also known as conducting or vascular tissue due to its role in transporting substances throughout the plant.
Answer: True
The primary function of complex permanent tissue is transport, which is why it is synonymously referred to as conducting or vascular tissue.
Phloem and cambium are the two tissues that together form vascular bundles in plants.
Answer: False
Xylem and phloem are the two tissues that form vascular bundles. Cambium is a meristematic tissue that produces xylem and phloem.
Xylem tissue, also known as wood, is responsible for transporting water and inorganic solutes from the roots to the rest of the plant.
Answer: True
Xylem is indeed the primary tissue for upward transport of water and minerals, and it forms the bulk of wood in woody plants.
Xylem vessels are dead at maturity and have open ends, allowing for efficient water flow.
Answer: True
The structural characteristics of xylem vessels, being dead and open-ended, are crucial for their role in efficient water conduction.
Lateral conduction of water in xylem tissue is primarily facilitated by xylem fibers.
Answer: False
Lateral conduction of water in xylem is primarily facilitated by rays, which are horizontal rows of parenchyma cells, not xylem fibers.
Phloem tissue is primarily responsible for carrying dissolved food substances throughout the plant.
Answer: True
Phloem's main role is the transport of organic nutrients, such as sugars, from photosynthetic sites to other parts of the plant.
Sieve-tube members in phloem tissue retain their nuclei at maturity to actively control food conduction.
Answer: False
Sieve-tube members lose their nuclei at maturity. Companion cells provide the necessary metabolic support for food conduction.
Callose is a protein that forms a callus pad, quickly sealing off damaged sieve tubes.
Answer: False
Callose is a carbohydrate polymer, not a protein, and its function is to seal damaged sieve tubes.
In plant anatomy, which of the following is NOT one of the three primary tissue systems?
Answer: The meristematic tissue
The three primary tissue systems are the epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. Meristematic tissue is a classification based on cellular activity, not a primary tissue system.
What is the primary role of the epidermis in plants?
Answer: Providing a protective outer layer
The epidermis forms the outermost layer of the plant, serving primarily as a protective barrier against environmental stressors and regulating exchange.
Which two tissues are the primary components of plant vascular tissue?
Answer: Xylem and phloem
Xylem and phloem are the specialized conducting tissues that constitute the vascular system, essential for long-distance transport in plants.
How does the plant epidermis primarily regulate water loss?
Answer: With a waxy thick layer called cutin on its outer surface
The cutin layer on the epidermis forms a hydrophobic barrier that significantly reduces uncontrolled water evaporation from the plant surface.
What is the primary function of complex permanent tissue in plants?
Answer: Transportation of mineral nutrients, organic solutes, and water
Complex permanent tissues, specifically xylem and phloem, are specialized for the efficient, long-distance transport of essential substances throughout the plant.
Which two tissues together form vascular bundles in plants?
Answer: Xylem and phloem
Vascular bundles are the primary transport units in plants, composed of xylem for water and mineral transport, and phloem for sugar transport.
What is the primary role of xylem tissue?
Answer: Transporting water and inorganic solutes from the roots
Xylem's fundamental role is to conduct water and dissolved minerals from the root system upwards to the rest of the plant.
How do xylem vessels facilitate water conduction?
Answer: They are long tubes formed by vessel members joined end-to-end, open at each end, and dead at maturity.
The unique structure of xylem vessels, forming continuous, hollow tubes, allows for highly efficient bulk flow of water under tension.
What facilitates lateral conduction of water in xylem tissue?
Answer: Rays
Xylem rays, composed of parenchyma cells, are specialized for radial transport, ensuring water and nutrients can move laterally within the stem.
What is the main function of phloem tissue?
Answer: Carrying dissolved food substances throughout the plant
Phloem is the primary tissue responsible for translocation, the transport of sugars and other organic compounds from source to sink regions.
How do sieve tubes and companion cells work together in phloem?
Answer: Sieve tubes conduct food, and companion cells provide metabolic support.
This symbiotic relationship allows for efficient food conduction, with companion cells maintaining the metabolic activity necessary for sieve tube function.
What is callose, and what is its role in sieve-tube members?
Answer: A carbohydrate polymer that seals off damaged sieve tubes.
Callose acts as a rapid wound-sealing mechanism in phloem, preventing the loss of valuable sap when sieve tubes are injured.
The four basic types of animal tissues are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue.
Answer: True
This statement correctly lists the four fundamental tissue types that form the basis of all animal organs and systems.
Organs in animals are formed by the functional grouping together of individual cells to serve a specialized function.
Answer: False
Organs are formed by the functional grouping of multiple tissues, not just individual cells, to perform specialized functions.
Modern advancements in animal tissues, with complex organization, first appeared in diploblasts.
Answer: False
While tissues first appeared in diploblasts, modern forms with complex organization emerged in triploblasts.
Nervous tissue in animals primarily originates from the mesoderm embryonic germ layer.
Answer: False
Nervous tissue originates exclusively from the ectoderm, while mesoderm gives rise to connective and muscular tissues.
A true epithelial tissue is characterized by multiple layers of cells held together by desmosomes.
Answer: False
A true epithelial tissue is characterized by a single layer of cells held together by tight junctions, forming a selectively permeable barrier.
Epithelial tissues are classified by combining cell shape in the upper layer with the number of cell layers.
Answer: True
This classification method provides a comprehensive description of epithelial tissue structure, integrating both cell morphology and layering.
Connective tissues are composed of cells separated by a non-living extracellular matrix, providing a supportive framework.
Answer: True
The defining characteristic of connective tissue is its sparse cellularity within an abundant extracellular matrix, which is responsible for its supportive functions.
Blood, bone, and cartilage are examples of fibrous connective tissues.
Answer: False
Blood is a fluid connective tissue, and bone and cartilage are skeletal connective tissues. Fibrous connective tissues include tendons and ligaments.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four fundamental types of animal tissues?
Answer: Vascular tissue
Vascular tissue is a plant tissue system. The four fundamental animal tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
From which embryonic germ layer do connective tissue and muscular tissue primarily derive?
Answer: Mesoderm
The mesoderm is the embryonic germ layer responsible for the development of most connective tissues and all muscle tissues.
What is a defining characteristic of a true epithelial tissue?
Answer: It is characterized by a single layer of cells held together by tight junctions.
The presence of tight junctions in a single cell layer is crucial for epithelial tissues to form effective barriers and regulate substance passage.
Which of the following is a key function of epithelial tissues?
Answer: Covering and lining free surfaces, and secreting substances
Epithelial tissues are strategically located to perform protective, secretory, and absorptive roles at body surfaces and linings.
Which of these is an example of a fluid connective tissue?
Answer: Blood
Blood is classified as a fluid connective tissue due to its liquid extracellular matrix (plasma) and its transport functions.
Muscle tissue functions to produce force and cause motion through contractile filaments within its cells.
Answer: True
The presence of contractile filaments (actin and myosin) is the fundamental mechanism by which muscle tissue generates force and movement.
Smooth muscle tissue contracts rapidly and is responsible for voluntary movements.
Answer: False
Smooth muscle contracts slowly and is responsible for involuntary movements. Voluntary movements are controlled by skeletal muscle.
Skeletal muscle is found in the walls of internal organs like the intestines and bladder.
Answer: False
Skeletal muscle is attached to bones for voluntary movement. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs.
Cardiac muscle is an involuntary muscle found exclusively in the heart, pumping blood throughout the body.
Answer: True
This statement accurately describes the unique characteristics and function of cardiac muscle, which is vital for circulatory function.
Nervous tissue forms the brain, spinal cord, and all sensory organs in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Answer: False
Nervous tissue forms the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and motor neurons. While sensory organs contain nervous tissue, they are complex structures involving multiple tissue types.
What is the main function of muscle tissue in the body?
Answer: To produce force and cause motion
The defining characteristic of muscle tissue is its ability to contract, generating force that results in movement.
Which type of muscle tissue lacks striations and is found in the walls of internal organs, controlling involuntary movements?
Answer: Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle's non-striated appearance and involuntary control are key features distinguishing it from skeletal and cardiac muscle.
Where is skeletal muscle typically found in higher animals?
Answer: In bundles attached to bones to provide movement
Skeletal muscle is primarily associated with the musculoskeletal system, enabling voluntary locomotion and manipulation of the environment.
What is the specific role of cardiac muscle?
Answer: To enable the heart to pump blood throughout the entire body
Cardiac muscle's specialized structure and function are entirely dedicated to the continuous, rhythmic pumping action of the heart, essential for circulation.
What parts of the central nervous system are formed by nervous tissue?
Answer: The brain and spinal cord
The brain and spinal cord are the core components of the central nervous system, composed predominantly of nervous tissue for processing and transmitting information.