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Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium *Salmonella enterica* serotype Paratyphi.
Answer: False
The assertion that typhoid fever is caused by *Salmonella enterica* serotype Paratyphi is incorrect; the causative agent is *Salmonella enterica* serovar Typhi, as detailed in the supporting flashcards.
Typhoid fever is transmitted through the respiratory route, similar to the common cold.
Answer: False
Typhoid fever is not transmitted via the respiratory route; its transmission occurs exclusively through the fecal-oral pathway, typically via contaminated food or water.
*Salmonella enterica* serovar Typhi is known to infect and replicate exclusively within humans, with no animal reservoirs.
Answer: True
It is established that *Salmonella enterica* serovar Typhi exhibits host specificity, infecting and replicating exclusively within humans, lacking known animal reservoirs.
The bacterium causing typhoid fever (*Salmonella* Typhi) is genetically identical to the bacteria commonly causing food poisoning like salmonellosis.
Answer: False
The bacterium responsible for typhoid fever, *Salmonella* Typhi, is genetically distinct from the *Salmonella* species that commonly cause salmonellosis, a more typical form of food poisoning.
What is the primary bacterium responsible for causing typhoid fever?
Answer: *Salmonella* Typhi
The primary etiological agent responsible for typhoid fever is *Salmonella enterica* serovar Typhi, commonly referred to as *Salmonella* Typhi.
Typhoid fever is primarily transmitted through which route?
Answer: Fecal-oral route
The primary mode of transmission for typhoid fever is the fecal-oral route, involving the ingestion of contaminated food or water.
According to the source, *Salmonella enterica* serovar Typhi has which characteristic regarding its hosts?
Answer: It has no known animal reservoirs and infects humans exclusively.
*Salmonella enterica* serovar Typhi is characterized by its exclusive tropism for humans, lacking any known animal reservoirs.
Symptoms of typhoid fever typically appear within 1 to 5 days after exposure to the bacteria.
Answer: False
The typical incubation period for typhoid fever, following exposure to *Salmonella* Typhi, is generally longer than 1 to 5 days, usually ranging from six to thirty days.
During the first week of untreated typhoid fever, the patient's temperature typically rises rapidly and remains consistently high.
Answer: False
In the initial week of untreated typhoid fever, the patient's temperature typically exhibits a gradual ascent rather than a rapid, consistent rise; sustained high fever is characteristic of the second week.
Intestinal perforation is a potential complication that can arise in the third week of untreated typhoid fever.
Answer: True
Intestinal perforation is indeed a serious potential complication that may manifest during the third week of untreated typhoid fever, often requiring surgical intervention.
A significant percentage, around 50%, of individuals who contract typhoid fever can become chronic carriers.
Answer: False
A small minority, approximately 2-5%, of individuals who contract typhoid fever may become chronic carriers, not a significant percentage around 50%.
The formation of biofilms by *Salmonella* Typhi on gallstones is a potential mechanism for the chronic carrier state.
Answer: True
The formation of biofilms by *Salmonella* Typhi on gallstones is recognized as a potential mechanism contributing to the chronic carrier state.
What is the typical incubation period for typhoid fever symptoms after exposure to *Salmonella* Typhi?
Answer: 6 to 30 days
Following exposure to *Salmonella* Typhi, the incubation period for typhoid fever typically ranges from 6 to 30 days.
Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of the second week of untreated typhoid fever?
Answer: Delirium and a slow pulse (Faget sign)
During the second week of untreated typhoid fever, patients commonly exhibit delirium and a slow pulse, a phenomenon known as Faget sign or sphygmothermic dissociation.
What percentage of individuals infected with typhoid fever may become chronic carriers?
Answer: 2% to 5%
A small proportion, typically ranging from 2% to 5%, of individuals who contract typhoid fever may develop into chronic carriers.
The Widal test is a primary diagnostic method for typhoid fever that involves culturing the bacteria from bodily fluids.
Answer: False
The Widal test is a diagnostic method for typhoid fever, but it relies on detecting antibodies via agglutination, not on culturing bacteria from bodily fluids.
Rapid diagnostic tests like Typhidot can provide quantitative results, measuring the exact level of antibodies present.
Answer: False
Rapid diagnostic tests such as Typhidot provide qualitative (positive or negative) results and do not offer quantitative measurements of antibody levels.
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is primarily used to treat severe dehydration caused by typhoid fever.
Answer: True
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) serves as a crucial intervention for managing severe dehydration, a common and potentially life-threatening consequence of typhoid fever.
Fluoroquinolones, like ciprofloxacin, are typically the first choice for treating typhoid fever when antibiotic resistance is not a significant issue.
Answer: True
When antibiotic resistance is not a significant concern, fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, are typically considered the first-line treatment for typhoid fever.
Ceftriaxone is an example of a fluoroquinolone used to treat typhoid fever.
Answer: False
Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin, not a fluoroquinolone, and is used as an alternative treatment for typhoid fever when fluoroquinolones are not suitable.
Before the widespread use of antibiotics, the case fatality rate for typhoid fever was less than 1%.
Answer: False
Prior to the advent of widespread antibiotic use, the case fatality rate for typhoid fever was considerably higher, ranging between 10% and 20%, not less than 1%.
Surgery is typically required for typhoid fever only when complications like intestinal perforation occur.
Answer: True
Surgery is generally reserved for typhoid fever cases complicated by severe issues, most notably intestinal perforation.
The increasing resistance of *Salmonella* Typhi to antibiotics is not considered a major concern for typhoid treatment today.
Answer: False
The escalating resistance of *Salmonella* Typhi to conventional antibiotics represents a significant and major concern for contemporary typhoid fever treatment strategies.
Multidrug-resistant typhoid refers to strains resistant only to ampicillin.
Answer: False
Multidrug-resistant typhoid encompasses strains exhibiting resistance to multiple antibiotics, including but not limited to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Resistance to ciprofloxacin is a significant issue primarily in North America and Europe.
Answer: False
Resistance to ciprofloxacin is a significant therapeutic challenge, particularly prevalent in regions such as the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, rather than primarily North America and Europe.
Chloramphenicol was discovered in the early 1900s and was initially used against typhoid fever.
Answer: False
Chloramphenicol was discovered in the 1940s and subsequently found to be effective against typhoid fever.
Which of the following is a primary method for diagnosing typhoid fever?
Answer: Culturing *S.* Typhi from blood, bone marrow, or stool
The definitive diagnosis of typhoid fever is typically established through the successful culturing of *Salmonella* Typhi from clinical specimens such as blood, bone marrow, or stool.
What is a significant challenge associated with diagnosing typhoid fever in less developed regions?
Answer: Tools often lack accuracy and specificity, and cost is a barrier.
In regions where typhoid fever is endemic, diagnostic methodologies frequently exhibit limitations in accuracy and specificity, compounded by cost barriers, presenting significant challenges to timely diagnosis.
What are the primary antibiotic treatments for typhoid fever when antibiotic resistance is not a major issue?
Answer: Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin
In cases where antibiotic resistance is not a significant concern, fluoroquinolones, exemplified by ciprofloxacin, are typically the initial choice for treating typhoid fever.
If fluoroquinolones are not suitable for treating typhoid fever, what are considered first-line alternative treatments?
Answer: Third-generation cephalosporins like ceftriaxone
When fluoroquinolones are contraindicated or unsuitable, third-generation cephalosporins, such as ceftriaxone, are considered primary alternative treatments for typhoid fever.
What was the approximate case fatality rate for typhoid fever before the widespread use of antibiotics?
Answer: 10% to 20%
Prior to the widespread availability and use of antibiotics, the case fatality rate associated with typhoid fever was estimated to be between 10% and 20%.
Under what primary circumstance is surgery typically required for typhoid fever?
Answer: When a complication like intestinal perforation occurs
Surgical intervention for typhoid fever is typically necessitated by the occurrence of severe complications, most notably intestinal perforation.
What is a major concern regarding the treatment of typhoid fever today?
Answer: The increasing resistance of *Salmonella* Typhi to commonly used antibiotics
A paramount concern in the contemporary management of typhoid fever is the escalating antimicrobial resistance exhibited by *Salmonella* Typhi strains.
What does 'multidrug-resistant typhoid' refer to?
Answer: Infections resistant to multiple antibiotics, including ampicillin and chloramphenicol
Multidrug-resistant typhoid denotes infections caused by *Salmonella* Typhi strains that demonstrate resistance to a spectrum of antibiotics, commonly including ampicillin and chloramphenicol.
In which regions is resistance to ciprofloxacin a particularly significant issue for typhoid treatment?
Answer: The Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia
Resistance to ciprofloxacin poses a significant challenge for typhoid treatment, particularly in geographical areas such as the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
Good sanitation and hygiene practices are fundamental preventive measures against typhoid fever.
Answer: True
Robust sanitation and meticulous hygiene practices constitute fundamental pillars for the prevention of typhoid fever, mitigating transmission via contaminated food and water.
Industrial advancements, such as improved sanitation, have historically contributed to reducing typhoid fever rates.
Answer: True
Historically, advancements in industrial practices, particularly those enhancing sanitation infrastructure and reducing vector populations, have demonstrably contributed to the decline in typhoid fever incidence.
Typhoid vaccines are generally ineffective, preventing less than 20% of cases.
Answer: False
Typhoid vaccines are generally considered effective, offering protection rates significantly higher than 20%, typically ranging from 40-90% within the first two years.
The Ty21a vaccine is an injectable form of typhoid vaccine, while ViPS is administered orally.
Answer: False
The Ty21a vaccine is administered orally, whereas the ViPS vaccine is an injectable formulation.
The older, whole-cell typhoid vaccine is still recommended as a primary option due to its minimal side effects.
Answer: False
The older, whole-cell typhoid vaccine is generally not recommended as a primary option due to its higher incidence of side effects compared to newer vaccine formulations.
Vaccination alone is sufficient to completely eliminate typhoid fever from populations.
Answer: False
Vaccination alone is insufficient for the complete elimination of typhoid fever; it must be integrated with public health measures focusing on sanitation and hygiene.
The ViPS typhoid vaccine is recommended for individuals aged 5 years and older.
Answer: False
The ViPS typhoid vaccine is recommended for individuals aged two years and older, while the Ty21a vaccine is recommended for those aged five and older.
In the year 2000, typhoid fever caused an estimated 217,000 deaths worldwide.
Answer: True
In the year 2000, typhoid fever was estimated to have caused approximately 217,000 deaths globally.
Typhoid fever most commonly affects the elderly population.
Answer: False
Typhoid fever disproportionately affects children and young adults, typically between the ages of 5 and 19 years, rather than the elderly population.
In developed countries, typhoid fever rates have increased significantly since the mid-20th century.
Answer: False
In developed countries, typhoid fever rates have experienced a significant decline since the mid-20th century, attributable to improved public health measures.
The majority of typhoid fever cases reported annually in the U.S. are contracted through domestic transmission.
Answer: False
The majority of typhoid fever cases reported annually in the U.S. are contracted through international travel, not domestic transmission.
Typhoid fever is most prevalent in regions like North America and Australia.
Answer: False
Typhoid fever is most prevalent in regions such as Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia, not primarily North America and Australia.
The chlorination of water supplies led to an increase in typhoid fever rates in developed nations.
Answer: False
The implementation of water chlorination in developed nations has historically led to a significant decrease, not an increase, in typhoid fever rates.
The '80/20 rule' suggests that most typhoid transmissions come from a large majority of infected individuals.
Answer: False
The '80/20 rule' posits that a small minority of individuals are responsible for a disproportionately large share of transmissions, meaning most typhoid transmissions originate from a small subset of infected individuals, not a large majority.
Typhoid vaccination became mandatory for the U.S. military in 1911, leading to a dramatic decrease in disease rates.
Answer: True
The mandatory implementation of typhoid vaccination for the U.S. military in 1911 resulted in a dramatic reduction in disease incidence within the armed forces.
Which of the following is one of the two main types of licensed typhoid vaccines mentioned in the text?
Answer: Injectable typhoid polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS)
The injectable typhoid polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) is one of the two primary types of licensed typhoid vaccines available.
What is the recommended booster interval for the oral Ty21a typhoid vaccine?
Answer: Every five years
The oral Ty21a typhoid vaccine requires a booster dose every five years to maintain optimal protection.
Why is the older whole-cell typhoid vaccine generally less recommended today?
Answer: It causes significantly more side effects compared to newer vaccines.
The older whole-cell typhoid vaccine is less favored due to a higher propensity for adverse reactions and side effects compared to contemporary vaccine formulations.
According to the text, vaccination alone is sufficient to completely eliminate typhoid fever.
Answer: False
Vaccination alone is insufficient for the complete eradication of typhoid fever; it must be complemented by robust public health initiatives targeting sanitation and hygiene.
Which age group is the Ty21a oral typhoid vaccine recommended for?
Answer: Individuals aged 5 years and older
The oral Ty21a typhoid vaccine is recommended for individuals aged five years and older.
What was the estimated global burden of typhoid fever deaths in the year 2000?
Answer: Approximately 217,000 deaths
In the year 2000, typhoid fever was estimated to have caused approximately 217,000 deaths globally.
Which age groups are most commonly affected by typhoid fever?
Answer: Children and young adults (ages 5-19)
Typhoid fever predominantly affects pediatric and young adult populations, specifically individuals between the ages of 5 and 19 years.
How has the incidence of typhoid fever changed in developed countries since the mid-20th century?
Answer: It has declined significantly due to improved sanitation and antibiotics.
Since the mid-20th century, developed countries have observed a substantial decline in the incidence of typhoid fever, largely attributed to advancements in sanitation and the efficacy of antibiotics.
What percentage of the approximately 400 annual typhoid fever cases reported in the U.S. are typically contracted during international travel?
Answer: About 75%
Approximately 75% of the roughly 400 annual typhoid fever cases reported in the United States are acquired during international travel.
Which continents or regions are identified as having the highest incidence of typhoid fever?
Answer: Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia
The highest incidence rates of typhoid fever are predominantly observed in Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia.
The Plague of Athens, occurring around 430 B.C., is strongly suspected to have been an outbreak of typhoid fever.
Answer: True
Historical and scientific evidence strongly suggests that the Plague of Athens, dating back to approximately 430 B.C., was an outbreak of typhoid fever.
French physicians Bretonneau and Louis are credited with differentiating typhoid fever from typhus.
Answer: True
French physicians Pierre-Fidele Bretonneau and Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis are credited with the critical differentiation of typhoid fever from typhus.
William Budd observed that typhoid fever spread through contaminated air.
Answer: False
William Budd's seminal observations indicated that typhoid fever spread through contaminated water, not contaminated air.
The Lyster bag was a historical device used for diagnosing typhoid fever.
Answer: False
The Lyster bag was a historical device employed for providing safe drinking water, not for diagnosing typhoid fever.
Mary Mallon, known as 'Typhoid Mary', was the first identified asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever.
Answer: True
Mary Mallon, widely known as 'Typhoid Mary,' holds historical significance as the first identified asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever.
An outbreak in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1964 was linked to contaminated canned beef from Argentina.
Answer: True
The 1964 outbreak in Aberdeen, Scotland, was indeed linked to contaminated canned beef originating from Argentina.
Almroth Edward Wright developed the first effective typhoid vaccine.
Answer: True
The development of the first efficacious typhoid vaccine is credited to the British bacteriologist Almroth Edward Wright.
Almroth Wright's typhoid vaccine involved injecting live, active bacteria into patients.
Answer: False
Almroth Wright's typhoid vaccine involved the injection of inactivated (killed) bacteria, not live, active ones, to elicit an immune response.
The Vi Antigen vaccine was developed following the discovery of the Vi capsular antigen by Louis Pasteur.
Answer: False
The Vi Antigen vaccine was developed subsequent to the discovery of the Vi capsular antigen by Arthur Felix and Margaret Pitt in 1934, not Louis Pasteur.
The Ty21a strain, used in oral vaccines, was isolated by Alexander Fleming.
Answer: False
The Ty21a strain, utilized in oral typhoid vaccines, was isolated by Arthur Felix and Margaret Pitt, not Alexander Fleming.
Historically, typhoid fever was also known as 'gastric fever' or 'abdominal typhus'.
Answer: True
Historically, typhoid fever has been referred to by various names, including 'gastric fever' and 'abdominal typhus'.
Emperor Augustus of Rome is definitively confirmed to have died from typhoid fever.
Answer: False
While Emperor Augustus of Rome is suspected to have died from typhoid fever, this is not definitively confirmed by historical records.
William Wallace Lincoln, son of Abraham Lincoln, died from typhoid fever.
Answer: True
William Wallace Lincoln, son of Abraham Lincoln, succumbed to typhoid fever.
Franz Schubert, the composer, died from pneumonia at the age of 31.
Answer: False
Franz Schubert, the composer, died from typhoid fever at the age of 31, not pneumonia.
Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, mother of Theodore Roosevelt, died from tuberculosis.
Answer: False
Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, mother of Theodore Roosevelt, died from typhoid fever, not tuberculosis.
What historical event is strongly suspected to have been an outbreak of typhoid fever based on evidence?
Answer: The Plague of Athens
The Plague of Athens, which occurred around 430 B.C., is strongly suspected, based on historical and genetic evidence, to have been an outbreak of typhoid fever.
Which French physicians are credited with differentiating typhoid fever from typhus based on their observations?
Answer: Pierre-Fidele Bretonneau and Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis
The French physicians Pierre-Fidele Bretonneau and Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis are recognized for their contributions in distinguishing typhoid fever as a distinct clinical entity from typhus.
William Budd's significant observation regarding typhoid fever transmission related to:
Answer: Contaminated water from a specific well
William Budd's critical observation highlighted the transmission of typhoid fever through contaminated water sources, specifically noting a cluster of cases linked to a single well.
Who is credited with the definitive discovery and isolation of the typhoid bacillus in 1880?
Answer: Karl Joseph Eberth
Karl Joseph Eberth is credited with the definitive discovery and isolation of the typhoid bacillus in 1880, building upon earlier observations.
What was the historical importance of the Lyster bag?
Answer: It was a portable container used to provide safe drinking water.
The Lyster bag served historically as a crucial portable device for dispensing safe drinking water, often incorporating a chlorination tablet, particularly important for military use.
Mary Mallon, famously known as 'Typhoid Mary', is historically significant because she was:
Answer: The first identified asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever.
Mary Mallon, widely recognized as 'Typhoid Mary,' holds historical distinction as the first identified asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever.
Which historical figure, husband of Queen Victoria, was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner?
Answer: Prince Albert
Prince Albert, the consort of Queen Victoria, was diagnosed with typhoid fever by Sir William Jenner, a prominent physician of the era.
Which celebrated Austrian composer died from typhoid fever in 1828?
Answer: Franz Schubert
Franz Schubert, the esteemed Austrian composer celebrated for his Lieder and symphonies, succumbed to typhoid fever in 1828 at the age of 31.
Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, mother of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, died from which illness?
Answer: Typhoid fever
Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, mother of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, succumbed to typhoid fever.