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Álvaro Obregón: Mexican Revolutionary and President

At a Glance

Title: Álvaro Obregón: Mexican Revolutionary and President

Total Categories: 6

Category Stats

  • Origins and Early Life: 6 flashcards, 8 questions
  • Military Career and the Mexican Revolution: 16 flashcards, 16 questions
  • Presidency and Domestic Policy: 12 flashcards, 18 questions
  • Diplomatic Relations and U.S. Policy: 2 flashcards, 4 questions
  • Assassination and Immediate Aftermath: 8 flashcards, 5 questions
  • Legacy and Commemoration: 8 flashcards, 9 questions

Total Stats

  • Total Flashcards: 52
  • True/False Questions: 30
  • Multiple Choice Questions: 30
  • Total Questions: 60

Instructions

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Welcome to Your Curriculum Command Center

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The Core Concept: What is a "Kit"?

Think of a Kit as your all-in-one digital lesson plan. It's a single, portable file that contains every piece of content for a topic: your subject categories, a central image, all your flashcards, and all your questions. The true power of the Studio is speed—once a kit is made (or you import one), you are just minutes away from printing an entire set of coursework.

Getting Started is Simple:

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Step 1: Laying the Foundation (The Authoring Tools)

This is where you build the core knowledge of your Kit. Use the left-side navigation panel to switch between these powerful authoring modules.

⚙️ Kit Manager: Your Kit's Identity

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  • Kit Name: Give your Kit a clear title. This will appear on all your printed materials.
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  • Step 1: Select a question from the list on the left.
  • Step 2: In the right panel, click on every flashcard that contains a concept required to answer that question. They will turn green, indicating a successful link.
  • The Payoff: When you generate a Smart Study Guide, these linked flashcards will automatically appear under each question as "Related Concepts."

Step 2: The Magic (The Generator Suite)

You've built your content. Now, with a few clicks, turn it into a full suite of professional, ready-to-use materials. What used to take hours of formatting and copying-and-pasting can now be done in seconds.

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Study Guide: Álvaro Obregón: Mexican Revolutionary and President

Study Guide: Álvaro Obregón: Mexican Revolutionary and President

Origins and Early Life

Álvaro Obregón Salido was born in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Answer: False

The historical record indicates that Álvaro Obregón Salido was born in Sonora, Mexico, not Oaxaca.

Related Concepts:

  • When did Obregón Salido first enter politics, and what was his initial role?: Álvaro Obregón entered politics in 1911 when he was elected as the municipal president of Huatabampo, a town in his home state of Sonora. This marked his first foray into public office, transitioning from his agricultural and business pursuits.
  • When and where was Álvaro Obregón Salido born?: Álvaro Obregón Salido was born on February 19, 1880, in Siquisiva, municipality of Navojoa, in the state of Sonora, Mexico. Sonora is a state in northwestern Mexico recognized for its distinct regional culture and history.
  • What were the circumstances of Obregón Salido's early life and family background?: Obregón was born into a family that had previously owned a substantial estate, but their property was confiscated by the Liberal government in 1867 after his father's business partner supported Emperor Maximilian's regime. His father died in 1880, the year of Álvaro's birth, leaving him to be raised in straitened circumstances by his mother and sisters. Although his mother's family was prominent, Obregón, as an orphan, was considered a poor relation, which fueled his ambition to succeed.

Obregón's family lost their land due to supporting Emperor Maximilian's regime.

Answer: True

The source indicates that Obregón's family estate was confiscated by the Liberal government after his father's business partner supported Emperor Maximilian's regime.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the circumstances of Obregón Salido's early life and family background?: Obregón was born into a family that had previously owned a substantial estate, but their property was confiscated by the Liberal government in 1867 after his father's business partner supported Emperor Maximilian's regime. His father died in 1880, the year of Álvaro's birth, leaving him to be raised in straitened circumstances by his mother and sisters. Although his mother's family was prominent, Obregón, as an orphan, was considered a poor relation, which fueled his ambition to succeed.
  • What was Obregón Salido's initial stance on Francisco I. Madero's call to arms in 1910?: Initially, Obregón showed little interest in Francisco I. Madero's Anti-Reelectionist movement and did not join the uprising against President Porfirio Díaz following the fraudulent 1910 elections. As a widowed parent with a prosperous farm, Madero's call was not immediately urgent for him, though he later expressed regret for this delay.
  • How did Obregón Salido become involved in the Mexican Revolution's military campaigns?: Obregón became a supporter of Madero after his election victory in 1911. When Pascual Orozco launched a rebellion against Madero in March 1912, Obregón volunteered for the Sonoran forces opposing Orozco. His military acumen quickly became apparent as he employed effective tactics like luring enemies into traps and executing encircling maneuvers, leading to his promotion to colonel.

Álvaro Obregón invented a machine for harvesting corn in 1909.

Answer: False

While Obregón did invent a machine in 1909, it was for harvesting garbanzos (chickpeas), not corn.

Related Concepts:

  • What invention did Álvaro Obregón Salido develop, and what was its significance?: In 1909, Álvaro Obregón invented a garbanzo harvester. He subsequently founded a company to manufacture these harvesters using a modern assembly line process. This invention was significant as it improved efficiency for garbanzo farmers in the Mayo Valley, demonstrating Obregón's practical ingenuity and entrepreneurial spirit.

Who was Álvaro Obregón Salido?

Answer: A prominent general, inventor, and the 46th President of Mexico.

Álvaro Obregón Salido was a distinguished general, an inventor, and served as the 46th President of Mexico from 1920 to 1924.

Related Concepts:

  • Who was Álvaro Obregón Salido and what was his primary role in Mexican history?: Álvaro Obregón Salido was a significant figure in Mexican history, serving as a general, inventor, and politician. He is most notably recognized as the 46th President of Mexico, holding the office from 1920 to 1924. His military leadership during the Mexican Revolution was crucial in defeating opposing factions, and his presidency aimed to stabilize the country after years of conflict.
  • When and where was Álvaro Obregón Salido born?: Álvaro Obregón Salido was born on February 19, 1880, in Siquisiva, municipality of Navojoa, in the state of Sonora, Mexico. Sonora is a state in northwestern Mexico recognized for its distinct regional culture and history.
  • How did Obregón Salido's political career end?: Álvaro Obregón's political career ended with his assassination on July 17, 1928. He had been re-elected to the presidency but was killed by José de León Toral before he could assume office, cutting short his second term.

In which state of Mexico was Álvaro Obregón born?

Answer: Sonora

Álvaro Obregón Salido was born in the state of Sonora, Mexico.

Related Concepts:

  • When and where was Álvaro Obregón Salido born?: Álvaro Obregón Salido was born on February 19, 1880, in Siquisiva, municipality of Navojoa, in the state of Sonora, Mexico. Sonora is a state in northwestern Mexico recognized for its distinct regional culture and history.
  • When did Obregón Salido first enter politics, and what was his initial role?: Álvaro Obregón entered politics in 1911 when he was elected as the municipal president of Huatabampo, a town in his home state of Sonora. This marked his first foray into public office, transitioning from his agricultural and business pursuits.
  • What were the circumstances of Obregón Salido's early life and family background?: Obregón was born into a family that had previously owned a substantial estate, but their property was confiscated by the Liberal government in 1867 after his father's business partner supported Emperor Maximilian's regime. His father died in 1880, the year of Álvaro's birth, leaving him to be raised in straitened circumstances by his mother and sisters. Although his mother's family was prominent, Obregón, as an orphan, was considered a poor relation, which fueled his ambition to succeed.

What significant invention did Obregón develop related to his agricultural background?

Answer: A garbanzo harvester.

Related to his agricultural background, Obregón developed an innovative machine for harvesting garbanzos (chickpeas).

Related Concepts:

  • What invention did Álvaro Obregón Salido develop, and what was its significance?: In 1909, Álvaro Obregón invented a garbanzo harvester. He subsequently founded a company to manufacture these harvesters using a modern assembly line process. This invention was significant as it improved efficiency for garbanzo farmers in the Mayo Valley, demonstrating Obregón's practical ingenuity and entrepreneurial spirit.
  • What activities did Obregón Salido pursue after his presidency ended in 1924?: After leaving office, Obregón returned to Sonora to focus on his agricultural business interests, introducing modern irrigation in the Yaqui Valley. He also expanded his business ventures into various sectors, including a rice mill, seafood packing, a soap factory, tomato fields, a car rental business, and a jute bag factory, demonstrating his continued entrepreneurial drive.
  • How did Obregón Salido's upbringing in Sonora influence his career?: Sonora, Obregón's home state, was an isolated region with close ties to the United States due to frequent interchange and investment. Its economy was closely linked to the U.S., particularly through the export of agricultural products like garbanzos (chickpeas). This environment, combined with his family's circumstances, led him into garbanzo farming and shaped his practical, business-oriented approach to life and politics.

What was Obregón's initial reaction to Francisco I. Madero's call to arms in 1910?

Answer: He showed little interest and did not join the uprising at that time.

Initially, Obregón did not join Francisco I. Madero's uprising in 1910, as he was focused on managing his farm and had little immediate interest in the movement.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Obregón Salido's initial stance on Francisco I. Madero's call to arms in 1910?: Initially, Obregón showed little interest in Francisco I. Madero's Anti-Reelectionist movement and did not join the uprising against President Porfirio Díaz following the fraudulent 1910 elections. As a widowed parent with a prosperous farm, Madero's call was not immediately urgent for him, though he later expressed regret for this delay.
  • How did Obregón Salido become involved in the Mexican Revolution's military campaigns?: Obregón became a supporter of Madero after his election victory in 1911. When Pascual Orozco launched a rebellion against Madero in March 1912, Obregón volunteered for the Sonoran forces opposing Orozco. His military acumen quickly became apparent as he employed effective tactics like luring enemies into traps and executing encircling maneuvers, leading to his promotion to colonel.
  • What was Obregón Salido's role in the Convention of Aguascalientes?: Obregón participated in the Convention of Aguascalientes in October 1914, which aimed to resolve differences between revolutionary factions. He maintained neutrality between the Carrancistas and Villistas/Zapatistas for a period, attempting to find common ground to prevent civil war. Ultimately, he sided with Carranza after Carranza rejected the convention's proposals.

How did Obregón's upbringing influence his approach to life and politics?

Answer: It fostered a practical, business-oriented approach due to early financial struggles.

Obregón's upbringing, marked by financial challenges and early responsibilities, fostered a pragmatic and business-oriented approach that influenced his political and life decisions.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Obregón Salido's upbringing in Sonora influence his career?: Sonora, Obregón's home state, was an isolated region with close ties to the United States due to frequent interchange and investment. Its economy was closely linked to the U.S., particularly through the export of agricultural products like garbanzos (chickpeas). This environment, combined with his family's circumstances, led him into garbanzo farming and shaped his practical, business-oriented approach to life and politics.
  • What were the circumstances of Obregón Salido's early life and family background?: Obregón was born into a family that had previously owned a substantial estate, but their property was confiscated by the Liberal government in 1867 after his father's business partner supported Emperor Maximilian's regime. His father died in 1880, the year of Álvaro's birth, leaving him to be raised in straitened circumstances by his mother and sisters. Although his mother's family was prominent, Obregón, as an orphan, was considered a poor relation, which fueled his ambition to succeed.
  • How did Obregón Salido describe his political ideals in relation to socialism?: Obregón identified with socialism, describing it as a supreme ideal that stirs humanity. He stated that socialism aims to uplift those at the bottom, seeking a balance between capital and labor and a more equitable distribution of resources. This suggests a belief in social justice and economic fairness as core principles.

Military Career and the Mexican Revolution

Obregón initially joined Francisco I. Madero's uprising against Porfirio Díaz in 1910.

Answer: False

Obregón initially showed little interest in Madero's 1910 uprising and did not join at that time, though he later became a supporter.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Obregón Salido's initial stance on Francisco I. Madero's call to arms in 1910?: Initially, Obregón showed little interest in Francisco I. Madero's Anti-Reelectionist movement and did not join the uprising against President Porfirio Díaz following the fraudulent 1910 elections. As a widowed parent with a prosperous farm, Madero's call was not immediately urgent for him, though he later expressed regret for this delay.
  • How did Obregón Salido become involved in the Mexican Revolution's military campaigns?: Obregón became a supporter of Madero after his election victory in 1911. When Pascual Orozco launched a rebellion against Madero in March 1912, Obregón volunteered for the Sonoran forces opposing Orozco. His military acumen quickly became apparent as he employed effective tactics like luring enemies into traps and executing encircling maneuvers, leading to his promotion to colonel.
  • What was Obregón Salido's role in the Convention of Aguascalientes?: Obregón participated in the Convention of Aguascalientes in October 1914, which aimed to resolve differences between revolutionary factions. He maintained neutrality between the Carrancistas and Villistas/Zapatistas for a period, attempting to find common ground to prevent civil war. Ultimately, he sided with Carranza after Carranza rejected the convention's proposals.

Obregón was promoted to colonel for his actions against Pascual Orozco's rebellion in 1912.

Answer: True

Obregón's effective military tactics during his service against Pascual Orozco's rebellion in 1912 led to his promotion to the rank of colonel.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Obregón Salido become involved in the Mexican Revolution's military campaigns?: Obregón became a supporter of Madero after his election victory in 1911. When Pascual Orozco launched a rebellion against Madero in March 1912, Obregón volunteered for the Sonoran forces opposing Orozco. His military acumen quickly became apparent as he employed effective tactics like luring enemies into traps and executing encircling maneuvers, leading to his promotion to colonel.
  • What was the nature of the conflict between Obregón Salido and the Yaqui people in 1926-1927?: Ironically, Obregón, who had previously risen to prominence commanding Yaqui troops, found himself suppressing a rebellion by the Yaqui people demanding land reform between October 1926 and April 1927. His participation in this campaign was likely motivated by a desire to prove loyalty to the Calles government, maintain his military influence, and protect his commercial interests in the Yaqui Valley.
  • What was Obregón Salido's role in the campaign against Victoriano Huerta?: As chief of Sonora's War Department, Obregón led campaigns that drove federal troops out of key cities like Nogales, Cananea, and Naco, and captured the port of Guaymas. His strategic victories, such as the encirclement of enemy forces at Santa Rosa, earned him respect among revolutionaries and solidified his reputation as a capable military leader against the Huerta regime.

The assassination of Venustiano Carranza prompted Obregón to rejoin the fight against Victoriano Huerta.

Answer: False

The assassination of President Francisco I. Madero by Victoriano Huerta in February 1913 prompted Obregón to rejoin the revolutionary fight against Huerta. The assassination of Carranza occurred much later, in 1920.

Related Concepts:

  • What event prompted Obregón Salido to rejoin the fight against Victoriano Huerta in 1913?: In February 1913, Victoriano Huerta orchestrated a coup d'état, overthrowing and assassinating President Francisco I. Madero. This act of betrayal against the legitimate government spurred Obregón to immediately offer his services to the government of Sonora, which refused to recognize Huerta's regime, thus drawing Obregón back into the revolutionary conflict.
  • What key role did Obregón Salido play in the Constitutional Army?: Álvaro Obregón became the most prominent general in the Constitutional Army, supporting Venustiano Carranza's leadership against the Huerta regime. He was appointed commander of the revolutionary forces in northwestern Mexico and later became the overall commander of the Constitutionalist army, leading them to victory against key rivals like Pancho Villa.
  • What political role did Obregón Salido assume under Venustiano Carranza after the defeat of Huerta?: Following the victory over Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza appointed Álvaro Obregón as his Minister of War in May 1915. This position placed Obregón in a powerful role within Carranza's government, though their relationship was often tense.

Obregón's military strategy primarily involved large-scale cavalry charges, similar to Pancho Villa's tactics.

Answer: False

Obregón's strategy contrasted with Villa's; Obregón favored more cautious and strategic approaches, including luring enemies into traps and encircling maneuvers, rather than relying solely on cavalry charges.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Obregón Salido's military strategy differ from that of Pancho Villa?: While Pancho Villa was known for his bold cavalry charges, Obregón adopted a more cautious and strategic approach. He excelled at employing tactics such as luring enemies into traps, surprise assaults, and encircling maneuvers, demonstrating a keen understanding of battlefield dynamics that was particularly evident in his later battles.
  • What military innovation did Obregón Salido demonstrate an understanding of at Celaya?: During the Battle of Celaya, Obregón showed an early understanding of the impact of modern field artillery and machine guns on battlefield tactics. He utilized defensive strategies that capitalized on these weapons, a foresight that contrasted with the mass charges still being advocated in Europe during World War I.
  • What key role did Obregón Salido play in the Constitutional Army?: Álvaro Obregón became the most prominent general in the Constitutional Army, supporting Venustiano Carranza's leadership against the Huerta regime. He was appointed commander of the revolutionary forces in northwestern Mexico and later became the overall commander of the Constitutionalist army, leading them to victory against key rivals like Pancho Villa.

The Battle of Celaya resulted in Obregón losing his left arm.

Answer: False

During the Battle of Celaya, Obregón lost his right arm, not his left.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the significance of the Battle of Celaya in Obregón Salido's military career?: The Battle of Celaya, fought in 1915, was a series of four major engagements where Obregón's Constitutionalist forces decisively defeated Pancho Villa's División del Norte. This victory was crucial in consolidating Obregón's power and effectively ending Villa's military threat. It was also during these battles that Obregón lost his right arm, earning him the nickname El Manco de Celaya (the one-armed man of Celaya).
  • How did Obregón Salido's severed arm become a symbol?: After losing his right arm in the Battle of Celaya, Obregón's arm was embalmed and displayed in a monument dedicated to him in Mexico City. He often wore clothing tailored to highlight the loss, presenting it as a visible symbol of his sacrifice for Mexico. This personal sacrifice became part of his public image and legacy.
  • What was the significance of Obregón Salido's military victory over Villa at the Battle of Celaya?: The Battle of Celaya was a pivotal confrontation where Obregón's forces decisively defeated Pancho Villa's División del Norte. This victory was crucial in consolidating the power of the Constitutionalists led by Venustiano Carranza and effectively ended Villa's military threat, marking a turning point in the Mexican Revolution.

At Celaya, Obregón demonstrated an understanding of the tactical importance of trench warfare.

Answer: False

While Obregón demonstrated an understanding of modern weaponry like field artillery and machine guns at Celaya, the source does not specifically mention trench warfare as a demonstrated tactic.

Related Concepts:

  • What military innovation did Obregón Salido demonstrate an understanding of at Celaya?: During the Battle of Celaya, Obregón showed an early understanding of the impact of modern field artillery and machine guns on battlefield tactics. He utilized defensive strategies that capitalized on these weapons, a foresight that contrasted with the mass charges still being advocated in Europe during World War I.
  • What was the significance of Obregón Salido's military victory over Villa at the Battle of Celaya?: The Battle of Celaya was a pivotal confrontation where Obregón's forces decisively defeated Pancho Villa's División del Norte. This victory was crucial in consolidating the power of the Constitutionalists led by Venustiano Carranza and effectively ended Villa's military threat, marking a turning point in the Mexican Revolution.
  • How did Obregón Salido's military strategy differ from that of Pancho Villa?: While Pancho Villa was known for his bold cavalry charges, Obregón adopted a more cautious and strategic approach. He excelled at employing tactics such as luring enemies into traps, surprise assaults, and encircling maneuvers, demonstrating a keen understanding of battlefield dynamics that was particularly evident in his later battles.

Obregón served as Minister of Education under Venustiano Carranza.

Answer: False

Obregón served as Minister of War under Venustiano Carranza, not Minister of Education.

Related Concepts:

  • What were some key policies and developments during Obregón Salido's presidency (1920-1924)?: During his presidency, Obregón focused on educational reform, appointing José Vasconcelos as Secretary of Public Education, which led to the construction of numerous schools and libraries. His administration also saw the rise of Mexican muralism, moderate land reform, and the implementation of labor laws. He also negotiated the Bucareli Treaty with the United States to secure diplomatic recognition.
  • What was Obregón Salido's stance on the 1917 Constitution's anticlerical articles?: Unlike Venustiano Carranza, who opposed them, Obregón supported the inclusion of anticlerical articles, specifically Articles 3 and 130, in the 1917 Constitution. These articles restricted religious instruction in schools and imposed limitations on clergy, reflecting a move towards secularization in Mexico.
  • When did Obregón Salido first enter politics, and what was his initial role?: Álvaro Obregón entered politics in 1911 when he was elected as the municipal president of Huatabampo, a town in his home state of Sonora. This marked his first foray into public office, transitioning from his agricultural and business pursuits.

Obregón served as the President of the Mexican Laborist Party (PLM) from 1919 to 1924.

Answer: True

From 1919 to 1924, Álvaro Obregón served as the President of the Mexican Laborist Party (PLM), indicating his engagement with labor movements during this period.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Obregón Salido's relationship with the Laborist Party?: Álvaro Obregón served as the President of the Mexican Laborist Party (PLM) from 1919 to 1924. This affiliation highlights his connection with labor movements and his political base during a critical period of Mexican history.
  • How did Obregón Salido's presidency address the issue of U.S. diplomatic recognition?: A primary goal of Obregón's presidency was to secure diplomatic recognition from the United States. He achieved this by negotiating the Bucareli Treaty in August 1923, which involved concessions regarding Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution and foreign oil companies, thereby normalizing relations between the two countries.
  • What was Obregón Salido's role in the Convention of Aguascalientes?: Obregón participated in the Convention of Aguascalientes in October 1914, which aimed to resolve differences between revolutionary factions. He maintained neutrality between the Carrancistas and Villistas/Zapatistas for a period, attempting to find common ground to prevent civil war. Ultimately, he sided with Carranza after Carranza rejected the convention's proposals.

Which rebellion did Obregón join in 1912, leading to his promotion to colonel?

Answer: Pascual Orozco's rebellion against Madero.

Obregón joined Pascual Orozco's rebellion against President Madero in 1912, where his effective military performance led to his promotion to colonel.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Obregón Salido become involved in the Mexican Revolution's military campaigns?: Obregón became a supporter of Madero after his election victory in 1911. When Pascual Orozco launched a rebellion against Madero in March 1912, Obregón volunteered for the Sonoran forces opposing Orozco. His military acumen quickly became apparent as he employed effective tactics like luring enemies into traps and executing encircling maneuvers, leading to his promotion to colonel.
  • What event prompted Obregón Salido to rejoin the fight against Victoriano Huerta in 1913?: In February 1913, Victoriano Huerta orchestrated a coup d'état, overthrowing and assassinating President Francisco I. Madero. This act of betrayal against the legitimate government spurred Obregón to immediately offer his services to the government of Sonora, which refused to recognize Huerta's regime, thus drawing Obregón back into the revolutionary conflict.
  • What was the nature of the conflict between Obregón Salido and the Yaqui people in 1926-1927?: Ironically, Obregón, who had previously risen to prominence commanding Yaqui troops, found himself suppressing a rebellion by the Yaqui people demanding land reform between October 1926 and April 1927. His participation in this campaign was likely motivated by a desire to prove loyalty to the Calles government, maintain his military influence, and protect his commercial interests in the Yaqui Valley.

What event caused Obregón to rejoin the revolutionary fight in 1913?

Answer: The coup d'état and assassination of President Francisco I. Madero by Victoriano Huerta.

The coup d'état and subsequent assassination of President Francisco I. Madero by Victoriano Huerta in February 1913 spurred Obregón to rejoin the revolutionary struggle.

Related Concepts:

  • What event prompted Obregón Salido to rejoin the fight against Victoriano Huerta in 1913?: In February 1913, Victoriano Huerta orchestrated a coup d'état, overthrowing and assassinating President Francisco I. Madero. This act of betrayal against the legitimate government spurred Obregón to immediately offer his services to the government of Sonora, which refused to recognize Huerta's regime, thus drawing Obregón back into the revolutionary conflict.
  • How did Obregón Salido become involved in the Mexican Revolution's military campaigns?: Obregón became a supporter of Madero after his election victory in 1911. When Pascual Orozco launched a rebellion against Madero in March 1912, Obregón volunteered for the Sonoran forces opposing Orozco. His military acumen quickly became apparent as he employed effective tactics like luring enemies into traps and executing encircling maneuvers, leading to his promotion to colonel.
  • What was Obregón Salido's initial stance on Francisco I. Madero's call to arms in 1910?: Initially, Obregón showed little interest in Francisco I. Madero's Anti-Reelectionist movement and did not join the uprising against President Porfirio Díaz following the fraudulent 1910 elections. As a widowed parent with a prosperous farm, Madero's call was not immediately urgent for him, though he later expressed regret for this delay.

Which battle is considered a decisive victory for Obregón against Pancho Villa, solidifying his military reputation?

Answer: Battle of Celaya

The Battle of Celaya in 1915 was a decisive victory for Obregón against Pancho Villa's forces, significantly enhancing Obregón's military standing.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Obregón Salido's military strategy differ from that of Pancho Villa?: While Pancho Villa was known for his bold cavalry charges, Obregón adopted a more cautious and strategic approach. He excelled at employing tactics such as luring enemies into traps, surprise assaults, and encircling maneuvers, demonstrating a keen understanding of battlefield dynamics that was particularly evident in his later battles.
  • What was the significance of the Battle of Celaya in Obregón Salido's military career?: The Battle of Celaya, fought in 1915, was a series of four major engagements where Obregón's Constitutionalist forces decisively defeated Pancho Villa's División del Norte. This victory was crucial in consolidating Obregón's power and effectively ending Villa's military threat. It was also during these battles that Obregón lost his right arm, earning him the nickname El Manco de Celaya (the one-armed man of Celaya).
  • What was Obregón Salido's role in the campaign against Victoriano Huerta?: As chief of Sonora's War Department, Obregón led campaigns that drove federal troops out of key cities like Nogales, Cananea, and Naco, and captured the port of Guaymas. His strategic victories, such as the encirclement of enemy forces at Santa Rosa, earned him respect among revolutionaries and solidified his reputation as a capable military leader against the Huerta regime.

What significant injury did Obregón sustain during the Battle of Celaya?

Answer: Loss of his right arm.

During the intense fighting at the Battle of Celaya, Obregón sustained the severe injury of losing his right arm.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Obregón Salido's severed arm become a symbol?: After losing his right arm in the Battle of Celaya, Obregón's arm was embalmed and displayed in a monument dedicated to him in Mexico City. He often wore clothing tailored to highlight the loss, presenting it as a visible symbol of his sacrifice for Mexico. This personal sacrifice became part of his public image and legacy.
  • What was the significance of the Battle of Celaya in Obregón Salido's military career?: The Battle of Celaya, fought in 1915, was a series of four major engagements where Obregón's Constitutionalist forces decisively defeated Pancho Villa's División del Norte. This victory was crucial in consolidating Obregón's power and effectively ending Villa's military threat. It was also during these battles that Obregón lost his right arm, earning him the nickname El Manco de Celaya (the one-armed man of Celaya).
  • What military innovation did Obregón Salido demonstrate an understanding of at Celaya?: During the Battle of Celaya, Obregón showed an early understanding of the impact of modern field artillery and machine guns on battlefield tactics. He utilized defensive strategies that capitalized on these weapons, a foresight that contrasted with the mass charges still being advocated in Europe during World War I.

Which political party did Álvaro Obregón serve as President of from 1919 to 1924?

Answer: The Mexican Laborist Party (PLM)

From 1919 to 1924, Álvaro Obregón served as the President of the Mexican Laborist Party (PLM).

Related Concepts:

  • What was Obregón Salido's relationship with the Laborist Party?: Álvaro Obregón served as the President of the Mexican Laborist Party (PLM) from 1919 to 1924. This affiliation highlights his connection with labor movements and his political base during a critical period of Mexican history.
  • What was the impact of Obregón Salido's political decisions on the formation of Mexico's dominant political party?: Obregón's assassination in 1928 created a political vacuum and crisis. This situation prompted his close ally, Plutarco Elías Calles, to establish the National Revolutionary Party, which later became the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). This party would go on to dominate Mexican politics for decades.
  • How did Obregón Salido's political career end?: Álvaro Obregón's political career ended with his assassination on July 17, 1928. He had been re-elected to the presidency but was killed by José de León Toral before he could assume office, cutting short his second term.

What was the primary outcome of the Plan of Agua Prieta?

Answer: It resulted in the deposition and assassination of President Venustiano Carranza.

The Plan of Agua Prieta, initiated by Obregón and his allies, led to the successful overthrow and subsequent assassination of President Venustiano Carranza.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the Plan of Agua Prieta, and what was its outcome?: The Plan of Agua Prieta, issued on April 23, 1920, was a declaration by Obregón and other Sonoran generals against President Venustiano Carranza. It triggered a military revolt that successfully deposed Carranza, who was subsequently assassinated in May 1920. This plan was instrumental in bringing Obregón's faction to power.

Why did Obregón's relationship with Venustiano Carranza deteriorate?

Answer: Carranza favored a civilian successor over Obregón and opposed some reforms Obregón supported.

The relationship between Obregón and Carranza deteriorated due to Carranza's preference for a civilian successor and his opposition to certain reforms advocated by Obregón, particularly those concerning land and the Church.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Obregón Salido's relationship with Carranza deteriorate?: Obregón's relationship with Carranza deteriorated as Carranza sought to consolidate power and favored a civilian successor, Ignacio Bonillas, over Obregón for the 1920 presidential election. Obregón broke with Carranza, supporting radical delegates in the 1917 Constitutional Convention and advocating for land reform and anticlerical articles that Carranza opposed. This led to Obregón issuing the Plan of Agua Prieta, initiating a revolt against Carranza.
  • What was Obregón Salido's role in the Convention of Aguascalientes?: Obregón participated in the Convention of Aguascalientes in October 1914, which aimed to resolve differences between revolutionary factions. He maintained neutrality between the Carrancistas and Villistas/Zapatistas for a period, attempting to find common ground to prevent civil war. Ultimately, he sided with Carranza after Carranza rejected the convention's proposals.
  • What were the circumstances of Obregón Salido's early life and family background?: Obregón was born into a family that had previously owned a substantial estate, but their property was confiscated by the Liberal government in 1867 after his father's business partner supported Emperor Maximilian's regime. His father died in 1880, the year of Álvaro's birth, leaving him to be raised in straitened circumstances by his mother and sisters. Although his mother's family was prominent, Obregón, as an orphan, was considered a poor relation, which fueled his ambition to succeed.

What tactical advantage did Obregón utilize effectively, contrasting with Villa's style?

Answer: Use of surprise assaults, traps, and encircling maneuvers.

Obregón effectively employed tactics such as surprise assaults, strategic traps, and encircling maneuvers, which contrasted with Pancho Villa's more direct cavalry-based charges.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Obregón Salido's military strategy differ from that of Pancho Villa?: While Pancho Villa was known for his bold cavalry charges, Obregón adopted a more cautious and strategic approach. He excelled at employing tactics such as luring enemies into traps, surprise assaults, and encircling maneuvers, demonstrating a keen understanding of battlefield dynamics that was particularly evident in his later battles.
  • What military innovation did Obregón Salido demonstrate an understanding of at Celaya?: During the Battle of Celaya, Obregón showed an early understanding of the impact of modern field artillery and machine guns on battlefield tactics. He utilized defensive strategies that capitalized on these weapons, a foresight that contrasted with the mass charges still being advocated in Europe during World War I.

Presidency and Domestic Policy

The Plan of Agua Prieta was issued by Obregón in support of Venustiano Carranza's presidency.

Answer: False

The Plan of Agua Prieta was issued by Obregón and his allies in opposition to, and ultimately led to the overthrow of, Venustiano Carranza's presidency.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the Plan of Agua Prieta, and what was its outcome?: The Plan of Agua Prieta, issued on April 23, 1920, was a declaration by Obregón and other Sonoran generals against President Venustiano Carranza. It triggered a military revolt that successfully deposed Carranza, who was subsequently assassinated in May 1920. This plan was instrumental in bringing Obregón's faction to power.
  • How did Obregón Salido's relationship with Carranza deteriorate?: Obregón's relationship with Carranza deteriorated as Carranza sought to consolidate power and favored a civilian successor, Ignacio Bonillas, over Obregón for the 1920 presidential election. Obregón broke with Carranza, supporting radical delegates in the 1917 Constitutional Convention and advocating for land reform and anticlerical articles that Carranza opposed. This led to Obregón issuing the Plan of Agua Prieta, initiating a revolt against Carranza.
  • What was Obregón Salido's role in the Convention of Aguascalientes?: Obregón participated in the Convention of Aguascalientes in October 1914, which aimed to resolve differences between revolutionary factions. He maintained neutrality between the Carrancistas and Villistas/Zapatistas for a period, attempting to find common ground to prevent civil war. Ultimately, he sided with Carranza after Carranza rejected the convention's proposals.

Plutarco Elías Calles served as provisional president before Obregón took office in 1920.

Answer: False

Following the deposition and assassination of Venustiano Carranza in 1920, Adolfo de la Huerta served as provisional president before Obregón assumed the presidency.

Related Concepts:

  • Who served as provisional president before Obregón Salido took office in 1920?: Following the deposition and assassination of Venustiano Carranza, Adolfo de la Huerta served as the provisional president of Mexico from June 1, 1920, to December 1, 1920. He stepped down after Obregón was declared the victor in the presidential elections.

During Obregón's presidency, José Vasconcelos was appointed Secretary of the Treasury.

Answer: False

José Vasconcelos was appointed Secretary of Public Education during Obregón's presidency, not Secretary of the Treasury.

Related Concepts:

  • What were some key policies and developments during Obregón Salido's presidency (1920-1924)?: During his presidency, Obregón focused on educational reform, appointing José Vasconcelos as Secretary of Public Education, which led to the construction of numerous schools and libraries. His administration also saw the rise of Mexican muralism, moderate land reform, and the implementation of labor laws. He also negotiated the Bucareli Treaty with the United States to secure diplomatic recognition.
  • What was the role of José Vasconcelos during Obregón Salido's presidency?: José Vasconcelos served as Obregón's Secretary of Public Education. He initiated a significant expansion of educational infrastructure, building approximately 1,000 rural schools and 2,000 public libraries. Vasconcelos also promoted Mexican muralism as a means to express national history and the spirit of the Revolution.

Obregón's government significantly expanded land reform, distributing over 2 million hectares.

Answer: False

While Obregón's administration did implement land reform, the total distributed was approximately 921,627 hectares, not over 2 million.

Related Concepts:

  • How extensive was land reform during Obregón Salido's presidency?: Land reform was more extensive under Obregón than under his predecessor, Carranza. A total of 921,627 hectares of land were distributed during his term. A decree in August 1923 also granted rights to national or uncultivated lands for citizens over 18, including widows heading families.
  • What activities did Obregón Salido pursue after his presidency ended in 1924?: After leaving office, Obregón returned to Sonora to focus on his agricultural business interests, introducing modern irrigation in the Yaqui Valley. He also expanded his business ventures into various sectors, including a rice mill, seafood packing, a soap factory, tomato fields, a car rental business, and a jute bag factory, demonstrating his continued entrepreneurial drive.
  • What were some key policies and developments during Obregón Salido's presidency (1920-1924)?: During his presidency, Obregón focused on educational reform, appointing José Vasconcelos as Secretary of Public Education, which led to the construction of numerous schools and libraries. His administration also saw the rise of Mexican muralism, moderate land reform, and the implementation of labor laws. He also negotiated the Bucareli Treaty with the United States to secure diplomatic recognition.

Obregón personally advocated for radical land redistribution as a core economic principle.

Answer: False

Despite overseeing land distribution, Obregón reportedly did not personally believe in radical land redistribution, fearing it could destabilize the economy.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Obregón Salido describe his political ideals in relation to socialism?: Obregón identified with socialism, describing it as a supreme ideal that stirs humanity. He stated that socialism aims to uplift those at the bottom, seeking a balance between capital and labor and a more equitable distribution of resources. This suggests a belief in social justice and economic fairness as core principles.
  • How extensive was land reform during Obregón Salido's presidency?: Land reform was more extensive under Obregón than under his predecessor, Carranza. A total of 921,627 hectares of land were distributed during his term. A decree in August 1923 also granted rights to national or uncultivated lands for citizens over 18, including widows heading families.
  • What was Obregón Salido's personal stance on land reform?: Despite overseeing land distributions, Obregón, being a successful commercial farmer himself, reportedly did not personally believe in radical land reform. He shared the view with Madero and Carranza that extensive land redistribution could destabilize the Mexican economy and lead to a return to subsistence agriculture.

Obregón identified his political ideals with anarcho-syndicalism.

Answer: False

Obregón identified with socialism, describing it as an ideal aimed at uplifting the populace and balancing capital and labor, rather than anarcho-syndicalism.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Obregón Salido describe his political ideals in relation to socialism?: Obregón identified with socialism, describing it as a supreme ideal that stirs humanity. He stated that socialism aims to uplift those at the bottom, seeking a balance between capital and labor and a more equitable distribution of resources. This suggests a belief in social justice and economic fairness as core principles.
  • What was Obregón Salido's role in the Convention of Aguascalientes?: Obregón participated in the Convention of Aguascalientes in October 1914, which aimed to resolve differences between revolutionary factions. He maintained neutrality between the Carrancistas and Villistas/Zapatistas for a period, attempting to find common ground to prevent civil war. Ultimately, he sided with Carranza after Carranza rejected the convention's proposals.
  • What was Obregón Salido's initial stance on Francisco I. Madero's call to arms in 1910?: Initially, Obregón showed little interest in Francisco I. Madero's Anti-Reelectionist movement and did not join the uprising against President Porfirio Díaz following the fraudulent 1910 elections. As a widowed parent with a prosperous farm, Madero's call was not immediately urgent for him, though he later expressed regret for this delay.

Obregón's approach to the Catholic Church was significantly more stringent than that of his successor, Calles.

Answer: False

Obregón's approach to the Catholic Church was less stringent than that of his successor, Plutarco Elías Calles, whose policies would later contribute to the Cristero War.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Obregón Salido's approach to the Catholic Church compared to his successor, Calles?: Obregón was less anticlerical than his successor, Plutarco Elías Calles. While Obregón was suspicious of the Catholic Church's influence and sent congratulations to Pope Pius XI, emphasizing complementarity between the Church and the Revolution, Calles's more stringent policies would later lead to the Cristero War. Obregón's presidency saw the beginnings of conflict between Catholic groups and revolutionary supporters.
  • What was Obregón Salido's stance on the 1917 Constitution's anticlerical articles?: Unlike Venustiano Carranza, who opposed them, Obregón supported the inclusion of anticlerical articles, specifically Articles 3 and 130, in the 1917 Constitution. These articles restricted religious instruction in schools and imposed limitations on clergy, reflecting a move towards secularization in Mexico.

The De la Huerta rebellion in 1923 was supported by the United States, aiding Obregón's victory.

Answer: False

The United States provided military aid, including arms and planes, to Obregón, which helped him defeat the De la Huerta rebellion, not support the rebellion itself.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the De la Huerta rebellion, and how did Obregón Salido defeat it?: In 1923, Adolfo de la Huerta, Obregón's former ally and Finance Minister, launched a rebellion against Obregón and his chosen successor, Plutarco Elías Calles. The rebellion garnered significant support from over half the army. Obregón ultimately crushed the rebellion, notably with military aid, including arms and planes, from the United States.

Obregón suppressed a rebellion by the Yaqui people demanding land reform between 1926 and 1927.

Answer: True

During the period of 1926-1927, Obregón participated in suppressing a rebellion by the Yaqui people who were seeking land reform.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the nature of the conflict between Obregón Salido and the Yaqui people in 1926-1927?: Ironically, Obregón, who had previously risen to prominence commanding Yaqui troops, found himself suppressing a rebellion by the Yaqui people demanding land reform between October 1926 and April 1927. His participation in this campaign was likely motivated by a desire to prove loyalty to the Calles government, maintain his military influence, and protect his commercial interests in the Yaqui Valley.
  • How extensive was land reform during Obregón Salido's presidency?: Land reform was more extensive under Obregón than under his predecessor, Carranza. A total of 921,627 hectares of land were distributed during his term. A decree in August 1923 also granted rights to national or uncultivated lands for citizens over 18, including widows heading families.
  • What activities did Obregón Salido pursue after his presidency ended in 1924?: After leaving office, Obregón returned to Sonora to focus on his agricultural business interests, introducing modern irrigation in the Yaqui Valley. He also expanded his business ventures into various sectors, including a rice mill, seafood packing, a soap factory, tomato fields, a car rental business, and a jute bag factory, demonstrating his continued entrepreneurial drive.

Obregón supported the anticlerical articles in the 1917 Constitution, unlike Carranza.

Answer: True

Unlike Venustiano Carranza, Obregón supported the anticlerical provisions within the 1917 Constitution, which aimed to limit the influence of the Catholic Church.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Obregón Salido's stance on the 1917 Constitution's anticlerical articles?: Unlike Venustiano Carranza, who opposed them, Obregón supported the inclusion of anticlerical articles, specifically Articles 3 and 130, in the 1917 Constitution. These articles restricted religious instruction in schools and imposed limitations on clergy, reflecting a move towards secularization in Mexico.
  • How did Obregón Salido's relationship with Carranza deteriorate?: Obregón's relationship with Carranza deteriorated as Carranza sought to consolidate power and favored a civilian successor, Ignacio Bonillas, over Obregón for the 1920 presidential election. Obregón broke with Carranza, supporting radical delegates in the 1917 Constitutional Convention and advocating for land reform and anticlerical articles that Carranza opposed. This led to Obregón issuing the Plan of Agua Prieta, initiating a revolt against Carranza.
  • What was Obregón Salido's approach to the Catholic Church compared to his successor, Calles?: Obregón was less anticlerical than his successor, Plutarco Elías Calles. While Obregón was suspicious of the Catholic Church's influence and sent congratulations to Pope Pius XI, emphasizing complementarity between the Church and the Revolution, Calles's more stringent policies would later lead to the Cristero War. Obregón's presidency saw the beginnings of conflict between Catholic groups and revolutionary supporters.

Who did Obregón appoint as Secretary of Public Education, leading to major educational reforms?

Answer: José Vasconcelos

Obregón appointed José Vasconcelos as Secretary of Public Education, initiating significant reforms and expansion of educational infrastructure.

Related Concepts:

  • What were some key policies and developments during Obregón Salido's presidency (1920-1924)?: During his presidency, Obregón focused on educational reform, appointing José Vasconcelos as Secretary of Public Education, which led to the construction of numerous schools and libraries. His administration also saw the rise of Mexican muralism, moderate land reform, and the implementation of labor laws. He also negotiated the Bucareli Treaty with the United States to secure diplomatic recognition.
  • What was the role of José Vasconcelos during Obregón Salido's presidency?: José Vasconcelos served as Obregón's Secretary of Public Education. He initiated a significant expansion of educational infrastructure, building approximately 1,000 rural schools and 2,000 public libraries. Vasconcelos also promoted Mexican muralism as a means to express national history and the spirit of the Revolution.
  • What was Obregón Salido's contribution to the development of the Mexican military?: As Minister of War, Obregón worked to modernize and professionalize the Mexican military. He established a staff college, a school of military medicine, and a Department of Aviation, along with a pilot training school. He also brought munitions factories under direct military control.

How much land was distributed under Obregón's land reform policies?

Answer: Exactly 921,627 hectares.

Under Obregón's administration, approximately 921,627 hectares of land were distributed as part of land reform initiatives.

Related Concepts:

  • How extensive was land reform during Obregón Salido's presidency?: Land reform was more extensive under Obregón than under his predecessor, Carranza. A total of 921,627 hectares of land were distributed during his term. A decree in August 1923 also granted rights to national or uncultivated lands for citizens over 18, including widows heading families.
  • What was Obregón Salido's personal stance on land reform?: Despite overseeing land distributions, Obregón, being a successful commercial farmer himself, reportedly did not personally believe in radical land reform. He shared the view with Madero and Carranza that extensive land redistribution could destabilize the Mexican economy and lead to a return to subsistence agriculture.
  • What activities did Obregón Salido pursue after his presidency ended in 1924?: After leaving office, Obregón returned to Sonora to focus on his agricultural business interests, introducing modern irrigation in the Yaqui Valley. He also expanded his business ventures into various sectors, including a rice mill, seafood packing, a soap factory, tomato fields, a car rental business, and a jute bag factory, demonstrating his continued entrepreneurial drive.

What was Obregón's personal view on radical land redistribution?

Answer: He did not personally believe in it, fearing it could destabilize the economy.

Obregón, a successful farmer himself, reportedly did not personally endorse radical land redistribution, concerned about its potential to destabilize the national economy.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Obregón Salido's personal stance on land reform?: Despite overseeing land distributions, Obregón, being a successful commercial farmer himself, reportedly did not personally believe in radical land reform. He shared the view with Madero and Carranza that extensive land redistribution could destabilize the Mexican economy and lead to a return to subsistence agriculture.
  • How extensive was land reform during Obregón Salido's presidency?: Land reform was more extensive under Obregón than under his predecessor, Carranza. A total of 921,627 hectares of land were distributed during his term. A decree in August 1923 also granted rights to national or uncultivated lands for citizens over 18, including widows heading families.
  • How did Obregón Salido describe his political ideals in relation to socialism?: Obregón identified with socialism, describing it as a supreme ideal that stirs humanity. He stated that socialism aims to uplift those at the bottom, seeking a balance between capital and labor and a more equitable distribution of resources. This suggests a belief in social justice and economic fairness as core principles.

How did Obregón's stance on the Catholic Church compare to Plutarco Elías Calles?

Answer: Obregón was less anticlerical than Calles.

Obregón's approach to the Catholic Church was notably less stringent than that of his successor, Calles, whose more severe anticlerical policies would later ignite the Cristero War.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Obregón Salido's approach to the Catholic Church compared to his successor, Calles?: Obregón was less anticlerical than his successor, Plutarco Elías Calles. While Obregón was suspicious of the Catholic Church's influence and sent congratulations to Pope Pius XI, emphasizing complementarity between the Church and the Revolution, Calles's more stringent policies would later lead to the Cristero War. Obregón's presidency saw the beginnings of conflict between Catholic groups and revolutionary supporters.
  • What was Obregón Salido's stance on the 1917 Constitution's anticlerical articles?: Unlike Venustiano Carranza, who opposed them, Obregón supported the inclusion of anticlerical articles, specifically Articles 3 and 130, in the 1917 Constitution. These articles restricted religious instruction in schools and imposed limitations on clergy, reflecting a move towards secularization in Mexico.

What was the nature of the rebellion against Obregón in 1923, led by Adolfo de la Huerta?

Answer: Obregón's support for Calles as his successor.

The De la Huerta rebellion in 1923 was largely instigated by opposition to Obregón's endorsement of Plutarco Elías Calles as his chosen successor for the presidency.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the De la Huerta rebellion, and how did Obregón Salido defeat it?: In 1923, Adolfo de la Huerta, Obregón's former ally and Finance Minister, launched a rebellion against Obregón and his chosen successor, Plutarco Elías Calles. The rebellion garnered significant support from over half the army. Obregón ultimately crushed the rebellion, notably with military aid, including arms and planes, from the United States.
  • What event prompted Obregón Salido to rejoin the fight against Victoriano Huerta in 1913?: In February 1913, Victoriano Huerta orchestrated a coup d'état, overthrowing and assassinating President Francisco I. Madero. This act of betrayal against the legitimate government spurred Obregón to immediately offer his services to the government of Sonora, which refused to recognize Huerta's regime, thus drawing Obregón back into the revolutionary conflict.
  • What was the nature of the conflict between Obregón Salido and the Yaqui people in 1926-1927?: Ironically, Obregón, who had previously risen to prominence commanding Yaqui troops, found himself suppressing a rebellion by the Yaqui people demanding land reform between October 1926 and April 1927. His participation in this campaign was likely motivated by a desire to prove loyalty to the Calles government, maintain his military influence, and protect his commercial interests in the Yaqui Valley.

Obregón's presidency (1920-1924) is generally characterized as a period of:

Answer: Stabilization and moderate reform following revolutionary conflict.

Obregón's tenure as president is widely regarded as a period of stabilization and the implementation of moderate reforms after the tumultuous years of the Mexican Revolution.

Related Concepts:

  • How extensive was land reform during Obregón Salido's presidency?: Land reform was more extensive under Obregón than under his predecessor, Carranza. A total of 921,627 hectares of land were distributed during his term. A decree in August 1923 also granted rights to national or uncultivated lands for citizens over 18, including widows heading families.
  • How did Obregón Salido's presidency address the issue of U.S. diplomatic recognition?: A primary goal of Obregón's presidency was to secure diplomatic recognition from the United States. He achieved this by negotiating the Bucareli Treaty in August 1923, which involved concessions regarding Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution and foreign oil companies, thereby normalizing relations between the two countries.
  • What were some key policies and developments during Obregón Salido's presidency (1920-1924)?: During his presidency, Obregón focused on educational reform, appointing José Vasconcelos as Secretary of Public Education, which led to the construction of numerous schools and libraries. His administration also saw the rise of Mexican muralism, moderate land reform, and the implementation of labor laws. He also negotiated the Bucareli Treaty with the United States to secure diplomatic recognition.

Which of the following was NOT a policy or development during Obregón's presidency (1920-1924)?

Answer: The initiation of the Cristero War.

The Cristero War began in 1926, during the presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles, and thus was not a policy or development during Obregón's term (1920-1924).

Related Concepts:

  • How extensive was land reform during Obregón Salido's presidency?: Land reform was more extensive under Obregón than under his predecessor, Carranza. A total of 921,627 hectares of land were distributed during his term. A decree in August 1923 also granted rights to national or uncultivated lands for citizens over 18, including widows heading families.
  • How did Obregón Salido's presidency address the issue of U.S. diplomatic recognition?: A primary goal of Obregón's presidency was to secure diplomatic recognition from the United States. He achieved this by negotiating the Bucareli Treaty in August 1923, which involved concessions regarding Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution and foreign oil companies, thereby normalizing relations between the two countries.
  • What were some key policies and developments during Obregón Salido's presidency (1920-1924)?: During his presidency, Obregón focused on educational reform, appointing José Vasconcelos as Secretary of Public Education, which led to the construction of numerous schools and libraries. His administration also saw the rise of Mexican muralism, moderate land reform, and the implementation of labor laws. He also negotiated the Bucareli Treaty with the United States to secure diplomatic recognition.

What was the nature of Obregón's agreement with the Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM)?

Answer: It established a Department of Labor and recognized CROM's right to strike, though other strikes were suppressed.

Obregón's administration established a Department of Labor and recognized CROM's right to strike, though the agreement also involved the suppression of other labor actions.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the nature of labor relations under Obregón Salido's presidency?: Obregón maintained an agreement with the Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM), establishing a Department of Labor and enacting labor laws. However, CROM became increasingly powerful, and while its right to strike was recognized, other strikes were suppressed. This led to uneven enforcement of labor protections outlined in the Constitution of 1917.
  • What were some key policies and developments during Obregón Salido's presidency (1920-1924)?: During his presidency, Obregón focused on educational reform, appointing José Vasconcelos as Secretary of Public Education, which led to the construction of numerous schools and libraries. His administration also saw the rise of Mexican muralism, moderate land reform, and the implementation of labor laws. He also negotiated the Bucareli Treaty with the United States to secure diplomatic recognition.
  • How did Obregón Salido's presidency address the issue of U.S. diplomatic recognition?: A primary goal of Obregón's presidency was to secure diplomatic recognition from the United States. He achieved this by negotiating the Bucareli Treaty in August 1923, which involved concessions regarding Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution and foreign oil companies, thereby normalizing relations between the two countries.

Diplomatic Relations and U.S. Policy

The Bucareli Treaty secured U.S. diplomatic recognition for Obregón's government in exchange for concessions on oil interests.

Answer: True

The Bucareli Treaty, signed in 1923, was crucial for Obregón's administration as it secured vital U.S. diplomatic recognition in return for concessions regarding American oil interests and investments.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the Bucareli Treaty, and why was it significant for Obregón Salido's government?: The Bucareli Treaty, signed in August 1923, was a major agreement between Mexico and the United States that addressed issues concerning U.S. oil interests and other foreign investments. It was significant because it made concessions to the U.S. and, in exchange, secured crucial U.S. diplomatic recognition for Obregón's government, which was vital for its legitimacy and stability.
  • How did Obregón Salido's presidency address the issue of U.S. diplomatic recognition?: A primary goal of Obregón's presidency was to secure diplomatic recognition from the United States. He achieved this by negotiating the Bucareli Treaty in August 1923, which involved concessions regarding Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution and foreign oil companies, thereby normalizing relations between the two countries.

What major agreement did Obregón sign with the United States in 1923?

Answer: The Bucareli Treaty

In 1923, Obregón signed the Bucareli Treaty with the United States, which addressed various bilateral issues and secured U.S. diplomatic recognition.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Obregón Salido's presidency address the issue of U.S. diplomatic recognition?: A primary goal of Obregón's presidency was to secure diplomatic recognition from the United States. He achieved this by negotiating the Bucareli Treaty in August 1923, which involved concessions regarding Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution and foreign oil companies, thereby normalizing relations between the two countries.
  • What was the Bucareli Treaty, and why was it significant for Obregón Salido's government?: The Bucareli Treaty, signed in August 1923, was a major agreement between Mexico and the United States that addressed issues concerning U.S. oil interests and other foreign investments. It was significant because it made concessions to the U.S. and, in exchange, secured crucial U.S. diplomatic recognition for Obregón's government, which was vital for its legitimacy and stability.
  • What were some key policies and developments during Obregón Salido's presidency (1920-1924)?: During his presidency, Obregón focused on educational reform, appointing José Vasconcelos as Secretary of Public Education, which led to the construction of numerous schools and libraries. His administration also saw the rise of Mexican muralism, moderate land reform, and the implementation of labor laws. He also negotiated the Bucareli Treaty with the United States to secure diplomatic recognition.

Which country awarded Álvaro Obregón the Order of the Chrysanthemum?

Answer: Japan

Japan bestowed its prestigious Order of the Chrysanthemum upon Álvaro Obregón.

Related Concepts:

  • What international honor was bestowed upon Álvaro Obregón Salido?: Álvaro Obregón was awarded Japan's Order of the Chrysanthemum. The honor was conferred upon him in Mexico City by Baron Shigetsuma Furuya, the Special Ambassador from Japan, on November 26, 1924.

What was the significance of the Bucareli Treaty for Obregón's administration?

Answer: It secured crucial U.S. diplomatic recognition for his government.

The Bucareli Treaty was highly significant for Obregón's administration as it achieved the critical goal of securing diplomatic recognition from the United States.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the Bucareli Treaty, and why was it significant for Obregón Salido's government?: The Bucareli Treaty, signed in August 1923, was a major agreement between Mexico and the United States that addressed issues concerning U.S. oil interests and other foreign investments. It was significant because it made concessions to the U.S. and, in exchange, secured crucial U.S. diplomatic recognition for Obregón's government, which was vital for its legitimacy and stability.
  • What were some key policies and developments during Obregón Salido's presidency (1920-1924)?: During his presidency, Obregón focused on educational reform, appointing José Vasconcelos as Secretary of Public Education, which led to the construction of numerous schools and libraries. His administration also saw the rise of Mexican muralism, moderate land reform, and the implementation of labor laws. He also negotiated the Bucareli Treaty with the United States to secure diplomatic recognition.
  • How did Obregón Salido's presidency address the issue of U.S. diplomatic recognition?: A primary goal of Obregón's presidency was to secure diplomatic recognition from the United States. He achieved this by negotiating the Bucareli Treaty in August 1923, which involved concessions regarding Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution and foreign oil companies, thereby normalizing relations between the two countries.

Assassination and Immediate Aftermath

Fears that Obregón would seek re-election intensified when Congress repealed presidential term limits in 1926.

Answer: True

The repeal of presidential term limits in 1926 fueled speculation and fears that Obregón intended to seek re-election, which he subsequently did.

Related Concepts:

  • What fears arose regarding Obregón Salido's continued influence after Calles became president?: Following Calles's election, which Obregón had facilitated, fears emerged that Obregón intended to maintain significant political control, potentially making Calles a figurehead. These concerns intensified in October 1926 when Congress repealed presidential term limits, opening the door for Obregón to run for president again in 1928.
  • What was the outcome of the 1928 presidential election for Álvaro Obregón Salido?: Álvaro Obregón won the 1928 Mexican presidential election. However, he was assassinated in July 1928, months before he could assume office for his second term, preventing him from taking the presidency.
  • How did Obregón Salido's political career end?: Álvaro Obregón's political career ended with his assassination on July 17, 1928. He had been re-elected to the presidency but was killed by José de León Toral before he could assume office, cutting short his second term.

Álvaro Obregón was assassinated before he could take office for his second term in 1928.

Answer: True

Álvaro Obregón Salido was assassinated on July 17, 1928, after winning the presidential election but before he could assume office for his second term.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Obregón Salido's political career end?: Álvaro Obregón's political career ended with his assassination on July 17, 1928. He had been re-elected to the presidency but was killed by José de León Toral before he could assume office, cutting short his second term.
  • What was the outcome of the 1928 presidential election for Álvaro Obregón Salido?: Álvaro Obregón won the 1928 Mexican presidential election. However, he was assassinated in July 1928, months before he could assume office for his second term, preventing him from taking the presidency.
  • When and why was Álvaro Obregón Salido assassinated?: Álvaro Obregón was assassinated on July 17, 1928, in La Bombilla Café in Mexico City. He was killed by José de León Toral, a Roman Catholic who opposed the government's anticlerical policies, shortly after Obregón had won the 1928 presidential election but before he could take office for his second term.

The assassination of Obregón led directly to the founding of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

Answer: False

Obregón's assassination precipitated a political crisis that led Plutarco Elías Calles to found the National Revolutionary Party, which later evolved into the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

Related Concepts:

  • What was the political consequence of Obregón Salido's assassination?: Obregón's assassination precipitated a significant political crisis in Mexico. This crisis ultimately led Plutarco Elías Calles to found the National Revolutionary Party, which later became the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). This party would go on to dominate Mexican politics for much of the 20th century.
  • What was the impact of Obregón Salido's political decisions on the formation of Mexico's dominant political party?: Obregón's assassination in 1928 created a political vacuum and crisis. This situation prompted his close ally, Plutarco Elías Calles, to establish the National Revolutionary Party, which later became the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). This party would go on to dominate Mexican politics for decades.

What was the political consequence of Obregón's assassination in 1928?

Answer: It prompted Plutarco Elías Calles to found the National Revolutionary Party.

The assassination of Obregón created a significant political crisis, which ultimately led Plutarco Elías Calles to establish the National Revolutionary Party.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the impact of Obregón Salido's political decisions on the formation of Mexico's dominant political party?: Obregón's assassination in 1928 created a political vacuum and crisis. This situation prompted his close ally, Plutarco Elías Calles, to establish the National Revolutionary Party, which later became the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). This party would go on to dominate Mexican politics for decades.
  • What was the outcome of the 1928 presidential election for Álvaro Obregón Salido?: Álvaro Obregón won the 1928 Mexican presidential election. However, he was assassinated in July 1928, months before he could assume office for his second term, preventing him from taking the presidency.
  • What was the political consequence of Obregón Salido's assassination?: Obregón's assassination precipitated a significant political crisis in Mexico. This crisis ultimately led Plutarco Elías Calles to found the National Revolutionary Party, which later became the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). This party would go on to dominate Mexican politics for much of the 20th century.

What was the primary motivation cited for José de León Toral assassinating Obregón?

Answer: Retribution for the government's anticlerical policies and the execution of Miguel Pro.

The primary motivation cited for José de León Toral's assassination of Obregón was retribution for the government's anticlerical policies and the execution of Father Miguel Pro.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the broader context of the assassination of Álvaro Obregón Salido?: Obregón's assassination occurred during the Cristero War, a rebellion fueled by President Calles's harsh anticlerical measures. As an ally of Calles, Obregón was targeted by those who opposed the government's actions against the Catholic Church. Toral's motive was specifically linked to retribution for the execution of Miguel Pro, who had been falsely accused of attempting to assassinate Obregón.
  • When and why was Álvaro Obregón Salido assassinated?: Álvaro Obregón was assassinated on July 17, 1928, in La Bombilla Café in Mexico City. He was killed by José de León Toral, a Roman Catholic who opposed the government's anticlerical policies, shortly after Obregón had won the 1928 presidential election but before he could take office for his second term.
  • Who was responsible for the assassination of Álvaro Obregón Salido?: Álvaro Obregón was assassinated by José de León Toral, a Roman Catholic who opposed the government's anticlerical policies. Toral was later convicted and executed for the murder. A nun, Madre Conchita, was also implicated as potentially being the mastermind behind the assassination plot.

Legacy and Commemoration

After his presidency, Obregón retired completely from business and politics.

Answer: False

Following his presidency, Obregón remained active in business ventures and politics, eventually being re-elected president before his assassination.

Related Concepts:

  • What activities did Obregón Salido pursue after his presidency ended in 1924?: After leaving office, Obregón returned to Sonora to focus on his agricultural business interests, introducing modern irrigation in the Yaqui Valley. He also expanded his business ventures into various sectors, including a rice mill, seafood packing, a soap factory, tomato fields, a car rental business, and a jute bag factory, demonstrating his continued entrepreneurial drive.
  • How did Obregón Salido's political career end?: Álvaro Obregón's political career ended with his assassination on July 17, 1928. He had been re-elected to the presidency but was killed by José de León Toral before he could assume office, cutting short his second term.

Obregón was awarded Japan's Order of the Rising Sun.

Answer: False

Obregón was awarded Japan's Order of the Chrysanthemum, not the Order of the Rising Sun.

Related Concepts:

  • What international honor was bestowed upon Álvaro Obregón Salido?: Álvaro Obregón was awarded Japan's Order of the Chrysanthemum. The honor was conferred upon him in Mexico City by Baron Shigetsuma Furuya, the Special Ambassador from Japan, on November 26, 1924.

Posthumously, Obregón is widely celebrated as a more prominent hero of the Revolution than Pancho Villa or Emiliano Zapata.

Answer: False

Despite his significant contributions, Obregón's posthumous recognition is generally less prominent than that of Pancho Villa or Emiliano Zapata, lacking a widespread cult of personality.

Related Concepts:

  • How is Obregón Salido remembered in terms of his posthumous recognition compared to other revolutionary leaders?: Despite his significant military achievements and presidency, Obregón's posthumous recognition and standing as a hero of the Revolution are not as prominent as those of Pancho Villa or Emiliano Zapata, who were ultimately defeated leaders. There is no widespread cult of personality surrounding Obregón, and public ceremonies honoring him attracted few attendees even on significant anniversaries.
  • How did Obregón Salido's military strategy differ from that of Pancho Villa?: While Pancho Villa was known for his bold cavalry charges, Obregón adopted a more cautious and strategic approach. He excelled at employing tactics such as luring enemies into traps, surprise assaults, and encircling maneuvers, demonstrating a keen understanding of battlefield dynamics that was particularly evident in his later battles.
  • What key role did Obregón Salido play in the Constitutional Army?: Álvaro Obregón became the most prominent general in the Constitutional Army, supporting Venustiano Carranza's leadership against the Huerta regime. He was appointed commander of the revolutionary forces in northwestern Mexico and later became the overall commander of the Constitutionalist army, leading them to victory against key rivals like Pancho Villa.

The main monument to Obregón in Mexico City is located at the site of his birth.

Answer: False

The primary monument to Obregón in Mexico City is located at Parque de la Bombilla, the site of his assassination, not his birthplace.

Related Concepts:

  • Where is the main monument to Álvaro Obregón Salido located, and what does it contain?: An imposing monument to Álvaro Obregón stands in Parque de la Bombilla in San Ángel, southern Mexico City. It is the largest monument to a single revolutionary in Mexico and is situated at the site of his assassination. Originally, it housed his severed right arm, lost in battle, which has since been replaced by a marble sculpture.
  • What were the circumstances of Obregón Salido's early life and family background?: Obregón was born into a family that had previously owned a substantial estate, but their property was confiscated by the Liberal government in 1867 after his father's business partner supported Emperor Maximilian's regime. His father died in 1880, the year of Álvaro's birth, leaving him to be raised in straitened circumstances by his mother and sisters. Although his mother's family was prominent, Obregón, as an orphan, was considered a poor relation, which fueled his ambition to succeed.
  • How did Obregón Salido's severed arm become a symbol?: After losing his right arm in the Battle of Celaya, Obregón's arm was embalmed and displayed in a monument dedicated to him in Mexico City. He often wore clothing tailored to highlight the loss, presenting it as a visible symbol of his sacrifice for Mexico. This personal sacrifice became part of his public image and legacy.

The city of Ciudad Obregón in Sonora is named after a different historical figure.

Answer: False

The city of Ciudad Obregón in Sonora is named in honor of Álvaro Obregón Salido.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Obregón Salido's role in the campaign against Victoriano Huerta?: As chief of Sonora's War Department, Obregón led campaigns that drove federal troops out of key cities like Nogales, Cananea, and Naco, and captured the port of Guaymas. His strategic victories, such as the encirclement of enemy forces at Santa Rosa, earned him respect among revolutionaries and solidified his reputation as a capable military leader against the Huerta regime.
  • How is Obregón Salido honored in his home state of Sonora?: In Sonora, the city of Ciudad Obregón, the state's second-largest city, is named in his honor. Additionally, an equestrian statue in Sonora depicts him as a vigorous soldier with two arms, contrasting with the symbolic representation of his lost arm in Mexico City.
  • When did Obregón Salido first enter politics, and what was his initial role?: Álvaro Obregón entered politics in 1911 when he was elected as the municipal president of Huatabampo, a town in his home state of Sonora. This marked his first foray into public office, transitioning from his agricultural and business pursuits.

What is a notable aspect of Obregón's posthumous recognition compared to other revolutionary leaders like Zapata and Villa?

Answer: His recognition is less prominent, lacking a widespread cult of personality.

Compared to figures like Zapata and Villa, Obregón's posthumous recognition is less pronounced, characterized by a lack of a widespread public cult of personality.

Related Concepts:

  • How is Obregón Salido remembered in terms of his posthumous recognition compared to other revolutionary leaders?: Despite his significant military achievements and presidency, Obregón's posthumous recognition and standing as a hero of the Revolution are not as prominent as those of Pancho Villa or Emiliano Zapata, who were ultimately defeated leaders. There is no widespread cult of personality surrounding Obregón, and public ceremonies honoring him attracted few attendees even on significant anniversaries.
  • How did Obregón Salido's severed arm become a symbol?: After losing his right arm in the Battle of Celaya, Obregón's arm was embalmed and displayed in a monument dedicated to him in Mexico City. He often wore clothing tailored to highlight the loss, presenting it as a visible symbol of his sacrifice for Mexico. This personal sacrifice became part of his public image and legacy.
  • What was Obregón Salido's initial stance on Francisco I. Madero's call to arms in 1910?: Initially, Obregón showed little interest in Francisco I. Madero's Anti-Reelectionist movement and did not join the uprising against President Porfirio Díaz following the fraudulent 1910 elections. As a widowed parent with a prosperous farm, Madero's call was not immediately urgent for him, though he later expressed regret for this delay.

Where is the main monument dedicated to Álvaro Obregón located?

Answer: Parque de la Bombilla, Mexico City.

The principal monument honoring Álvaro Obregón is situated in Parque de la Bombilla, Mexico City, the location of his assassination.

Related Concepts:

  • Where is the main monument to Álvaro Obregón Salido located, and what does it contain?: An imposing monument to Álvaro Obregón stands in Parque de la Bombilla in San Ángel, southern Mexico City. It is the largest monument to a single revolutionary in Mexico and is situated at the site of his assassination. Originally, it housed his severed right arm, lost in battle, which has since been replaced by a marble sculpture.
  • When did Obregón Salido first enter politics, and what was his initial role?: Álvaro Obregón entered politics in 1911 when he was elected as the municipal president of Huatabampo, a town in his home state of Sonora. This marked his first foray into public office, transitioning from his agricultural and business pursuits.
  • What natural element is named in honor of Álvaro Obregón Salido?: Álvaro Obregón is honored in the name of a genus of small cactus indigenous to Mexico, known as Obregonia denegrii. This botanical naming reflects a lasting recognition of his historical significance.

The genus of cactus named Obregonia denegrii honors which aspect of Álvaro Obregón?

Answer: His historical significance.

The cactus genus Obregonia denegrii is named in honor of Álvaro Obregón, recognizing his overall historical significance.

Related Concepts:

  • What natural element is named in honor of Álvaro Obregón Salido?: Álvaro Obregón is honored in the name of a genus of small cactus indigenous to Mexico, known as Obregonia denegrii. This botanical naming reflects a lasting recognition of his historical significance.

Which James Carlos Blake novel features Álvaro Obregón as a major character?

Answer: The Friends of Pancho Villa

Álvaro Obregón is depicted as a major character in James Carlos Blake's novel, 'The Friends of Pancho Villa'.

Related Concepts:

  • In which novel is Álvaro Obregón Salido portrayed as a major character?: Álvaro Obregón is featured as a major character in James Carlos Blake's 1996 novel, The Friends of Pancho Villa. This novel explores the complex relationships and conflicts among key figures of the Mexican Revolution.

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