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Urbanization is solely defined by the absolute number of people living in urban areas, distinct from urban growth which focuses on population proportion.
Answer: False
Urbanization encompasses the population shift from rural to urban areas and the *proportion* of people in urban settings, while urban growth measures the *absolute number* of people in urban areas. The statement reverses these definitions.
Urbanization is a phenomenon relevant only to the academic fields of urban planning and geography.
Answer: False
Urbanization is relevant to a diverse range of academic disciplines, including sociology, architecture, economics, education, statistics, and public health, in addition to urban planning and geography.
Urbanization can be quantified by measuring the rate at which the urban proportion of the population is increasing over time.
Answer: True
Urbanization can be quantified as the rate at which the urban proportion of the population is increasing over time, or as the level of urban development relative to the overall population at a specific time.
According to the source, what is the primary distinction between urbanization and urban growth?
Answer: Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas and the *proportion* of people in urban settings, while urban growth measures the *absolute number*.
Which of the following academic disciplines is NOT mentioned as finding urbanization relevant to its studies?
Answer: Paleontology
How can urbanization be quantified, according to the source material?
Answer: As the level of urban development relative to the overall population at a specific time, or as the rate at which the urban proportion of the population is increasing.
By 2050, it is projected that the developed world will have a lower percentage of its population urbanized compared to the developing world.
Answer: False
Projections for 2050 indicate that approximately 86% of the developed world will be urbanized, compared to 64% of the developing world, meaning the developed world will have a *higher* percentage.
Historically, urbanization has been closely linked to major societal shifts such as industrialization and globalization.
Answer: True
The source explicitly states that urbanization has been historically linked to globalization, modernization, industrialization, marketization, administrative/institutional power, and rationalization.
Before the 18th century, urban centers were typically large and housed the majority of the population, who were engaged in diverse industries.
Answer: False
Before the 18th century, urban centers were small, and the vast majority of the population was engaged in subsistence agriculture in rural areas.
The British Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution were key events that disrupted the traditional rural-urban population equilibrium.
Answer: True
The British Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century fundamentally broke the traditional rural-urban population equilibrium, leading to unprecedented urban growth.
In England and Wales, the urbanized population (using a broader definition) represented 72% of the total in 1891.
Answer: True
When adopting a broader definition of urbanization, the urbanized population in England and Wales represented 72% of the total in 1891.
The United Nations reported that the world's urban population first surpassed its rural population in 1997.
Answer: False
According to the United Nations, the world's urban population first surpassed its rural population in 2007, not 1997.
Greater Seoul is an example of a dominant conurbation, housing 50% of South Korea's national population.
Answer: True
Greater Seoul is cited as an example of a dominant conurbation, housing 50% of South Korea's entire national population.
South America is the least urbanized continent in the world, with less than 50% of its population living in urban areas.
Answer: False
South America is the *most* urbanized continent in the world, with over 80% of its total population living in urban areas.
What percentage of the developing world is predicted to be urbanized by 2050?
Answer: Approximately 64%
Historically, urbanization has been closely linked to which of the following broader societal changes?
Answer: Marketization
What characterized the equilibrium between rural and urban populations before the 18th century?
Answer: The vast majority of the population was engaged in subsistence agriculture in rural areas.
What events in the late 18th century led to unprecedented urban growth by disrupting the traditional rural-urban population equilibrium?
Answer: The British Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.
In England and Wales, what was the approximate proportion of the population living in cities with over 20,000 people in 1801?
Answer: 17%
Which of the following factors contributed to the expansion of cities and the convergence of laborers in industrial centers during the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: The development of public transport systems.
According to the United Nations, in what year did the world's urban population first surpass its rural population?
Answer: 2007
What is the global average urbanization rate as of 2020?
Answer: 56.2%
Which continent is identified as the most urbanized in the world, with over 80% of its total population living in urban areas?
Answer: South America
Cities primarily offer cultural benefits, with economic opportunities being a secondary consideration for migrants.
Answer: False
Cities offer a centralization of money, services, wealth, and opportunities, including numerous and varied job opportunities, which are primary attractions for migrants. Cultural benefits are also present but not primary over economic ones.
Alienation and increased cost of living are among the harmful social phenomena associated with an urban way of life.
Answer: True
Harmful social phenomena connected to an urban way of life include alienation, stress, increased cost of living, and mass marginalization.
Rural flight is a minor factor in urbanization, as most rural inhabitants prefer to remain in agricultural settings.
Answer: False
Rural flight is a significant contributing factor to urbanization, driven by rural inhabitants seeking economic opportunities and a change in their social position.
Agglomeration effects refer to the disadvantages that arise from the concentration of people and economic activities in one place.
Answer: False
Agglomeration effects refer to the *benefits* that arise from the concentration of people and economic activities in one place, leading to productivity gains.
Eric Hobsbawm noted that urban development in the early 19th century led to a decrease in class segregation, fostering more integrated communities.
Answer: False
Eric Hobsbawm stated that urban development between 1789 and 1848 was a 'gigantic process of class segregation,' pushing the laboring poor into areas of misery outside city centers.
In less developed countries, rapid urban development often alleviates inequality by creating abundant affordable housing and jobs for all migrants.
Answer: False
In less developed countries, rapid urban development often exacerbates inequality, leading to skyrocketing costs and the growth of slums where unskilled migrant workers cannot find jobs or afford housing.
Think tanks like the Overseas Development Institute propose policies that discourage labor-intensive industries to manage urban growth.
Answer: False
Think tanks like the Overseas Development Institute propose policies that *encourage* labor-intensive industries to utilize the migration of less skilled workers and support pro-poor urbanization.
Historically, crime and urbanization have been linked because urban areas provide greater availability of goods and make committing crimes more feasible.
Answer: True
Historically, higher population density in urban areas provided greater availability of goods and enhanced the feasibility of criminal activities, linking crime to urbanization.
Migration into urbanized areas always leads to increased social cohesion and lower crime rates.
Answer: False
Migration can increase crime when people are displaced into new urban environments with different norms, leading to less social cohesion and higher crime rates.
The 'urban bias theory' suggests that the urban sector in poor countries tends to win most struggles with the countryside due to its greater power and organization.
Answer: True
The 'urban bias theory' posits that the urban sector, possessing more articulateness, organization, and power, tends to win most struggles with the countryside in poor countries.
Water stress in urban areas is often exacerbated by slum development and a lack of basic infrastructure.
Answer: True
Water stress in urban areas arises from factors like slum development, anarchic construction, water scarcity, and the absence of adequate financial and basic infrastructure.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a cultural or economic benefit of living in a city?
Answer: Guaranteed lower cost of living.
What is a significant contributing factor to urbanization, driven by rural inhabitants seeking economic opportunities?
Answer: Rural flight
What are "agglomeration effects" in the context of cities?
Answer: The benefits that arise from the concentration of people and economic activities in one place.
According to Eric Hobsbawm, what was a major consequence of urban development between 1789 and 1848?
Answer: A gigantic process of class segregation.
What is a common problem arising in less developed countries due to rapid urban development and inequality?
Answer: The growth of slums where rural-urban unskilled migrant workers cannot find jobs or afford housing.
What is a historical factor linking crime to urbanization?
Answer: Greater availability of goods and feasibility of committing crimes due to higher population density.
How can migration influence crime rates in urbanized areas?
Answer: It can increase crime when people are displaced into new urban environments with different norms, leading to less social cohesion.
What does the 'urban bias theory' promoted by Michael Lipton suggest about class conflict in poor countries?
Answer: That the urban sector, possessing more power, tends to win most struggles with the countryside.
What factors contribute to water stress in urban areas?
Answer: Slum development, anarchic construction, and water scarcity.
Current urbanization trends consistently lead to sustainable ways of living, making urban resilience less of a policy concern.
Answer: False
Despite the potential for sustainability, current urbanization trends often lead to unsustainable ways of living, making urban resilience and sustainability central to international policy, such as Sustainable Development Goal 11.
Stewart Brand argues that urbanization has primarily negative environmental effects due to increased population density.
Answer: False
Stewart Brand argues that urbanization has primarily *positive* environmental effects, such as reduced birth rates and less destructive subsistence farming techniques.
A 2013 UN report warned that increased food production would be unnecessary by 2050 despite population growth, due to urban efficiencies.
Answer: False
A 2013 UN report warned that food production would need to increase by 70% by 2050 to feed an additional 2.4 billion people, indicating it would be very necessary.
Urban heat islands are formed because cities have more vegetation and exposed soil than rural areas, which helps absorb heat.
Answer: False
Urban heat islands are formed because cities have *less* vegetation and exposed soil than rural areas, causing buildings and asphalt to absorb and retain more heat.
Urban runoff is typically treated before it discharges into nearby water bodies, minimizing environmental contamination.
Answer: False
Urban runoff typically discharges into nearby water bodies *untreated*, contaminating them and contributing to environmental degradation.
Eutrophication is a process that leads to high oxygen levels and prevents algal blooms in water bodies.
Answer: False
Eutrophication is a process that causes *low* oxygen levels and *promotes* algal blooms in water bodies, potentially harming aquatic life.
Ocean acidification is caused by the ocean's absorption of human-produced CO2, which lowers the water's pH and can harm shell-building marine life.
Answer: True
The ocean's absorption of human-produced CO2 increases its acidity, causing a drop in pH that hinders the proper formation of calcium carbonate needed by many sea creatures.
Increased food waste in urban areas primarily contributes to public health improvements by reducing fermentation.
Answer: False
Increased food waste in urban areas contributes to public health concerns by increasing fermentation, which attracts disease vectors and can lead to disease spreading to humans.
Habitat fragmentation completely destroys natural habitats, preventing any species from surviving in urbanized regions.
Answer: False
Habitat fragmentation is the division of natural habitats into smaller, isolated pieces, not their complete destruction. Its negative effects can be mitigated by adding corridors.
What significant opportunity does urbanization present for sustainability, despite its challenges?
Answer: It offers the potential to use resources more efficiently and protect biodiversity.
How are urban heat islands primarily formed?
Answer: When industrial areas absorb and retain heat, and buildings/asphalt absorb the sun's energy.
What is the primary impact of urban runoff on water quality?
Answer: It contaminates water bodies by discharging untreated polluted water into them.
What is a key characteristic of eutrophication, as described in the source?
Answer: It causes low oxygen levels and algal blooms in water bodies.
How does ocean acidification primarily affect marine life, according to the source?
Answer: It causes a drop in pH, hindering the proper formation of calcium carbonate needed by many sea creatures.
What is one of the public health concerns associated with increased food waste in urban areas?
Answer: Increased potential for disease spreading to humans due to fermentation.
What is habitat fragmentation?
Answer: The division of natural habitats into smaller, isolated pieces, often by infrastructure.
In Thailand, urbanization has led to a decrease in obesity problems due to improved access to healthier food options.
Answer: False
In Thailand, urbanization has led to massive increases in obesity problems due to a dietary shift from carbohydrate-based diets to those higher in fat and sugar.
In the developing world, urbanization consistently leads to a significant increase in life expectancy for all residents.
Answer: False
In the developing world, urbanization does not consistently lead to a significant increase in life expectancy; residents in poor urban areas suffer disproportionately from disease, injury, and premature death.
Rural populations migrating to urban areas typically maintain their traditional plant-based diets, which are rich in grains and low in fat.
Answer: False
Rural populations migrating to urban areas often shift from traditional plant-based diets to diets relying more on processed foods with higher fat and sugar content.
Food deserts in developed countries are areas with abundant access to supermarkets and fresh produce.
Answer: False
Food deserts are areas where residents lack access to supermarkets and fresh produce, often having a high density of fast food chains and convenience stores instead.
Urbanization is associated with a lower risk of under-nutrition but a higher risk of being overweight in children.
Answer: True
In children, urbanization is associated with a lower risk of under-nutrition but a higher risk of being overweight, reflecting shifts in dietary patterns and food access.
Higher population density in urban areas creates a favorable environment for the rapid transmission of communicable diseases.
Answer: True
Higher population density in a smaller area creates an exceptionally favorable environment for the rapid transmission of communicable diseases.
Exposure to ambient air pollutants like NO2 and PM2.5 in urban areas can increase children's risk of developing asthma.
Answer: True
Exposure to elevated levels of ambient air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5) in urban areas is linked to asthma development in children.
Rural residents in the United States tend to engage in more physical activity than urban residents due to greater access to open spaces.
Answer: False
Rural residents in the United States tend to engage in *less* physical activity than urban residents, who benefit from features like nearby fitness venues and sidewalks.
Urban environmental characteristics like sidewalks and nearby fitness venues promote physical activity.
Answer: True
Urban environmental characteristics such as nearby fitness venues, sidewalks, street lights, and a variety of close destinations encourage active transportation like walking and biking.
How has urbanization impacted diet and health in Thailand?
Answer: It resulted in massive increases in obesity problems due to a shift to diets higher in fat and sugar.
In the developing world, what is the general trend regarding life expectancy in poor urban areas like slums?
Answer: Residents suffer disproportionately from disease, injury, and premature death.
What dietary shift is commonly observed when rural populations migrate to urban areas?
Answer: A shift from traditional plant-based diets to diets relying more on processed foods with higher fat and sugar content.
What are "food deserts" in developed countries associated with?
Answer: Neighborhoods with a high density of fast food chains and convenience stores, and limited access to supermarkets.
How does urbanization influence the risk of under-nutrition and overweight in children?
Answer: It is associated with a lower risk of under-nutrition but a higher risk of being overweight.
Why is urbanization linked to the spread of communicable diseases?
Answer: Higher population density in a smaller area creates a favorable environment for rapid transmission.
Which air pollutants are specifically linked to asthma development in urban areas, according to the source?
Answer: Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM2.5).
What is a surprising positive effect of urbanization on physical activity levels?
Answer: An increase in physical activity compared to rural areas.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a barrier hindering physical activity in rural environments?
Answer: Abundant developed open spaces like parks and trails.
What macro-level social factor related to urbanization contributes to mental health issues?
Answer: Social disintegration and disorganization leading to perceived insecurity.
Urbanization can occur organically through individual actions or through planned initiatives by the state.
Answer: True
Urbanization occurs either organically, as a result of individual and collective actions, or through planned initiatives by the state, involving deliberate design and development.
Overurbanization occurs when the rate of economic development outpaces the rate of urbanization in a country.
Answer: False
Overurbanization is a phenomenon where the rate of urbanization grows *more rapidly* than the rate of economic development in a country.
Suburbanization is the inward shift of residential areas towards city centers.
Answer: False
Suburbanization is the *outward* shift of residential areas from city centers, leading to new points of concentration like edge cities.
Planned urbanization is primarily motivated by organic population shifts rather than deliberate design.
Answer: False
Planned urbanization is a deliberate approach to urban development, motivated by military, aesthetic, economic, or urban design reasons, rather than solely organic population shifts.
New Urbanism and Smart Growth principles aim to decrease automobile dependency and promote localized economies.
Answer: True
New Urbanism and Smart Growth principles aim to decrease automobile dependency to reduce fossil fuel use and promote localized economies, among other sustainability goals.
Re-urbanization in the United States was primarily caused by decreasing transport costs, making suburban living less appealing.
Answer: False
Re-urbanization in the United States was primarily caused by *chronically high* transport costs, making city living more appealing or necessary for some residents.
Walkable communities contribute to economic sustainability by having a higher average GDP per capita.
Answer: True
Walkable communities contribute to economic sustainability by exhibiting a 38% higher average GDP per capita than less walkable urban metropolitan areas.
What are the two main ways urbanization occurs, as described in the source?
Answer: Organically, as a result of individual and collective actions, or through planned initiatives by the state.
What is "overurbanization"?
Answer: When the rate of urbanization grows more rapidly than the rate of economic development.
What new forms of urban concentration has suburbanization led to?
Answer: Edge cities, network cities, postmodern cities, or exurbs.
What are the primary motivations for "planned urbanization"?
Answer: Military, aesthetic, economic, or urban design reasons.
What was the primary cause of 're-urbanization' in the United States as of 2011?
Answer: Chronically high transport costs making city living more appealing.
Which of the following is a key component of landscape infrastructure that landscape planners are responsible for?
Answer: Sustainable urban drainage systems.
How do walkable communities contribute to economic sustainability?
Answer: By having a 38% higher average GDP per capita than less walkable urban metros.