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The Greek term 'anastasis nekron' refers to the concept of the soul's immortality.
Answer: False
The Koine Greek term 'anastasis nekron' (ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν) literally translates to 'standing up again of the dead,' signifying the resurrection from the dead, not the soul's immortality.
Which of the following is the fundamental belief of universal resurrection?
Answer: Most or all people who have ever died will be brought back to life.
The core tenet of universal resurrection is the belief that a vast majority, if not all, deceased individuals will be physically restored to life.
According to the source, which religious traditions incorporate the concept of universal resurrection?
Answer: Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Samaritanism, and Zoroastrianism
The provided material indicates that the concept of universal resurrection is a significant eschatological element within Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Samaritanism, and Zoroastrianism.
What is the meaning of the Koine Greek term 'anastasis nekron'?
Answer: The resurrection of the dead
The Greek phrase 'anastasis nekron' directly translates to 'resurrection of the dead,' referring to the act of rising again after death.
The Hebrew Bible explicitly mentions Elijah, Elisha, and a man touching Elisha's bones as instances of resurrection.
Answer: True
The Hebrew Bible recounts three specific instances of resurrection: the prophet Elijah praying for and reviving a young boy, Elisha raising the son of the Shunammite woman, and a dead man being resurrected when his body touched the bones of the deceased Elisha in his tomb.
Before 200 BCE, Jewish thought included developed concepts of an afterlife involving reward and punishment.
Answer: False
Prior to 200 BCE, Jewish thought did not extensively feature developed concepts of a personal afterlife with reward or punishment. Such ideas gained prominence in later Jewish theological discourse.
In later Judaism, resurrection is believed to occur during the Messianic Age, granting eternal life to the righteous.
Answer: True
Later Jewish eschatology posits that the righteous will experience resurrection during the Messianic Age, ushering in eternal life in the eschatological 'world to come' (Olam Ha-Ba).
Modern Jewish belief in resurrection is primarily based on texts from the Pentateuch (Torah).
Answer: False
Modern Jewish belief in resurrection is primarily derived from prophetic texts within the Hebrew Bible, specifically the Books of Isaiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel, rather than the Pentateuch.
Samaritans base their belief in resurrection on the entire Hebrew Bible, similar to Rabbinic Judaism.
Answer: False
Samaritans adhere exclusively to the Torah and base their belief in resurrection solely on a specific passage within the Song of Moses, distinguishing their practice from Rabbinic Judaism's broader scriptural foundation.
During the Second Temple period, Jewish beliefs about resurrection were uniform and universally accepted.
Answer: False
The Second Temple period witnessed considerable diversity in Jewish eschatological beliefs, including varied concepts of resurrection and differing views among various sects such as the Pharisees and Sadducees.
According to Josephus, the Pharisees believed that only the soul was immortal and subject to reincarnation or punishment, not necessarily a bodily resurrection.
Answer: True
Historical accounts, notably by Josephus, suggest that while the Pharisees believed in the soul's immortality and potential for reincarnation or eternal punishment, their view on bodily resurrection was not as definitively articulated as other aspects of their theology.
'Teḥiyyat ha-metim' is the Islamic term for the Day of Resurrection.
Answer: False
'Teḥiyyat ha-metim' is a Hebrew term meaning 'life to the dead,' referring to the Jewish concept of resurrection. The Islamic term for the Day of Resurrection is 'Yawm al-Qiyamah'.
'Olam Ha-Ba' signifies the future state of existence for the righteous after resurrection in Jewish eschatology.
Answer: True
'Olam Ha-Ba,' translating to 'the world to come,' denotes the future state of perfected existence for the righteous following their resurrection in Jewish eschatological thought.
In early rabbinical writings, the 'second death' is seen as the final state of punishment with no subsequent resurrection.
Answer: False
Early rabbinical texts associate the 'second death' with judgment, but it is generally understood to occur prior to, or as part of, the final resurrection on the Last Day, not as a state of ultimate finality without subsequent resurrection.
Which of these is NOT one of the three specific instances of resurrection mentioned in the Hebrew Bible?
Answer: Jesus raising Lazarus from the dead.
The Hebrew Bible specifically details the resurrections performed by Elijah, Elisha, and the man revived by touching Elisha's bones. The resurrection of Lazarus is a New Testament event.
How did Jewish beliefs about the afterlife differ before 200 BCE compared to later periods?
Answer: Judaism did not hold a belief in a personal afterlife with reward or punishment before 200 BCE.
Prior to 200 BCE, Jewish thought was less focused on detailed concepts of personal afterlife, reward, and punishment, which became more prominent in subsequent theological developments.
What is the Hebrew term for the Jewish belief that the righteous will be resurrected during the Messianic Age?
Answer: Teḥiyyat ha-metim
'Teḥiyyat ha-metim' is the Hebrew phrase meaning 'life to the dead,' referring to the resurrection of the righteous during the Messianic Age in Jewish eschatology.
On which books of the Hebrew Bible do modern Jews primarily base their belief in resurrection?
Answer: Isaiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel
The foundational scriptural basis for modern Jewish belief in resurrection is found in the prophetic books of Isaiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel.
Why is the Samaritan basis for resurrection belief unique compared to Rabbinic Judaism?
Answer: Samaritans only accept the Torah and base their belief solely on the Song of Moses within it.
Samaritans exclusively recognize the Torah and derive their belief in resurrection from a passage in the Song of Moses, distinguishing them from Rabbinic Judaism which incorporates other sections of the Hebrew Bible.
Which Jewish sect, according to historical accounts like Josephus, did NOT believe in an afterlife or resurrection?
Answer: Sadducees
Historical sources, including Josephus and New Testament accounts, indicate that the Sadducees rejected the concepts of an afterlife and resurrection, contrasting with the beliefs of the Pharisees.
Paul the Apostle taught that resurrected bodies would remain natural, perishable flesh and blood.
Answer: False
Paul the Apostle posited that resurrected bodies would be transformed into spiritual and imperishable forms, contrasting with the natural, perishable state of earthly flesh and blood, which he argued could not inherit the Kingdom of God.
The Gospel of Matthew describes Jesus teaching about the resurrection of all humanity at the end of time.
Answer: True
The Gospel of Matthew records Jesus referring to 'the resurrection' (he anastasis) in a context that implies the general resurrection of all humankind at the eschatological culmination.
Accounts of Jesus' resurrection in the canonical Gospels emphasize a non-physical, purely spiritual reappearance.
Answer: False
The canonical Gospels present Jesus' resurrection as a corporeal event, evidenced by accounts of the empty tomb, disciples touching his physical form ('flesh and bones'), and his invitation to examine his wounds.
Jesus' reference to the 'resurrection of the just' in Luke 14:14 implies that only the righteous will be resurrected.
Answer: False
The phrase 'resurrection of the just' in Luke 14:14 suggests that while the righteous will be resurrected to glory, the wicked will also experience resurrection, albeit for condemnation and judgment.
The Nicene Creed affirms the resurrection of the dead as a core Christian belief.
Answer: True
The Nicene Creed, a foundational statement of Christian faith, explicitly includes the affirmation of 'the resurrection of the dead' and 'the life of the world to come'.
Early Christian writers like Irenaeus and Justin Martyr argued against the resurrection of the body, favoring the Greek view.
Answer: False
Early Christian apologists such as Irenaeus and Justin Martyr actively defended the doctrine of bodily resurrection against Greek philosophical skepticism, asserting God's power to reconstitute dissolved bodies and citing Christ's own resurrection.
The Catholic Church teaches that only the elect will be resurrected with their own bodies.
Answer: False
The Catholic Church affirms that all individuals, both the righteous and the unrighteous, will be resurrected with their own bodies, as decreed by the Fourth Lateran Council.
According to Aquinas' Summa Theologica, glorified bodies will possess qualities like impassibility and clarity.
Answer: True
Thomas Aquinas, in his Summa Theologica, outlines four principal qualities of glorified bodies: impassibility (incorruptibility), subtility (permeability), agility (perfect obedience), and clarity (resplendent beauty).
Lutheranism teaches that resurrected bodies are entirely new creations, separate from the original physical body.
Answer: False
Mainstream Lutheran theology posits that resurrected bodies are the transformed original bodies, reunited with their souls, rather than entirely new creations.
The Church of England's Forty-Two Articles in 1553 defined resurrection solely as a spiritual rising from sin.
Answer: False
Article 39 of the Church of England's Forty-Two Articles (1553) affirmed that resurrection was a physical event on the last day, involving the restoration of bodies, flesh, and bone, not merely a spiritual rebirth.
Methodism, influenced by John Wesley, downplays the importance of the resurrection of the body.
Answer: False
Methodism, particularly through the influence of John Wesley, upholds the resurrection of the body as a significant doctrine, often linking it to Christ's own resurrection and affirming it in historic creeds.
Traditional Baptist belief centers on the idea that Christ's resurrection was purely spiritual, not physical.
Answer: False
Traditional Baptist theology strongly affirms the physical, bodily resurrection of Christ as a foundational event, signifying victory over death and sin.
Many Dispensationalist Evangelicals believe in a single, universal resurrection event at the end of time.
Answer: False
Dispensationalist Evangelical theology typically posits a division of the resurrection into two distinct events: one associated with Christ's Second Coming and another at the Great White Throne judgment.
Christadelphians believe that all people who have ever died will be resurrected.
Answer: False
Christadelphians, adhering to mortalist views, do not believe in a universal resurrection; they hold that only specific groups will be resurrected, with the majority remaining in non-existence.
Jehovah's Witnesses believe the dead remain conscious and exist in a spirit realm until resurrection.
Answer: False
Jehovah's Witnesses adhere to conditional immortality, believing that the dead are in a state of non-existence until resurrection, rather than being conscious in a spirit realm.
Latter-day Saints believe that Jesus Christ was the first to be resurrected, and all humans will eventually be resurrected.
Answer: True
Latter-day Saints teach that Jesus Christ was the first to be resurrected and that all humanity will experience a physical resurrection, uniting spirit and body in an immortal state.
Paul the Apostle believed the resurrected body would be spiritual and imperishable, not flesh and blood.
Answer: True
Paul's theological framework posits that resurrected bodies are transformed into spiritual, imperishable entities, distinct from the perishable 'flesh and blood' which cannot inherit the Kingdom of God.
The Catholic Catechism states the resurrection of all the dead will occur definitively 'at the last day.'
Answer: True
The Catechism of the Catholic Church affirms that the definitive resurrection of all the dead, both the just and the unjust, will take place 'at the last day,' coinciding with Christ's final advent.
The 'five crowns' in Catholic theology refer to the quality of agility in glorified bodies.
Answer: False
The 'five crowns' are not a standard Catholic theological term for qualities of glorified bodies. The four qualities described by Aquinas are impassibility, subtility, agility, and clarity. Clarity refers to resplendent beauty.
Paul the Apostle described the resurrected body primarily as:
Answer: A spiritual and imperishable body.
Paul characterized the resurrected body as spiritual and imperishable, transformed from its natural, perishable state, necessary for inheriting the Kingdom of God.
Evidence cited in the Gospels for Jesus' resurrection being of the flesh includes:
Answer: The empty tomb and disciples touching his wounds.
The canonical Gospels provide evidence for Jesus' corporeal resurrection through accounts of the empty tomb, disciples interacting physically with him, and his own assertions of having 'flesh and bones'.
What does the phrase 'resurrection of the just' in Luke 14:14 suggest about the resurrection of the wicked?
Answer: The wicked will also rise, but for condemnation.
The reference to the 'resurrection of the just' implies a parallel resurrection for the wicked, who will rise for judgment and condemnation rather than reward.
How did early Christian writers like Irenaeus and Justin Martyr counter Greek skepticism about resurrection?
Answer: By asserting that God could recreate dissolved bodies and citing Christ's bodily resurrection.
Early Christian apologists countered Greek skepticism by affirming God's omnipotence to reconstitute bodies and by pointing to the resurrection of Christ as empirical proof of this possibility.
Which quality of glorified bodies, according to the Summa Theologica, relates to a body's permeability and ability to pass through objects?
Answer: Subtility
In Aquinas' framework, 'subtility' refers to the quality of glorified bodies that allows them to pass through solid objects, indicating a form of permeability.
How does mainstream Lutheran teaching describe the resurrection of the wicked?
Answer: They will be resurrected to everlasting shame and torment.
Lutheran doctrine posits that the wicked will be resurrected to face everlasting shame and torment, distinct from the eternal glory granted to the righteous.
What does the Church of England's Forty-Two Articles (1553) affirm about the resurrection?
Answer: It is a physical event on the last day where bodies are restored.
The Forty-Two Articles affirmed resurrection as a physical event on the final day, involving the restoration of bodies, flesh, and bone for all who have died.
How do many Dispensationalist Evangelicals typically view the timing of universal resurrection?
Answer: In two distinct events: at Christ's Second Coming and the Great White Throne judgment.
Dispensationalist theology commonly divides the universal resurrection into two primary events: one at Christ's Second Coming and another at the Great White Throne judgment.
What is the Christadelphian view on the scope of resurrection?
Answer: Not all the dead will be resurrected; only specific groups.
Christadelphians adhere to a non-universal resurrection, believing that only certain groups of people will be resurrected, while the majority will remain in non-existence.
According to Jehovah's Witnesses, what is the state of the dead before resurrection?
Answer: They are in a state of non-existence.
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that death results in a state of non-existence, from which individuals are physically resurrected at the appointed time.
The Catholic doctrine of glorified bodies includes the quality of 'clarity,' which signifies:
Answer: Resplendent beauty.
In Catholic theology, 'clarity' as a quality of glorified bodies refers to their resplendent beauty and radiant appearance, reflecting their perfected state.
In Islam, Yawm al-Qiyamah involves the resurrection of the body for final judgment after a period of annihilation.
Answer: True
Islamic eschatology describes Yawm al-Qiyamah (the Day of Resurrection) as a period involving the annihilation of existing creation, followed by the bodily resurrection of all individuals for divine judgment.
Islamic eschatology describes a single trumpet blast signaling both the death of remaining sinners and the resurrection.
Answer: False
Islamic tradition describes multiple trumpet blasts on the Day of Resurrection: one that causes death among remaining sinners, followed by a period of forty years, and then a second blast that initiates the resurrection of the dead.
Zoroastrianism's Frashokereti doctrine includes the resurrection and purification of the world.
Answer: True
Frashokereti, the Zoroastrian concept of the final renovation of the universe, entails the resurrection of the dead, the ultimate defeat of evil, and the restoration of creation to its pristine state.
In Zoroastrianism, divine intervention can alter an individual's fate after death based on their deeds.
Answer: False
Zoroastrianism emphasizes individual responsibility for one's fate, determined by the balance of thoughts, words, and deeds. Divine intervention does not alter this outcome post-mortem.
The Islamic term 'Yawm al-Qiyamah' refers to the final renovation of the universe in Zoroastrianism.
Answer: False
'Yawm al-Qiyamah' is the Islamic term for the Day of Resurrection. The Zoroastrian concept for the final renovation of the universe is 'Frashokereti'.
'Frashokereti' is the Zoroastrian concept for the final renovation of the universe, including the resurrection of the dead.
Answer: True
'Frashokereti' denotes the Zoroastrian doctrine of the final renovation of existence, which encompasses the resurrection of all deceased individuals and the ultimate triumph of good over evil.
In Islamic eschatology, what follows the sounding of the first trumpet on the Day of Resurrection?
Answer: A period of forty years before the second trumpet.
Islamic tradition describes a forty-year interval between the first trumpet blast, which causes death among remaining sinners, and the second trumpet blast that initiates the resurrection.
What does the Zoroastrian concept of 'Frashokereti' entail?
Answer: The final renovation of the universe, including resurrection and purification.
'Frashokereti' signifies the Zoroastrian belief in the ultimate renewal of the cosmos, involving the resurrection of the dead, the eradication of evil, and the restoration of creation to perfection.
Traditional Greek philosophy generally supported the idea of a bodily resurrection after death.
Answer: False
Classical Greek philosophical traditions, such as Platonism, tended to emphasize the immortality of the soul and viewed the body as a temporary vessel or even a prison, generally not supporting the concept of a literal bodily resurrection.
During the modern era (17th-19th centuries), Christian thought shifted focus from bodily resurrection towards the immortality of the soul.
Answer: True
Influenced by Enlightenment rationalism and Deism, Christian theological discourse during the modern period saw a notable shift, with increased emphasis placed on the soul's immortality rather than the literal resurrection of the body.
Deism, popular during the Enlightenment, strongly supported the doctrine of bodily resurrection.
Answer: False
Deism, which posited a creator deity but denied divine intervention or revelation, was more amenable to the concept of the soul's immortality than to the doctrine of bodily resurrection, which was often viewed as less rational.
In England, King Henry VIII's laws restricting dissection were partly motivated by concerns about preventing bodily resurrection.
Answer: True
Legislation under King Henry VIII limited dissection to executed criminals, partly due to the theological concern that dismemberment could impede the possibility of a complete bodily resurrection on the Last Day.
Cremation was legalized in the UK before laws regarding the dissection of bodies were significantly altered.
Answer: False
Laws governing dissection were altered by the Anatomy Act of 1832, while cremation was not legalized in the UK until 1884, indicating that changes to dissection laws preceded the legalization of cremation.
Anglican scholar N. T. Wright argues against the concept of bodily resurrection, favoring a spiritual afterlife.
Answer: False
N. T. Wright, an Anglican scholar, is a prominent advocate for the centrality of bodily resurrection in Christian theology, critiquing notions of a disembodied afterlife and emphasizing the biblical focus on resurrection into new, glorified bodies.
Oswald Spengler classified the resurrection of the flesh as a symbol of the 'Faustian' high culture.
Answer: False
Oswald Spengler, in 'The Decline of the West,' categorized the resurrection of the flesh as characteristic of the 'magian' high culture, which encompasses early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, rather than the 'Faustian' culture.
The shift in Christian thinking during the 17th-19th centuries, influenced by the Enlightenment, involved:
Answer: A move away from bodily resurrection towards the immortality of the soul.
The Enlightenment fostered rationalism and Deism, leading many Christian thinkers to prioritize the concept of the soul's immortality over the doctrine of bodily resurrection.
An Act of Parliament under King Henry VIII restricted the dissection of bodies to prevent:
Answer: The desecration of bodies intended for resurrection.
Henry VIII's legislation limiting dissection aimed, in part, to prevent the physical mutilation of bodies that might hinder their complete restoration in the bodily resurrection.
The 'Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones' fresco in the Dura-Europos synagogue illustrates the resurrection of the dead.
Answer: True
The fresco known as the 'Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones' within the Dura-Europos synagogue is a significant artistic depiction of the biblical prophecy concerning the resurrection of the dead.
Gustave Doré's 1866 engraving depicts the resurrection of souls, not bodies.
Answer: False
Gustave Doré's 1866 engraving illustrating Ezekiel's vision of the Valley of Dry Bones is a powerful representation of the resurrection of bodies, not merely souls.
Luca Signorelli's painting 'Resurrection of the Flesh' illustrates the dead being raised incorruptible.
Answer: True
Luca Signorelli's fresco 'Resurrection of the Flesh' (c. 1500) visually interprets 1 Corinthians 15:52, depicting the dead being raised in an incorruptible state.
Which painting visually interprets 1 Corinthians 15:52 by depicting the dead being raised incorruptible?
Answer: Luca Signorelli's 'Resurrection of the Flesh'
Luca Signorelli's fresco 'Resurrection of the Flesh' is renowned for its visual interpretation of the biblical passage in 1 Corinthians 15:52, depicting the incorruptible resurrection of the dead.
A historical theological belief suggested that bodies should be buried facing west to prepare for resurrection.
Answer: False
A historical theological belief held that bodies should be buried facing east, so that the deceased would be oriented towards God upon their resurrection on Judgment Day.
Christian mortalists, who reject the immortal soul, may still believe in a universal resurrection.
Answer: True
Christian mortalism, the belief that consciousness ceases at death until resurrection, does not preclude belief in a universal resurrection; figures like Thomas Hobbes and certain denominations hold this view.
What was the historical belief regarding the proper burial orientation for resurrection?
Answer: Feet pointing east, to face God upon resurrection.
A historical theological practice involved burying the deceased with feet pointing east, enabling them to face God directly upon their resurrection on Judgment Day.
What is the significance of the headstone inscription 'May the resurrection find thee on the bosom of thy God.'?
Answer: It reflects a hope for a positive outcome in the resurrection.
This inscription conveys a common Christian hope for a favorable reception and eternal peace with God upon the individual's resurrection.