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Vaccinium vitis-idaea grows as a tall, deciduous shrub, often exceeding one meter in height.
Answer: False
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* grows as a small, evergreen shrub, typically reaching heights between 10 to 40 cm (4 to 16 inches), not a tall, deciduous shrub exceeding one meter.
The leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea are characterized by smooth margins and are typically longer than 30 mm.
Answer: False
The leaves of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* are oval-shaped, measuring 5–30 mm in length, with slightly wavy margins and may sometimes feature a notched tip. They are not characterized by smooth margins nor are they typically longer than 30 mm.
The flowers of Vaccinium vitis-idaea are bell-shaped and typically white to pale pink.
Answer: True
The flowers of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* are indeed bell-shaped and typically present in shades of white to pale pink, measuring between 3–8 mm in length.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea begins to produce flowers shortly after germination, usually within the first year.
Answer: False
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* typically begins to produce flowers when it reaches an age of five to ten years, not shortly after germination within the first year.
The fruit of Vaccinium vitis-idaea is a red berry with a sweet taste that ripens in early spring.
Answer: False
The fruit of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* is a red berry with an acidic taste that ripens in late summer to autumn. While it can sweeten if left on the branch through winter, it does not ripen in early spring.
Raw lingonberries are primarily composed of fat and protein, with carbohydrates making up only a small percentage.
Answer: False
Raw lingonberries are composed primarily of water (86%) and carbohydrates (13%), with protein (1%) and negligible fat. A 100-gram serving provides 54 kcal.
Lingonberries are distinguished from cranberries by their pink, reflexed petals and pear-shaped berries.
Answer: False
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* (lingonberries) differ from cranberries in their flower color and petal shape, and berry shape. Lingonberries have white flowers with petals that partially enclose the reproductive parts, and their berries are rounder, whereas cranberries have pink flowers with reflexed petals and more pear-shaped berries.
The average lingonberry fruit contains approximately 50 seeds.
Answer: False
On average, a lingonberry fruit contains approximately 11.2 seeds, not 50.
The dry weight of lingonberry fruit is composed mainly of lipids.
Answer: False
The dry weight of lingonberry fruit includes approximately 15.4% carbohydrates and 1.5% lipids, indicating carbohydrates are a more significant component than lipids.
The cytology of Vaccinium vitis-idaea indicates a diploid chromosome number (2n) of 24.
Answer: True
The cytological data for *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* confirms a diploid chromosome number (2n) of 24.
The fruit of Vaccinium vitis-idaea persists on the branch for an average of 30 days.
Answer: False
The fruit of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* persists on the branch for an average of 13.4 days, not 30 days.
What is the typical height of a Vaccinium vitis-idaea shrub?
Answer: 10 to 40 cm
A *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* shrub typically reaches a height of 10 to 40 cm (4 to 16 inches).
Which description accurately matches the leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea?
Answer: Oval-shaped leaves with slightly wavy margins, 5-30 mm long.
The leaves of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* are oval-shaped, measuring 5–30 mm in length, with slightly wavy margins and may sometimes feature a notched tip.
What are the characteristic features of Vaccinium vitis-idaea flowers?
Answer: Bell-shaped, white to pale pink flowers, 3-8 mm long.
The flowers of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* are bell-shaped, typically white to pale pink, and measure between 3–8 mm in length.
At what age does Vaccinium vitis-idaea typically begin to flower?
Answer: 5-10 years after germination
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* typically begins to produce flowers when it reaches an age of five to ten years.
Describe the fruit of Vaccinium vitis-idaea regarding taste and ripening time.
Answer: Tart berries ripening in late summer to autumn.
The fruit of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* is a red berry with an acidic taste that ripens in late summer to autumn. It can sweeten if left on the branch through winter.
What is the approximate percentage of carbohydrates in the dry weight of raw lingonberries?
Answer: 15.4%
The dry weight of raw lingonberries includes approximately 15.4% carbohydrates.
How does the appearance of Vaccinium vitis-idaea berries differ from cranberries?
Answer: Lingonberries are rounder, while cranberries are more pear-shaped.
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* berries are typically rounder, while cranberries are more pear-shaped. Lingonberries also have white flowers with petals that partially enclose the reproductive parts, contrasting with the pink, reflexed petals of cranberries.
What is the average number of seeds found within a single lingonberry fruit?
Answer: Around 11
On average, a lingonberry fruit contains approximately 11.2 seeds.
What does the ploidy level '2n = 24' indicate for Vaccinium vitis-idaea?
Answer: It has a diploid chromosome number of 24.
The ploidy level '2n = 24' indicates that *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* has a diploid chromosome number of 24.
The native range of Vaccinium vitis-idaea is limited to the boreal forests of North America.
Answer: False
The native range of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* encompasses boreal forest and Arctic tundra regions throughout the Northern Hemisphere, including vast areas across Eurasia and North America, not solely North American boreal forests.
The primary pollinators of Vaccinium vitis-idaea flowers are specialized beetles.
Answer: False
The flowers of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* are pollinated by various insect species, including specific types like *Andrena lapponica* and several species of bumblebees, not primarily specialized beetles.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea prefers alkaline soils and full sun exposure.
Answer: False
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* prefers acidic soils and partial shade, and does not tolerate alkaline soils. It also grows poorly in hot summer conditions.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea is extremely hardy and can tolerate temperatures down to -45°C (-50°F).
Answer: True
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* is indeed extremely hardy, capable of tolerating temperatures as low as -45°C (-50°F) or even lower.
The caterpillars of *Coleophora glitzella*, *Coleophora idaeella*, and *Coleophora vitisella* feed exclusively on the leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea.
Answer: True
The caterpillars of the case-bearer moths *Coleophora glitzella*, *Coleophora idaeella*, and *Coleophora vitisella* are obligate feeders, meaning they consume exclusively the leaves of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea*.
Lingonberries are a significant food source for bears and foxes, but not for birds.
Answer: False
Lingonberries serve as an important food source for various animals, including bears, foxes, and numerous fruit-eating birds.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea grows poorly in hot summer conditions.
Answer: True
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* is adapted to cooler climates and grows poorly in hot summer conditions.
Which of the following regions is NOT part of the native range of Vaccinium vitis-idaea?
Answer: Temperate forests of Australia
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* is native to boreal forest and Arctic tundra regions throughout the Northern Hemisphere, including Eurasia and North America. Temperate forests of Australia are outside its native range.
How does Vaccinium vitis-idaea primarily propagate and form colonies?
Answer: Via underground stems forming clonal colonies
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* propagates and forms colonies primarily via underground stems, creating dense clonal formations.
Which specific insects are mentioned as pollinators for Vaccinium vitis-idaea?
Answer: Andrena lapponica and bumblebees
The flowers of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* are pollinated by various insect species, including *Andrena lapponica* and several species of bumblebees.
What are the preferred soil and light conditions for Vaccinium vitis-idaea?
Answer: Acidic soil, partial shade
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* prefers acidic soil and partial shade. It tolerates nutrient-poor conditions but not alkaline soils.
How does Vaccinium vitis-idaea tolerate extreme cold?
Answer: It is extremely hardy, tolerating temperatures as low as -45°C (-50°F).
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* is extremely hardy and can tolerate temperatures as low as -45°C (-50°F) or even lower.
Which group of moths has caterpillars that feed exclusively on Vaccinium vitis-idaea leaves?
Answer: Case-bearer moths
The caterpillars of the case-bearer moths *Coleophora glitzella*, *Coleophora idaeella*, and *Coleophora vitisella* feed exclusively on the leaves of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea*.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea is exclusively known by the common name 'lingonberry'.
Answer: False
The source indicates that *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* is known by multiple common names, including lingonberry, partridgeberry, foxberry, mountain cranberry, and cowberry. Therefore, it is not exclusively known as 'lingonberry'.
Hybrids between Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Vaccinium myrtillus are known as Vaccinium × intermedium Ruthe.
Answer: True
Hybrids resulting from the crossbreeding of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* and *Vaccinium myrtillus* are scientifically designated as *Vaccinium* × *intermedium* Ruthe.
The Eurasian variety of Vaccinium vitis-idaea, var. *vitis-idaea*, is characterized by significantly smaller leaves compared to the North American variety.
Answer: False
The Eurasian variety, *V. vitis-idaea* var. *vitis-idaea*, has leaves measuring 10–30 mm long, whereas the North American variety, *V. vitis-idaea* var. *minus* Lodd., has smaller leaves measuring 5–18 mm long.
The common name 'lingonberry' originates from the Old Norse word 'lyngr', which is related to the English word 'heather'.
Answer: True
The common name 'lingonberry' derives from the Swedish 'lingon', which itself originates from the Old Norse word 'lyngr', a cognate to the English word 'ling', referring to heather.
The genus name 'Vaccinium' is derived from the Latin word 'bacca', meaning 'vine'.
Answer: False
The genus name 'Vaccinium' is a classical Latin term for a plant, possibly the bilberry, and is believed to be derived from the Latin word 'bacca', meaning 'berry'.
The specific epithet 'vitis-idaea' means 'vine from Mount Ida' and is historically linked to raspberries.
Answer: True
The specific epithet 'vitis-idaea' is derived from Latin: 'vitis' meaning 'vine', and 'idaea', referring to 'Mount Ida'. This latter part was historically associated with raspberries (*Rubus idaeus*).
Vaccinium vitis-idaea belongs to the family Rosaceae.
Answer: False
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* belongs to the family Ericaceae (Heath family), not Rosaceae (Rose family).
The specific epithet 'vitis-idaea' is derived from Greek, meaning 'vine of the Idaean women'.
Answer: False
The specific epithet 'vitis-idaea' is derived from Latin, not Greek, meaning 'vine from Mount Ida', a term historically associated with raspberries.
The genus name 'Vaccinium' is believed to be derived from the Latin word 'bacca', meaning 'berry'.
Answer: True
The genus name 'Vaccinium' is a classical Latin term for a plant, possibly the bilberry, and is believed to be derived from the Latin word 'bacca', meaning 'berry'.
What is Vaccinium vitis-idaea commonly known as in everyday language?
Answer: Lingonberry
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* is commonly known by several colloquial names, including lingonberry, partridgeberry, foxberry, mountain cranberry, and cowberry.
What is the scientific name designated for hybrids between Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Vaccinium myrtillus?
Answer: Vaccinium × intermedium Ruthe
Hybrids resulting from the crossbreeding of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* and *Vaccinium myrtillus* are scientifically designated as *Vaccinium* × *intermedium* Ruthe.
Which variety of Vaccinium vitis-idaea is typically found in North America and has smaller leaves?
Answer: V. vitis-idaea var. minus Lodd.
The variety *V. vitis-idaea* var. *minus* Lodd., typically found in North America, is characterized by smaller leaves measuring 5–18 mm long, compared to the Eurasian variety.
The name 'lingonberry' originates from the Swedish word 'lingon', which is related to which Old Norse term?
Answer: Lyngr
The name 'lingonberry' originates from the Swedish 'lingon', which itself derives from the Old Norse word 'lyngr', a cognate to the English word 'ling', referring to heather.
What is the potential origin of the genus name 'Vaccinium'?
Answer: From the Latin word 'bacca' (berry)
The genus name 'Vaccinium' is a classical Latin term for a plant, possibly the bilberry, and is believed to be derived from the Latin word 'bacca', meaning 'berry'.
What does the specific epithet 'vitis-idaea' refer to in its Latin etymology?
Answer: Vine associated with Mount Ida, historically linked to raspberries
The specific epithet 'vitis-idaea' is derived from Latin: 'vitis' meaning 'vine', and 'idaea', referring to 'Mount Ida'. This latter part was historically associated with raspberries (*Rubus idaeus*).
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an English common name for Vaccinium vitis-idaea?
Answer: Bilberry
Common English names mentioned for *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* include lingonberry, partridgeberry, foxberry, mountain cranberry, and cowberry. 'Bilberry' is not listed as a common name for this species.
To which plant family does Vaccinium vitis-idaea belong?
Answer: Ericaceae (Heath family)
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* belongs to the family Ericaceae (Heath family).
Commercial cultivation of Vaccinium vitis-idaea primarily occurs in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and in the Netherlands.
Answer: True
Commercial cultivation of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* is primarily undertaken in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and the Netherlands, with additional cultivation noted in Germany, Sweden, Poland, and Latvia since the 1960s.
The 'Koralle Group' cultivar of Vaccinium vitis-idaea has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Answer: True
The 'Koralle Group' cultivar of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* has indeed been recognized with the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
According to the text, where is Vaccinium vitis-idaea commercially cultivated?
Answer: Pacific Northwest (USA) and the Netherlands
Commercial cultivation of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* is primarily undertaken in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and the Netherlands, with additional cultivation noted in Germany, Sweden, Poland, and Latvia since the 1960s.
The 'Koralle Group' cultivar of Vaccinium vitis-idaea received which recognition?
Answer: Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit
The 'Koralle Group' cultivar of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Due to their tartness, lingonberries are rarely cooked and are primarily consumed raw.
Answer: False
Due to their inherent tartness, lingonberries are frequently cooked and sweetened before consumption. They are commonly prepared as jam, compote, juice, or syrup. Raw consumption is less common without preparation.
In Sweden, lingonberry jam is traditionally served with Swedish meatballs.
Answer: True
In Swedish cuisine, lingonberry jam is a traditional accompaniment to dishes such as Swedish meatballs, often served alongside potatoes and gravy.
When sugar was scarce, lingonberries were preserved in Sweden and Russia by drying them into powder.
Answer: False
When sugar was scarce, lingonberries were preserved in Sweden and Russia by placing whole berries into bottles of water ('vattlingon'), a method that also served as a home remedy against scurvy. Drying into powder was not the primary method mentioned.
'Lingonpärron' is a traditional Swedish dessert made from pears preserved in lingonberry juice.
Answer: True
'Lingonpärron' is indeed a traditional Swedish dessert consisting of pears preserved in lingonberry juice, often prepared during Christmas.
Why are lingonberries often cooked or sweetened before consumption?
Answer: To reduce their tartness and enhance palatability.
Lingonberries are often cooked or sweetened before consumption to counteract their natural tartness and enhance palatability.
In traditional Swedish cuisine, lingonberry jam is commonly served alongside which dish?
Answer: Köttbullar (Swedish meatballs)
In Sweden, lingonberry jam is a traditional accompaniment to dishes such as Swedish meatballs, often served alongside potatoes and gravy.
What method was used in Sweden and Russia to preserve lingonberries when sugar was scarce?
Answer: Storing them whole in bottles of water ('vattlingon')
When sugar was scarce, lingonberries were preserved in Sweden and Russia by placing whole berries into bottles of water ('vattlingon'), a method that also served as a home remedy against scurvy.
What is 'lingonpärron', a traditional Swedish dessert?
Answer: Pears preserved in lingonberry juice.
'Lingonpärron' is a traditional Swedish dessert made from pears preserved in lingonberry juice, often prepared during Christmas.
What is 'mors', mentioned in the context of lingonberry vodka?
Answer: A type of berry drink, often made from lingonberries.
'Mors' is a type of berry drink, often made from lingonberries, which is used in the context of lingonberry vodka preparations.
In Russian folk medicine, lingonberry water was primarily used to treat fevers.
Answer: False
In Russian folk medicine, lingonberry water was utilized as a mild laxative and is also mentioned as a traditional soft drink. Its primary use was not for treating fevers.
Indigenous groups like the Iñupiat use lingonberries primarily for making dried berry powders.
Answer: False
The Iñupiat people utilize lingonberries to create desserts whipped with frozen fish eggs or mashed with milk and seal oil, and also cook them with fish eggs and blubber. Making dried berry powders was not their primary method described.
Lingonberries are sometimes used as a tobacco additive or substitute by the Western Canadian Inuit.
Answer: True
The Western Canadian Inuit utilize the *minus* subspecies of lingonberries as a tobacco additive or substitute.
How was lingonberry water traditionally used in Russian folk medicine?
Answer: As a mild laxative
In Russian folk medicine, lingonberry water was utilized as a mild laxative and is also mentioned as a traditional soft drink.
Which specific Indigenous group is mentioned as using lingonberries in a dessert whipped with frozen fish eggs?
Answer: Iñupiat
The Iñupiat people are mentioned as using lingonberries in a dessert whipped with frozen fish eggs.
What non-culinary use do the Nihithawak Cree employ for the berries of the *minus* subspecies?
Answer: To color porcupine quills and make necklaces
The Nihithawak Cree use the berries of the *minus* subspecies to color porcupine quills and make necklaces.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea is listed as Least Concern by NatureServe.
Answer: False
According to NatureServe, *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* is considered Secure. The IUCN Red List classifies it as Least Concern.
The subspecies *minus* of Vaccinium vitis-idaea is considered endangered in Michigan.
Answer: True
The subspecies *minus* of *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* is indeed considered endangered in Michigan and is believed to be extirpated in Connecticut.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea is classified as 'Least Concern' by the IUCN Red List.
Answer: True
According to the IUCN Red List, *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* is classified as 'Least Concern'.
What is the conservation status of Vaccinium vitis-idaea according to the IUCN Red List?
Answer: Least Concern
According to the IUCN Red List, *Vaccinium vitis-idaea* is classified as 'Least Concern'.