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Total Categories: 6
The Turkic language family is comprised of exactly 35 documented languages.
Answer: False
The source material states that the Turkic language family includes more than 35 documented languages, not an exact number of 35.
Turkic languages are primarily distributed only in Central Asia and Siberia, with minimal presence elsewhere.
Answer: False
The geographical distribution of Turkic languages is extensive, spanning from Eastern and Southern Europe across Central, East, North, and West Asia, not just Central Asia and Siberia.
As of 2020, approximately 200 million native speakers speak Turkic languages.
Answer: True
The provided data confirms that as of 2020, the Turkic languages were spoken by an estimated 200 million native speakers.
Uzbek is the Turkic language with the largest number of speakers, accounting for about 38% of all Turkic speakers.
Answer: False
Turkish, not Uzbek, is the Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers, accounting for approximately 38% of the total.
A characteristic feature almost universally found in Turkic languages is the presence of grammatical gender.
Answer: False
Turkic languages are characterized by a lack of grammatical gender, which is a nearly universal feature of the family.
Turkic languages typically require explicit pronouns for subjects, even when the subject is clear from the context.
Answer: False
Turkic languages are null-subject languages, meaning they often omit pronouns when the subject is clear from the context.
Uzbek is characterized as almost fully harmonic regarding vowel harmony, similar to Tuvan.
Answer: False
Uzbek is noted as the least harmonic or not harmonic at all, in contrast to Tuvan, which is almost fully harmonic. This is largely due to strong Persian-Tajik influence on Uzbek.
The vocabulary comparison table aims to show all possible words in each Turkic language.
Answer: False
The table's purpose is to provide a brief comparison of cognates among basic vocabulary words, not to be an exhaustive list.
An empty cell in the vocabulary comparison table means that a particular language lacks a word for that concept.
Answer: False
An empty cell indicates that the word for that concept is formed from a different stem or is a loanword, not that the language lacks the word entirely.
The Turkic language family is currently considered a minor language family globally.
Answer: False
The Turkic language family is regarded as one of the world's primary language families, not a minor one.
The ISO 639-5 code for Turkic languages is 'turk'.
Answer: False
The ISO 639-5 code for the Turkic language family is 'trk'.
How many documented languages are included in the Turkic language family?
Answer: More than 35 languages
The source material specifies that the Turkic language family is composed of more than 35 documented languages.
Which region is NOT mentioned as a primary geographical distribution area for Turkic languages?
Answer: South America
The Turkic languages are distributed across Eurasia, including Europe and various parts of Asia, but there is no mention of a primary distribution in South America.
What was the estimated number of native speakers of Turkic languages as of 2020?
Answer: Approximately 200 million
The source material provides an estimate of approximately 200 million native speakers of Turkic languages as of 2020.
Which Turkic language accounts for about 38% of all Turkic speakers?
Answer: Turkish
Turkish is the Turkic language with the largest number of speakers, accounting for approximately 38% of the total.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic linguistic feature almost universally found within the Turkic language family?
Answer: Grammatical gender
Turkic languages are characterized by vowel harmony, agglutination, and SOV word order, but they almost universally lack grammatical gender.
Which grammatical feature is NOT characteristic of Turkic languages?
Answer: Presence of grammatical articles
Turkic languages are characterized by being null-subject, having extensive agglutination, and SOV word order, but they lack grammatical articles.
Which Turkic language is noted as the least harmonic or not harmonic at all, largely due to strong Persian-Tajik influence?
Answer: Uzbek
The source identifies Uzbek as the least harmonic Turkic language, a feature attributed to significant influence from Persian-Tajik.
What is the primary purpose of the vocabulary comparison table in the article?
Answer: To provide a brief comparison of cognates among basic vocabulary words.
The table is intended to offer a brief comparison of related words (cognates) for basic concepts across different Turkic languages to illustrate similarities and differences.
What does an empty cell in the vocabulary comparison table signify?
Answer: The word for that concept is formed from a different stem or is a loanword.
An empty cell indicates that the word for the concept in that language is not a cognate of the others in the row, likely being derived from a different root or being a loanword.
How is the Turkic language family currently regarded in linguistic classification?
Answer: As one of the world's primary language families.
The Turkic language family is recognized by linguists as one of the world's primary language families.
What is the ISO 639-5 code for Turkic languages?
Answer: trk
The ISO 639-5 code, which represents language families and groups, for the Turkic languages is 'trk'.
What is the Glottolog code for Turkic languages?
Answer: turk1311
The Glottolog code, used for identifying language families, languages, and dialects, for the Turkic family is 'turk1311'.
Turkish, Azerbaijani, and Turkmen are Oghuz languages that exhibit a high degree of mutual intelligibility with moderate exposure.
Answer: True
The source confirms a high degree of mutual intelligibility among various Oghuz languages, including Turkish, Azerbaijani, and Turkmen.
The Turkic languages are typically divided into three main branches: Oghur, Common Turkic, and Siberian.
Answer: False
The Turkic languages are usually divided into two main branches: Oghur and Common Turkic. Siberian is a subgroup within Common Turkic, not a separate main branch.
According to Igor de Rachewiltz, Chuvash is considered a typical example of a Common Turkic language due to its shared characteristics.
Answer: False
Igor de Rachewiltz noted that Chuvash is significantly distinct from other Turkic languages, to the extent that some scholars consider it part of an independent family, not a typical Common Turkic language.
The historical classification of Turkic languages is straightforward due to their isolated development.
Answer: False
The classification is complicated by centuries of extensive migration, continuous intermingling, and mutual linguistic influence with surrounding language families.
Modern genetic classification schemes for Turkic languages are largely indebted to the work of Lars Johanson.
Answer: False
Modern genetic classification schemes are still largely indebted to the work of Samoilovich, published in 1922.
The Turkic languages are divided into four main branches: Oghuz, Kipchak, Karluk, and Siberian.
Answer: False
These are four of the six main branches, but the list is incomplete. The full list includes Oghuz, Kipchak, Karluk, Siberian, Arghu, and Oghur Turkic.
The exact timing of the divergence between Oghur Turkic and Common Turkic is well-established.
Answer: False
The source material states that the exact timing of the divergence between Oghur Turkic and Common Turkic is not clear.
The Northeastern group of Turkic languages is broadly categorized as West Turkic.
Answer: False
The Northeastern group, along with Kyrgyz-Kipchak and Arghu, is categorized as East Turkic, not West Turkic.
Khalaj languages are considered central Turkic languages based on geographical and linguistic factors.
Answer: False
Khalaj languages, along with the Northeastern group, are referred to as peripheral languages, not central ones.
Uyghur is classified under Southwestern Common Turkic (Oghuz).
Answer: False
Uyghur is classified under Southeastern Common Turkic (Karluk), not Southwestern (Oghuz).
Chuvash is the only surviving member of the Oghuz branch of Turkic languages.
Answer: False
Chuvash is the only surviving member of the Oghuric branch, not the Oghuz branch. The Oghuz branch includes languages like Turkish and Azerbaijani.
Kazakh is classified under Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak).
Answer: True
The provided classification scheme places Kazakh within the Northwestern Common Turkic, or Kipchak, branch of the language family.
Which of the following pairs of Oghuz languages are noted for their high degree of mutual intelligibility?
Answer: Turkmen and Qashqai
The source lists Turkmen and Qashqai among the Oghuz languages that exhibit a high degree of mutual intelligibility.
Chuvash is the only surviving member of which main branch of Turkic languages?
Answer: Oghur
The Turkic languages are typically divided into two main branches: Oghur and Common Turkic. Chuvash is the sole surviving member of the Oghur branch.
According to Igor de Rachewiltz, why is the Chuvash language notable among Turkic languages?
Answer: It is considered an independent Chuvash family by some scholars due to significant distinctions.
Igor de Rachewiltz noted that Chuvash is so distinct from other Turkic languages that some scholars consider it to be part of an independent family.
What factor has NOT complicated the historical classification of Turkic languages?
Answer: Lack of any contact with surrounding languages
The classification of Turkic languages has been complicated by extensive migration, intermingling, and significant contact with surrounding languages, not a lack of it.
Who is credited with influencing modern genetic classification schemes for Turkic languages, with work published in 1922?
Answer: Samoilovich
The work of Samoilovich, published in 1922, is credited with being the foundation upon which modern genetic classification schemes for Turkic languages are still largely based.
Which of the following is NOT listed as one of the six main branches into which Turkic languages may be divided?
Answer: Uralic Turkic
The six main branches listed are Oghuz, Kipchak, Karluk, Siberian, Arghu, and Oghur. Uralic is a separate language family, not a branch of Turkic.
Oghur Turkic is also referred to by what name?
Answer: Lir-Turkic
The Oghur Turkic branch is also known as Lir-Turkic, contrasting with the other branches which are collectively referred to as Shaz-Turkic or Common Turkic.
Which group of Turkic languages is categorized as East Turkic with less certainty?
Answer: Northeastern
The source indicates that the Northeastern, Kyrgyz-Kipchak, and Arghu groups are categorized as East Turkic, though with less certainty than the West Turkic categorization.
Which subgroups are considered central Turkic languages based on geographical and linguistic factors?
Answer: Northwestern and Southeastern
Based on geographical and linguistic factors, the languages of the Northwestern and Southeastern subgroups are considered central Turkic languages.
The classification scheme presented in the 'Members' table is mainly based upon the work of which linguist?
Answer: Lars Johanson
The source material explicitly states that the classification scheme in the 'Members' table is based mainly on the work of Lars Johanson.
Which of the following languages is classified under Southwestern Common Turkic (Oghuz)?
Answer: Turkmen
According to the provided classification, Turkmen is a member of the Southwestern Common Turkic (Oghuz) branch.
What is the sole surviving member of the Oghuric branch of Turkic languages?
Answer: Chuvash
The Chuvash language is identified as the only surviving member of the Oghuric (or Oghur) branch of the Turkic language family.
Which of these languages belongs to the Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak) branch?
Answer: Kyrgyz
The provided classification scheme places Kyrgyz within the Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak) branch.
Which of the following is a living language classified under Southeastern Common Turkic (Karluk)?
Answer: Uyghur
Uyghur is listed as a living language belonging to the Southeastern Common Turkic (Karluk) branch.
Which of these languages is part of the Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian) branch?
Answer: Tuvan
According to the classification scheme, Tuvan is a member of the Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian) branch.
The proposed homeland of Proto-Turkic is exclusively located in the Transcaspian steppe.
Answer: False
The proposed homeland of Proto-Turkic is a broad region spanning from the Transcaspian steppe to Manchuria, with specific theories pointing to the Sayan-Altay region, not exclusively the Transcaspian steppe.
The absence of Chinese loanwords in Proto-Turkic suggests a lack of early contact between the two language groups.
Answer: False
The presence of some Chinese loanwords in Proto-Turkic indicates that there was, in fact, early contact between the speakers of these language groups.
The earliest established written records of Turkic languages are the 11th-century *Compendium of the Turkic Dialects*.
Answer: False
The earliest established written records of Turkic languages are the eighth-century AD Orkhon inscriptions, which predate the 11th-century Compendium.
The *Compendium of the Turkic Dialects* was compiled in the 9th century AD by Kaşgarlı Mahmud.
Answer: False
The *Compendium of the Turkic Dialects* was compiled in the 11th century AD, not the 9th century.
The *Codex Cumanicus* is an early linguistic manual focusing on the Southwestern branch of Turkic languages.
Answer: False
The *Codex Cumanicus* focuses on the Northwestern (Kipchak) branch of Turkic languages, not the Southwestern (Oghuz) branch.
The language spoken by Volga Bulgars is definitively the direct parent of modern Chuvash.
Answer: False
The relationship is debated; the language of the Volga Bulgars is considered either the parent or a distant relative of modern Chuvash, not definitively its direct parent.
Turkic languages expanded geographically from the 12th to 15th centuries AD, reaching from Siberia to the Mediterranean.
Answer: False
The significant geographical expansion of Turkic languages occurred earlier, during the Early Middle Ages, from approximately the 6th to the 11th centuries AD.
Old Turkic is a modern form of the Turkic language.
Answer: False
Old Turkic is an early, historical form of the Turkic language, with its first established records dating to the eighth century AD.
The *Irk Bitig* is an 11th-century text written in Old Turkic.
Answer: False
The *Irk Bitig* is a 9th-century text, not 11th-century, and it was written in the Old Uyghur language.
Proto-Turkic refers to a modern Turkic dialect spoken in Siberia.
Answer: False
Proto-Turkic is the reconstructed ancestral language from which all modern Turkic languages are believed to have descended; it is not a modern dialect.
What does the presence of Chinese loanwords in Proto-Turkic indicate?
Answer: Early contact between the speakers of Proto-Turkic and Chinese.
The existence of some Chinese loanwords in the reconstructed Proto-Turkic language serves as evidence of early contact between the two language communities.
Where were the earliest established written records of the Turkic languages, the Orkhon inscriptions, discovered?
Answer: Orkhon Valley in Mongolia
The Orkhon inscriptions, which are the earliest established written records of Turkic, were discovered in 1889 in the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia.
Who authored the 11th-century *Compendium of the Turkic Dialects*?
Answer: Kaşgarlı Mahmud
The *Compendium of the Turkic Dialects* (Divânü Lügati't-Türk) was compiled in the 11th century AD by Kaşgarlı Mahmud of the Kara-Khanid Khanate.
For what purpose was the *Codex Cumanicus* primarily used?
Answer: As a manual for Catholic missionaries to communicate with Western Cumans.
The *Codex Cumanicus* was a linguistic manual used by Catholic missionaries to communicate in the Kipchak language with the Western Cumans.
When do the earliest records of the language spoken by Volga Bulgars date?
Answer: 13th–14th centuries AD
The earliest records of the language spoken by the Volga Bulgars date to the 13th and 14th centuries AD.
During which period did Turkic languages undergo significant geographical expansion across Central Asia?
Answer: 6th-11th centuries AD
The Turkic languages spread across Central Asia, from Siberia to the Mediterranean, during the Early Middle Ages, approximately from the 6th to the 11th centuries AD.
What are the earliest established records of the Old Turkic language?
Answer: The Orkhon inscriptions
The Orkhon inscriptions, dating to the eighth century AD, are the earliest established written records of the Turkic languages.
The *Irk Bitig* is a 9th-century text written in which language and script?
Answer: Old Uyghur, Orkhon script
The *Irk Bitig*, or 'Book of Divination,' is a 9th-century text written in the Old Uyghur language using the Orkhon script.
In linguistic studies, what does 'Proto-Turkic' refer to?
Answer: The reconstructed ancestral language from which all modern Turkic languages are believed to have descended.
Proto-Turkic is the hypothetical, reconstructed common ancestor of the entire Turkic language family, from which all documented Turkic languages are thought to have evolved.
The proposal of an Altaic language family, which includes Turkic languages, is widely accepted by historical linguists as evidence of a common genetic origin.
Answer: False
The Altaic language family proposal is widely rejected by historical linguists, who attribute shared characteristics to extensive prehistoric language contact rather than a common genetic origin.
The Ural-Altaic hypothesis is still widely accepted by mainstream linguists due to strong genetic evidence.
Answer: False
The Ural-Altaic hypothesis is now widely rejected by mainstream linguists due to insufficient evidence for a common genetic origin.
Mongolic and Turkic languages share the same type of palatal vowel harmony.
Answer: False
While both language families exhibit vowel harmony, Turkic languages share palatal vowel harmony with Uralic languages, whereas Mongolic languages have a different type of vowel harmony.
The 'Turco-Mongol' tradition refers to a shared cultural tradition between Proto-Turks and Proto-Mongols, including a similar religious system called Tengrism.
Answer: True
The 'Turco-Mongol' tradition is defined by extensive contact and a shared cultural tradition, including the religious system of Tengrism and numerous loanwords between the language groups.
Recent linguistic studies attribute similarities between Turkic and Japonic languages primarily to a common genetic origin.
Answer: False
Similarities between Turkic, Japonic, and other Northeast Asian language families are now primarily attributed to prehistoric language contact within a sprachbund, not a common genetic origin.
Turkic terminologies have been adopted into Chinese and Russian, but not into Persian or Arabic.
Answer: False
Turkic terminologies have been adopted into a wide range of languages, including Persian, Russian, Chinese, Hungarian, and to a lesser extent, Arabic.
The Altaic language family is widely accepted by linguists as having a common genetic origin with Turkic languages.
Answer: False
The Altaic theory lacks support from a majority of linguists, who attribute similarities to a sprachbund (language contact) rather than a common genetic origin.
Theories proposing a genetic link between Turkic languages and other language families generally have wide acceptance among linguists.
Answer: False
Currently, none of the theories proposing a genetic link between Turkic and other language families have wide acceptance; similarities are generally attributed to language contact.
Some linguists suggest a possible genetic relation between Turkic and Korean languages, citing similar phonology and morphology.
Answer: True
Linguists such as Kabak and Choi have noted similarities in phonology, morphology, and cognates as evidence for a possible genetic relationship between Turkic and Korean.
Mainstream linguists widely accept a genetic relation between Turkic and Uralic languages.
Answer: False
The suggested genetic relation between Turkic and Uralic languages is rejected by mainstream linguists, who attribute similarities to language contact and borrowings.
Why is the Altaic language family proposal widely rejected by historical linguists?
Answer: Shared characteristics are attributed to extensive prehistoric language contact rather than a common genetic origin.
The prevailing view among historical linguists is that the similarities among the proposed Altaic languages are the result of a sprachbund (language contact area), not descent from a common ancestor.
What is the primary reason the Ural-Altaic hypothesis is no longer widely accepted?
Answer: Insufficient evidence for a common genetic origin between the families.
The Ural-Altaic hypothesis is now widely rejected by mainstream linguists due to a lack of sufficient evidence to support a common genetic origin between the Uralic and Altaic language families.
What type of vowel harmony do Uralic and Turkic languages share?
Answer: Palatal vowel harmony
The source specifies that Uralic and Turkic languages share a type of vowel harmony known as palatal vowel harmony.
What religious system was shared between Proto-Turks and Proto-Mongols during their extensive contact?
Answer: Tengrism
As part of the 'Turco-Mongol' tradition, Proto-Turks and Proto-Mongols shared a similar religious system known as Tengrism.
What is the primary explanation for lexical and typological similarities between Turkic and Tungusic families in recent years?
Answer: Extensive prehistoric contact among the language groups.
Recent scholarship attributes the similarities between Turkic, Tungusic, and other Northeast Asian language families to extensive prehistoric contact within a sprachbund.
Which of the following languages has NOT adopted various terminologies from Turkic languages?
Answer: Japanese
The source lists Persian, Russian, Hungarian, Chinese, Mongolian, and Arabic as languages that have adopted Turkic terminologies, but does not mention Japanese in this context.
Why does the Altaic language family currently lack support from a majority of linguists?
Answer: Shared features are attributed to a sprachbund (language contact) rather than a common genetic origin.
The Altaic theory is controversial because most mainstream linguists believe the similarities between the member languages are due to long-term geographical proximity and contact (a sprachbund), not a shared ancestry.
What is the current consensus among linguists regarding theories linking Turkic languages to other families?
Answer: They lack wide acceptance, with similarities generally attributed to language contact.
The current linguistic consensus is that theories proposing a genetic link between Turkic and other language families are not widely accepted, and observed similarities are typically explained by language contact.
Which linguist noted similar phonology and morphology as evidence for a possible genetic relation between Turkic and Korean languages?
Answer: Kabak
The source credits Kabak (2004) with noting similar phonology and morphology as evidence for a potential genetic relationship between Turkic and Korean.
What non-linguistic relationship is noted between Turkic peoples and Koreans?
Answer: Close political and cultural relations, particularly between the Göktürks and Goguryeo.
Many historians have pointed out a close non-linguistic relationship, specifically noting the close political and cultural ties between the Göktürks and the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.
According to mainstream linguists, what is the primary explanation for observed similarities between Turkic and Uralic languages?
Answer: Extensive language contact and borrowings, primarily from Turkic into Ugric languages.
The mainstream linguistic view is that similarities between Turkic and Uralic languages are the result of language contact and borrowing, particularly from Turkic into Ugric languages, rather than a genetic relationship.
Hruschka et al. (2014) classified Turkic languages based on shared vocabulary items.
Answer: False
The classification by Hruschka et al. (2014) was based on phonological sound changes, not shared vocabulary (lexicostatistics).
Rhotacism is an isogloss that distinguishes the Common Turkic branch by its /r/ sound from the Oghur branch with /z/.
Answer: False
The distinction is the reverse: Rhotacism distinguishes the Oghur branch by its /r/ sound where the Common Turkic branch has /z/.
The preservation of word initial *h* is an additional isogloss that groups Khalaj with central Turkic languages.
Answer: False
The preservation of word initial *h* is an isogloss that notably separates Khalaj as a peripheral language, not one that groups it with central languages.
What method did Hruschka et al. (2014) use to classify Turkic languages?
Answer: Computational phylogenetic methods based on phonological sound changes.
Hruschka et al. (2014) employed computational phylogenetic methods, which based the classification on phonological sound changes to calculate a tree of Turkic languages.
Which of the following is NOT a traditionally used isogloss for classifying Turkic languages?
Answer: Vowel harmony patterns
While vowel harmony is a key feature of Turkic languages, the traditionally used isoglosses for classification mentioned are Rhotacism, the treatment of intervocalic *d*, and the suffix-final -G.
How does Rhotacism distinguish the Oghur branch from Common Turkic branches?
Answer: Oghur uses /r/ where Common Turkic uses /z/.
Rhotacism is an isogloss where the Oghur branch exhibits an /r/ sound in certain words (e.g., for 'nine') where the Common Turkic branches have a /z/ sound.
Which additional isogloss notably separates Khalaj as a peripheral language?
Answer: Preservation of word initial *h*
The preservation of the word initial *h* sound is a key isogloss that distinguishes the Khalaj language, marking it as a peripheral member of the Turkic family.
The Proto-Turkic word for 'horse' is reconstructed as *dabar.
Answer: False
The reconstructed Proto-Turkic word for 'horse' is *(h)at. The word *dabar is reconstructed as 'cattle'.
What is the reconstructed Proto-Turkic word for 'water'?
Answer: *sub, *sïb
The reconstructed Proto-Turkic word for 'water' is *sub or *sïb.