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Vascular plants, also known as tracheophytes, are defined by their lack of specialized vascular tissues for transport.
Answer: False
The defining characteristic of vascular plants, or tracheophytes, is the presence of specialized vascular tissues—xylem and phloem—which facilitate the transport of water, minerals, and photosynthetic products. The statement asserts their *lack* of these tissues, which is factually incorrect.
The term "tracheophyte" originates from Greek words meaning "windpipe plants."
Answer: True
The term 'tracheophyte' is derived from the Ancient Greek words *tracheia artēria* (windpipe) and *phutón* (plant), referencing the vascular tissues that conduct fluids within the plant.
Mosses and green algae are classified as major groups within vascular plants.
Answer: False
Mosses are non-vascular plants, and green algae are typically considered precursors or related groups, not major divisions within vascular plants (tracheophytes).
The historical term "higher plants" is still considered scientifically accurate for classifying vascular plants.
Answer: False
The term 'higher plants' is now considered unscientific as it reflects an outdated, hierarchical view of evolution based on the *scala naturae*, rather than accurate phylogenetic relationships.
There are estimated to be around 300,000 accepted species of vascular plants.
Answer: True
Current estimates indicate approximately 300,000 accepted species within the vascular plant lineage.
Vascular plants are scientifically classified within the Kingdom Animalia.
Answer: False
Vascular plants belong to the Kingdom Plantae, not Animalia. They are part of the clade Embryophytes and the division Tracheophyta.
The term "Lignophyte" refers to plants that produce seeds, such as gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Answer: False
While lignophytes include seed plants, the term broadly refers to vascular plants characterized by lignified vascular tissue, including extinct progymnosperms and all seed plants.
The term "Eutracheophyte" refers to the earliest, less derived forms of vascular plants like rhyniophytes.
Answer: False
The term 'Eutracheophyte' designates vascular plants that are more derived than the earliest forms, such as rhyniophytes. It essentially encompasses all extant vascular plants and their more advanced extinct relatives characterized by well-developed vascular systems.
Vascular plants possess true roots, leaves, and stems, although these may be secondarily reduced or lost in some groups.
Answer: True
A fundamental characteristic of vascular plants is the presence of differentiated organs: true roots for anchorage and absorption, leaves for photosynthesis, and stems for support and transport. While these are typical, evolutionary adaptations have led to secondary reductions or losses in certain lineages.
The term "Spermatophyte" refers to vascular plants that reproduce using spores, not seeds.
Answer: False
The term 'Spermatophyte' specifically denotes vascular plants that reproduce via seeds, a significant evolutionary advancement over spore-based reproduction seen in groups like ferns and mosses.
Which of the following plant groups is NOT considered a major group of vascular plants?
Answer: Mosses
Mosses are classified as non-vascular plants (bryophytes). Ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms are major groups within vascular plants (tracheophytes).
What is the etymological root of the term "tracheophyte"?
Answer: Greek 'tracheia artēria' (windpipe) and 'phutá' (plants)
The term 'tracheophyte' is derived from the Ancient Greek words *tracheia artēria* (windpipe) and *phutón* (plant), referencing the vascular tissues that conduct fluids within the plant.
Why is the term "higher plants" now considered unscientific for vascular plants?
Answer: It reflects an outdated hierarchical view of evolution based on the scala naturae.
The term 'higher plants' is now considered unscientific as it reflects an outdated, hierarchical view of evolution based on the *scala naturae*, rather than accurate phylogenetic relationships.
What is the approximate number of known species of vascular plants?
Answer: Around 300,000
Current estimates indicate approximately 300,000 accepted species within the vascular plant lineage.
Which term refers to vascular plants that produce seeds?
Answer: Spermatophytes
The term 'Spermatophytes' is used to classify vascular plants that reproduce through the production of seeds, encompassing gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Which of the following is a characteristic of vascular plants mentioned in the source?
Answer: Presence of xylem and phloem tissues
A fundamental characteristic distinguishing vascular plants is the presence of specialized xylem and phloem tissues for internal transport, alongside true roots, leaves, and stems, and a dominant diploid sporophyte generation.
What is the scientific designation for the phylum encompassing all vascular plants?
Answer: Tracheophyta
The scientific designation for the phylum that encompasses all vascular plants is Tracheophyta, reflecting their characteristic vascular tissues.
Which group includes conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and flowering plants?
Answer: Seed plants (Spermatophytes)
Conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and flowering plants are all classified within the group of seed plants, known scientifically as Spermatophytes, which represent a major lineage of vascular plants.
Xylem is the vascular tissue responsible for transporting sugars produced during photosynthesis.
Answer: False
Xylem is primarily responsible for the transport of water and dissolved minerals from the roots upwards. The transport of sugars produced during photosynthesis is the function of phloem tissue.
Companion cells in the phloem are dead at maturity and primarily provide structural support.
Answer: False
Companion cells are living cells in the phloem that provide metabolic support to sieve-tube members. Sieve-tube members themselves are living but lack nuclei at maturity. Structural support in phloem is not their primary role.
Lignin is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of xylem, providing structural support.
Answer: True
Lignin, a complex phenolic polymer, impregnates the secondary cell walls of xylem elements, such as tracheids and vessel elements, conferring rigidity and strength essential for upright growth and efficient water transport.
Sieve plates are porous structures that facilitate the movement of sugars between sieve-tube members in the phloem.
Answer: True
Sieve plates are specialized end walls between sieve-tube members in the phloem, characterized by pores that permit the passage of sugars and other organic solutes throughout the phloem system.
Secondary xylem, commonly known as bark, is used in industries like construction and furniture making.
Answer: False
Secondary xylem is commonly known as wood and is used in construction and furniture making. Bark is the outermost protective layer of stems and roots, distinct from secondary xylem.
Tracheids and vessels are the primary conducting cells found in phloem tissue.
Answer: False
Tracheids and vessels are the primary conducting cells found in xylem tissue, responsible for water transport. Sieve-tube members and companion cells are found in phloem.
Vascular bundles contain only xylem tissue.
Answer: False
Vascular bundles are composed of both xylem and phloem tissues, typically arranged together to form the plant's transport system.
The primary function of phloem is the transport of water and minerals from roots.
Answer: False
The primary function of phloem is the translocation of sugars, produced during photosynthesis, from the leaves to other parts of the plant where they are needed for energy or storage. Water and mineral transport is the role of xylem.
Which of the following are the two primary types of vascular tissues found in vascular plants?
Answer: Xylem and Phloem
The two principal types of vascular tissues in plants are xylem, responsible for water and mineral transport, and phloem, responsible for the translocation of sugars.
What is the main function of xylem in vascular plants?
Answer: Conducting water and dissolved minerals from the roots upwards
The principal function of xylem tissue is the unidirectional transport of water and dissolved mineral nutrients from the root system upwards throughout the entire plant.
What is the primary role of phloem in vascular plants?
Answer: Transporting sugars produced during photosynthesis
The principal function of phloem tissue is the translocation of photosynthetically produced sugars (primarily sucrose) from the sites of production (source) to other parts of the plant where they are required for metabolic processes or storage (sink).
Which of the following are the primary conducting cells in xylem?
Answer: Tracheids and vessels
The primary conducting elements within xylem tissue responsible for water transport are tracheids and vessels. Tracheids are found in all vascular plants, while vessels are characteristic of angiosperms.
What is the industrial significance of secondary xylem?
Answer: It is a vital raw material for construction and furniture.
Secondary xylem, widely recognized as wood, constitutes a fundamental raw material for diverse industrial applications, including construction, furniture manufacturing, and the production of paper products.
What is the function of companion cells in the phloem?
Answer: To provide metabolic support to sieve-tube members
Companion cells are specialized parenchyma cells closely associated with sieve-tube elements in the phloem. They provide crucial metabolic support to the sieve-tube elements, which are enucleate and anucleate, thereby sustaining their function.
What is the role of lignin in vascular plants?
Answer: Providing structural support and rigidity, especially in xylem
Lignin is a complex polymer that impregnates the cell walls of vascular tissues, particularly xylem, providing essential structural support and rigidity that enables plants to achieve upright growth and resist gravitational forces.
Transpiration is the process of water absorption from the soil into the plant roots.
Answer: False
Transpiration is defined as the process of water vapor loss from plants, primarily through stomata. Water absorption from the soil into the roots is a separate process, though related to the water potential gradient established by transpiration.
Minerals absorbed by the roots are primarily transported to the shoots to aid in cell division and growth.
Answer: True
Minerals absorbed from the soil by the roots are translocated via the xylem to the shoots, where they are essential for supporting critical physiological processes, including cell division and general plant development.
The "transpiration pull" is a passive process driven by the absorption of water from the soil.
Answer: False
Transpiration pull is a passive process driven by the evaporation of water from leaf surfaces, creating tension that pulls water up the xylem. While soil water absorption is necessary, the pull originates from transpiration, not directly from absorption.
Plants can excrete excess water through hydathodes when stomata are closed.
Answer: True
Plants can excrete excess water through specialized pores called hydathodes, which are often located at the margins or tips of leaves, particularly when stomata are closed.
What process involves the loss of water vapor from plants, primarily through stomata?
Answer: Transpiration
Transpiration is the physiological process by which water vapor is released from plant surfaces, predominantly through stomatal pores, contributing to the overall water movement within the plant.
What property of water, related to its molecular structure, facilitates the "transpiration pull"?
Answer: Cohesion and surface tension
The cohesive forces between water molecules, arising from hydrogen bonding, and the resulting surface tension are critical properties that enable the continuous upward pull of water through the xylem column during transpiration.
How do living root cells primarily absorb water?
Answer: By osmosis, driven by water potential differences
Living root cells primarily absorb water passively via osmosis, driven by the difference in water potential between the soil solution and the intracellular environment of the root cells.
Where are minerals absorbed by the roots typically transported to within the plant?
Answer: To the shoots to support cell division and growth
Minerals absorbed from the soil by the roots are translocated via the xylem to the shoots, where they are essential for supporting critical physiological processes, including cell division and general plant development.
What is transpiration pull primarily caused by?
Answer: Evaporation of water from leaf surfaces
Transpiration pull is primarily initiated by the evaporation of water from the leaf surface, which creates a negative pressure (tension) that draws the water column upwards through the xylem.
Which of the following conditions would likely reduce transpiration rates?
Answer: High humidity
Transpiration rates are inversely related to atmospheric humidity. High humidity reduces the water potential gradient between the leaf interior and the external environment, thereby decreasing the rate of water vapor diffusion out of the stomata.
Vascular plants first appeared during the Jurassic period, approximately 200 million years ago.
Answer: False
Vascular plants first emerged much earlier in geological history, during the Silurian period, approximately 425 million years ago, predating the Jurassic period.
The dominant generation in the life cycle of vascular plants is the gametophyte, which is haploid.
Answer: False
In vascular plants, the dominant generation is the sporophyte, which is diploid. The gametophyte generation is haploid but typically less prominent.
The evolution of vascular tissue limited the potential size of plants, preventing them from growing taller.
Answer: False
The evolution of vascular tissue enabled plants to grow to significantly larger sizes than non-vascular plants by providing structural support and efficient transport systems.
Meiosis in vascular plants primarily functions to increase the number of chromosomes in the gametes.
Answer: False
Meiosis is a reductional division process that halves the chromosome number, producing haploid spores or gametes. It does not increase chromosome number.
The dominant generation in non-vascular plants is the sporophyte, similar to vascular plants.
Answer: False
The dominant generation in non-vascular plants is the gametophyte. In vascular plants, the sporophyte generation is dominant.
The gametophyte generation in vascular plants is responsible for producing spores.
Answer: False
The sporophyte generation in vascular plants is responsible for producing spores through meiosis. The gametophyte produces gametes.
The term "Polysporangiophytes" includes vascular plants and their closest extinct relatives, characterized by branching sporophytes.
Answer: True
Polysporangiophytes constitute a clade encompassing vascular plants and their most closely related extinct lineages, characterized by the presence of branching sporophytes bearing sporangia.
According to the source, when did vascular plants first emerge in geological history?
Answer: Silurian period, about 425 million years ago
Vascular plants first appeared in the Silurian period, with their origins dating back approximately 425 million years ago.
In vascular plants, which generation is dominant and diploid?
Answer: The sporophyte
Within the life cycle of vascular plants, the sporophyte generation is dominant and diploid, characterized by cells containing two complete sets of chromosomes.
How did the evolution of vascular tissue affect plant size?
Answer: It allowed plants to grow much larger than non-vascular plants.
The advent of vascular tissue represented a pivotal evolutionary advancement, enabling plants to overcome the size constraints inherent in non-vascular forms and achieve significantly greater stature due to enhanced structural support and efficient internal transport capabilities.
Which of the following is an extinct group of vascular plants mentioned in the phylogeny?
Answer: Rhyniophyta
Rhyniophyta represents an extinct group of early land plants that possessed vascular tissue, placing them within the broader evolutionary context of vascular plant development.
What is the significance of the sporophyte generation being dominant in vascular plants?
Answer: It allows for more efficient spore dispersal.
The dominance of the sporophyte generation in vascular plants is significant as it typically possesses more complex structures, potentially leading to more effective spore production and dispersal, thereby enhancing reproductive success.
How does meiosis contribute to the reproductive process in vascular plants, according to the source?
Answer: It provides a mechanism for DNA repair in germline tissues.
In vascular plants, meiosis is integral to sexual reproduction and also functions as a direct mechanism for DNA repair within germline reproductive tissues, mitigating naturally occurring DNA damage.