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Type 2 diabetes is primarily characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin due to the destruction of pancreatic islet cells.
Answer: False
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and a *relative* lack of insulin, not an *absolute* deficiency due to islet cell destruction, which is characteristic of Type 1 diabetes.
The universal symbol for diabetes is a blue circle.
Answer: True
The blue circle has been adopted globally as the universal symbol for diabetes, representing unity in the global diabetes community.
Endocrinology is the medical specialty primarily concerned with Type 2 diabetes, focusing on hormones and metabolic disorders.
Answer: True
Endocrinology is indeed the medical specialty dedicated to the study of hormones and metabolic disorders, making it the primary field for the management of Type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes exclusively begins in older age, with no reported cases in young people.
Answer: False
While Type 2 diabetes typically begins in middle or older age, there has been an increasing trend of diagnoses in young people, indicating it is not exclusive to older age.
In 2015, approximately 30 million people worldwide were diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes.
Answer: False
In 2015, the global prevalence of Type 2 diabetes was estimated at approximately 392 million people, a significant increase from 30 million in 1985.
In 2021, the International Diabetes Federation estimated that 90-95% of the nearly 537 million people living with diabetes worldwide had Type 2 diabetes.
Answer: True
According to 2021 estimates by the International Diabetes Federation, Type 2 diabetes accounts for the vast majority (90-95%) of the nearly 537 million global diabetes cases.
The marked increase in Type 2 diabetes rates since 1960 is primarily attributed to decreased global population aging and increased physical exercise.
Answer: False
The significant rise in Type 2 diabetes rates since 1960 is primarily linked to global population aging, a *decrease* in physical exercise, and increasing rates of obesity, rather than the inverse.
Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of Type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Absolute insulin deficiency due to pancreatic islet cell destruction
What is the universal symbol for diabetes?
Answer: A blue circle
Which medical specialty primarily focuses on Type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Endocrinology
When does Type 2 diabetes typically begin?
Answer: In middle or older age, with increasing diagnoses in young people
In 2015, approximately how many people worldwide were diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes?
Answer: 392 million
In 2021, what was the estimated global prevalence of people living with diabetes worldwide?
Answer: Nearly 537 million
What factors are primarily responsible for the marked increase in Type 2 diabetes rates since 1960?
Answer: Global population aging, decreased physical exercise, and increasing rates of obesity
Obesity, lack of exercise, and genetic predisposition are identified as the primary causes of Type 2 diabetes.
Answer: True
Key factors contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes include obesity, insufficient physical activity, and a genetic predisposition.
Increasing age, female sex, and genetics are controllable factors that contribute to the risk of Type 2 diabetes.
Answer: False
Increasing age, female sex, and genetic predisposition are considered non-controllable risk factors for Type 2 diabetes, unlike lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise.
Generous consumption of alcohol is considered a protective factor against Type 2 diabetes.
Answer: False
Generous consumption of alcohol is identified as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes, not a protective one.
Excess body fat is associated with 100% of Type 2 diabetes cases in people of European and African descent.
Answer: False
Excess body fat is associated with 60-80% of Type 2 diabetes cases in individuals of European and African descent, while it is linked to 100% of cases in Pima Indians and Pacific Islanders.
Smoking appears to decrease the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
Answer: False
Smoking is understood to increase the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, rather than decrease it.
Short-term sleep deprivation has been linked to alterations in glucose metabolism, potentially contributing to Type 2 diabetes.
Answer: True
Laboratory studies suggest that short-term sleep deprivation can disrupt glucose metabolism and other physiological factors, thereby potentially increasing the risk of Type 2 diabetes.
A diet high in polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes.
Answer: False
Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats are associated with a *decreased* risk of Type 2 diabetes, while saturated and trans fatty acids are linked to an increased risk.
A lack of exercise is believed to cause approximately 7% of Type 2 diabetes cases.
Answer: True
Insufficient physical activity is estimated to be a contributing factor in approximately 7% of Type 2 diabetes cases.
The TCF7L2 allele is the greatest risk among common genetic variants, increasing the risk of developing diabetes by 1.5 times.
Answer: True
Among common genetic variants, the TCF7L2 allele is recognized as carrying the highest risk, increasing an individual's susceptibility to diabetes by 1.5 times.
Type 2 diabetes results from an overproduction of insulin by pancreatic beta cells in the context of insulin sensitivity.
Answer: False
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by *insufficient* insulin production by pancreatic beta cells and *insulin resistance*, not overproduction of insulin in a state of insulin sensitivity.
Once Type 2 diabetes is manifest, individuals typically have lost about half of their beta cells.
Answer: True
Upon the manifestation of Type 2 diabetes, it is common for individuals to have experienced a loss of approximately half of their pancreatic beta cells, which are crucial for insulin production.
What are the primary causes of Type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Obesity, lack of exercise, and genetic predisposition
Which of the following is a non-controllable factor contributing to the risk of Type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Increasing age
How does generous alcohol consumption relate to the risk of Type 2 diabetes?
Answer: It is considered a risk factor.
In which ethnic group is excess body fat associated with 100% of Type 2 diabetes cases?
Answer: Pima Indians and Pacific Islanders
What is the impact of smoking on the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes?
Answer: It appears to increase the risk.
Which dietary component, when consumed excessively, is highlighted as increasing Type 2 diabetes risk?
Answer: Sugar-sweetened drinks
What percentage of Type 2 diabetes cases is attributed to a lack of exercise?
Answer: 7%
What is the estimated heritability of diabetes?
Answer: 72%
Which genetic variant is identified as the greatest risk among common variants, increasing diabetes risk by 1.5 times?
Answer: TCF7L2 allele
Which medication is listed as potentially predisposing an individual to diabetes?
Answer: Glucocorticoids
What is the underlying pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Insufficient insulin production by pancreatic beta cells in the context of insulin resistance
Which ethnic group is at a particularly high risk of developing Type 2 diabetes?
Answer: South Asians
Common symptoms of Type 2 diabetes, such as increased thirst and frequent urination, typically develop suddenly and severely.
Answer: False
The common symptoms of Type 2 diabetes, including polydipsia and polyuria, typically develop gradually over time, rather than suddenly and severely.
Diabetic retinopathy, kidney failure, and poor blood flow in the lower limbs are potential long-term complications of high blood sugar in Type 2 diabetes.
Answer: True
High blood sugar in Type 2 diabetes can lead to severe long-term complications such as diabetic retinopathy, kidney failure, and impaired circulation in the lower limbs, potentially necessitating amputations.
Type 2 diabetes is associated with a life expectancy that is approximately five years shorter than average.
Answer: False
Individuals with Type 2 diabetes are estimated to have a life expectancy that is approximately ten years shorter than the average.
Many individuals with Type 2 diabetes are asymptomatic in the initial years and are diagnosed through routine medical testing.
Answer: True
A significant number of individuals with Type 2 diabetes remain asymptomatic in the early stages, often leading to diagnosis through routine medical screenings rather than symptom presentation.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a common and severe complication in Type 2 diabetes.
Answer: False
While a severe complication, diabetic ketoacidosis is uncommon in Type 2 diabetes, which is more frequently associated with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
Type 2 diabetes is associated with a two to four times increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease and stroke.
Answer: True
Type 2 diabetes significantly elevates the risk of cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease and stroke, by two to four times.
In the developed world, Type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of traumatic blindness and kidney failure.
Answer: False
Type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of *nontraumatic* blindness and kidney failure in the developed world, not traumatic blindness.
Type 2 diabetes has been linked to an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease.
Answer: True
Research indicates an association between Type 2 diabetes and an elevated risk of cognitive decline and various forms of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.
Which of these is a common symptom of Type 2 diabetes that often develops gradually?
Answer: Increased thirst (polydipsia)
Long-term complications of high blood sugar in Type 2 diabetes can include all of the following EXCEPT:
Answer: Acute appendicitis
What is the approximate reduction in life expectancy for individuals with Type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Ten years shorter than average
Which of the following is a symptom commonly present at the time of Type 2 diabetes diagnosis, beyond the classic symptoms?
Answer: Blurred vision
Which severe complication is uncommon in Type 2 diabetes, unlike a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state?
Answer: Diabetic ketoacidosis
Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of which cardiovascular condition?
Answer: Ischemic heart disease
In the developed world, Type 2 diabetes is the largest cause of which type of blindness?
Answer: Nontraumatic blindness
Which cognitive issue is associated with Type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Increased risk of cognitive dysfunction and dementia
Diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes is solely made through a single fasting plasma glucose test.
Answer: False
Diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes typically involves multiple blood tests, including fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance tests, or glycated hemoglobin (A1c) measurements, and may require repeated readings.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines diabetes by a fasting plasma glucose of 5.0 mmol/L (90 mg/dL) or higher.
Answer: False
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines diabetes based on a fasting plasma glucose level of 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) or higher, or a glucose tolerance test result of 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) or higher.
A glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of 48 mmol/mol (6.5 DCCT %) or higher is a diagnostic criterion for diabetes.
Answer: True
An HbA1c level of 48 mmol/mol (6.5 DCCT %) or higher is recognized as a diagnostic criterion for diabetes, offering a stable measure of average blood glucose over time.
The USPSTF recommends screening for Type 2 diabetes in adults aged 35 to 70 who are overweight or have obesity.
Answer: True
The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) advises screening for Type 2 diabetes in adults aged 35 to 70 who are overweight (BMI over 25) or have obesity.
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends screening for Type 2 diabetes in all adults from the age of 50 years.
Answer: False
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends initiating screening for Type 2 diabetes in all adults from the age of 35 years, not 50 years.
Which of the following is a method for diagnosing Type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Fasting plasma glucose test
According to the WHO, what fasting plasma glucose level (or higher) indicates diabetes?
Answer: 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL)
What HbA1c level (or higher) is a diagnostic criterion for diabetes?
Answer: 48 mmol/mol (6.5 DCCT %)
In 2021, the USPSTF recommended screening for Type 2 diabetes in adults aged 35 to 70 with a BMI over 25. For people of Asian descent, what BMI threshold is recommended for screening?
Answer: Over 23
According to the ADA's 2024 recommendations, at what age should screening for Type 2 diabetes begin for all adults?
Answer: 35 years
Maintaining a normal weight, regular physical exercise, and a healthy diet are key strategies for preventing Type 2 diabetes.
Answer: True
Effective prevention strategies for Type 2 diabetes include maintaining a healthy body weight, engaging in regular physical activity, and adopting a balanced diet.
Intensive lifestyle measures, including proper nutrition and regular exercise, can reduce the risk of Type 2 diabetes by over half.
Answer: True
Intensive lifestyle interventions, encompassing appropriate nutrition and consistent physical activity, have been shown to significantly reduce the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes by more than 50%.
Metformin is always superior to intensive diet and exercise alone in delaying or reducing the risk of Type 2 diabetes in individuals with prediabetes.
Answer: False
While metformin can delay or reduce the risk of Type 2 diabetes in individuals with prediabetes, it has not been shown to be superior to intensive diet and exercise alone.
For patients with cardiovascular disease, GLP-1 receptor agonists or SGLT2 inhibitors are recommended as first-line treatment by the ADA and EASD, despite their higher cost.
Answer: True
Current guidelines from the ADA and EASD recommend GLP-1 receptor agonists or SGLT2 inhibitors as first-line treatment for Type 2 diabetes patients with established cardiovascular disease, heart failure, or chronic kidney disease, recognizing their benefits despite higher costs.
Weight loss surgery is an effective measure to treat diabetes in obese individuals, often leading to normal blood sugar levels without medication.
Answer: True
Bariatric surgery has proven highly effective in treating Type 2 diabetes in obese patients, frequently resulting in the normalization of blood glucose levels and a reduced need for medication.
What is the effectiveness of intensive lifestyle measures in preventing Type 2 diabetes?
Answer: They can delay or prevent onset, potentially reducing risk by over half.
Which dietary recommendation is suggested for preventing Type 2 diabetes?
Answer: A diet high in green leafy vegetables
What is the recommended systolic blood pressure target for most diabetic patients, according to the 2023 European Society of Cardiology guidelines?
Answer: Lowering to 130 mmHg
What is a significant outcome of weight loss surgery for obese individuals with Type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Many patients achieve normal blood sugar levels with little or no medication.
Diabetes was first described in an Egyptian manuscript around 1500 BCE, referring to 'too great emptying of the urine.'
Answer: True
Historical records indicate that diabetes was described in an Egyptian manuscript from approximately 1500 BCE, with symptoms noted as 'too great emptying of the urine.'
Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes were first distinguished as separate conditions in the 19th century.
Answer: False
The distinction between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes as separate conditions was first made by Indian physicians Sushruta and Charaka between 400-500 CE, long before the 19th century.
Insulin was discovered by Frederick Banting and Charles Best in the early 20th century.
Answer: True
Frederick Banting and Charles Best are credited with the discovery of insulin in 1921 and 1922, marking a pivotal advancement in diabetes treatment.
The Diabetes Severity Score (DISSCO) uses a computer algorithm to analyze 34 indicators from patient records to identify declining conditions more effectively than HbA1c.
Answer: True
The Diabetes Severity Score (DISSCO) is an advanced algorithmic tool designed to analyze numerous patient indicators, aiming to provide a more effective assessment of declining diabetic conditions compared to HbA1c alone.
When was diabetes first described in historical records?
Answer: Around 1500 BCE
Who were the Indian physicians credited with first distinguishing Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes as separate conditions?
Answer: Sushruta and Charaka
Who discovered insulin in the early 20th century?
Answer: Frederick Banting and Charles Best
What is the primary goal of the Diabetes Severity Score (DISSCO)?
Answer: To identify if a person's condition is declining more effectively than HbA1c.
What recent development in stem cell therapy for Type 2 diabetes was reported in April 2024?
Answer: The first case of Type 2 diabetes reversion using personalized endoderm stem cell-derived islet tissue.