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Voltaire: Enlightenment Thinker and Writer

At a Glance

Title: Voltaire: Enlightenment Thinker and Writer

Total Categories: 6

Category Stats

  • Biography and Early Life: 6 flashcards, 11 questions
  • Literary Works and Contributions: 9 flashcards, 19 questions
  • Philosophical and Religious Views: 11 flashcards, 23 questions
  • Social Critique and Advocacy: 7 flashcards, 17 questions
  • Influences and Relationships: 4 flashcards, 13 questions
  • Historical Impact and Legacy: 9 flashcards, 20 questions

Total Stats

  • Total Flashcards: 46
  • True/False Questions: 54
  • Multiple Choice Questions: 49
  • Total Questions: 103

Instructions

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Study Guide: Voltaire: Enlightenment Thinker and Writer

Study Guide: Voltaire: Enlightenment Thinker and Writer

Biography and Early Life

Voltaire's birth name was François-Marie Arouet, and he adopted the pen name Voltaire after his release from the Bastille.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's birth name?: Voltaire's birth name was François-Marie Arouet. He adopted the pen name Voltaire in 1718 after his incarceration in the Bastille.

Voltaire was born in London, England, on November 21, 1694.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • When and where was Voltaire born?: Voltaire was born in Paris, France, on November 21, 1694.

Voltaire received his education from the Sorbonne in Paris.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • Where did Voltaire receive his education?: Voltaire was educated by the Jesuits at the Collège Louis-le-Grand in Paris, where he studied Latin, theology, and rhetoric.

Voltaire's father, a lawyer, encouraged him to pursue a career in writing.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's father's profession and wish for his son?: Voltaire's father, François Arouet, was a lawyer and a minor treasury official. He wished for his son to become a lawyer, a path that Voltaire ultimately rejected to pursue writing.

Voltaire's first imprisonment in the Bastille was due to a satirical verse accusing the Régent of treason.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What led to Voltaire's first imprisonment in the Bastille?: Voltaire was imprisoned in the Bastille for eleven months due to a satirical verse in which he accused the Régent, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, of incest with his daughter.

Voltaire adopted the name Voltaire in 1718, possibly as an anagram related to his surname.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • What was the origin of Voltaire's adoption of the name Voltaire?: Arouet adopted the name Voltaire in 1718 after his release from the Bastille. While the exact origin is unclear, it is thought to be an anagram of AROVET LI (a Latinized version of his surname) and the initial letters of le jeune (the young), or possibly a variant of a childhood nickname or family home town.

What was Voltaire's birth name?

Answer: François-Marie Arouet

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's birth name?: Voltaire's birth name was François-Marie Arouet. He adopted the pen name Voltaire in 1718 after his incarceration in the Bastille.

In which city and country was Voltaire born?

Answer: Paris, France

Related Concepts:

  • When and where was Voltaire born?: Voltaire was born in Paris, France, on November 21, 1694.

What was Voltaire's father's profession?

Answer: Lawyer

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's father's profession and wish for his son?: Voltaire's father, François Arouet, was a lawyer and a minor treasury official. He wished for his son to become a lawyer, a path that Voltaire ultimately rejected to pursue writing.

What was the primary reason for Voltaire's first imprisonment in the Bastille?

Answer: Writing a satirical verse about the Régent's alleged incest

Related Concepts:

  • What led to Voltaire's first imprisonment in the Bastille?: Voltaire was imprisoned in the Bastille for eleven months due to a satirical verse in which he accused the Régent, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, of incest with his daughter.

In what year did Voltaire adopt the pen name Voltaire?

Answer: 1718

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's birth name?: Voltaire's birth name was François-Marie Arouet. He adopted the pen name Voltaire in 1718 after his incarceration in the Bastille.

Literary Works and Contributions

Voltaire primarily worked as a painter and composer during the Enlightenment.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's primary occupation?: Voltaire was a French Enlightenment writer, philosopher (philosophe), satirist, and historian.

Voltaire was a prolific writer, producing fewer than 1,000 books and pamphlets.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • How prolific was Voltaire as a writer?: Voltaire was exceptionally prolific, producing over 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets across various literary forms, including plays, poems, novels, essays, and historical works.

Voltaire's most famous work is the philosophical novella 'Candide, ou l'Optimisme', published in 1759.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • What is considered Voltaire's best-known work and magnum opus?: Voltaire's best-known work and magnum opus is the novella Candide, ou l'Optimisme (Candide, or Optimism), published in 1759. This work satirizes philosophical optimism, particularly the ideas of Gottfried Leibniz.

Voltaire's debut play, 'Oedipe', was a critical and financial failure.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What was the success of Voltaire's debut play, Oedipe?: Voltaire's debut play, Oedipe, premiered in November 1718 and achieved immediate critical and financial success, establishing his reputation as a playwright.

Voltaire's book 'Elements of the Philosophy of Newton' helped popularize Cartesian scientific theories in France.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • How did Voltaire contribute to the popularization of Isaac Newton's work in France?: Voltaire's book, Elements of the Philosophy of Newton, made Newton's scientific theories accessible to a wider public and was instrumental in promoting the acceptance of Newton's ideas in France over those of Descartes.

Voltaire's most renowned historical works include 'The Age of Louis XIV' and 'The History of Charles XII'.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • What were Voltaire's most well-known historical works?: Voltaire's most renowned historical works include the History of Charles XII (1731), The Age of Louis XIV (1751), and his Essay on Universal History, the Manners, and Spirit of Nations (1756).

Voltaire's play 'Mahomet' explored themes of religious fanaticism and manipulation.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's play Mahomet about, and what was his intention in writing it?: Voltaire's tragedy, Fanaticism, or Mahomet the Prophet, written in 1736, explored religious fanaticism and manipulation. He described it as being written in opposition to the founder of a 'false and barbarous sect,' intending to show the excesses of fanaticism led by an impostor.

Voltaire wrote approximately ten plays during his career.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

In Candide, Voltaire satirized the philosophical concept of theodicy.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

Which of the following best describes Voltaire's primary occupation?

Answer: Writer, Philosopher, Satirist, and Historian

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's primary occupation?: Voltaire was a French Enlightenment writer, philosopher (philosophe), satirist, and historian.

What is considered Voltaire's best-known work and magnum opus?

Answer: Candide, ou l'Optimisme

Related Concepts:

  • What is considered Voltaire's best-known work and magnum opus?: Voltaire's best-known work and magnum opus is the novella Candide, ou l'Optimisme (Candide, or Optimism), published in 1759. This work satirizes philosophical optimism, particularly the ideas of Gottfried Leibniz.

Voltaire's novella 'Candide' is known for satirizing which philosophical concept?

Answer: Philosophical optimism

Related Concepts:

Which of Voltaire's works caused a scandal in France, leading to it being publicly burned?

Answer: Letters Concerning the English Nation

Related Concepts:

  • What was the impact of Voltaire's Letters Concerning the English Nation?: Published in London in 1733 and later in Rouen as Lettres philosophiques, Voltaire's essays lauded British constitutional monarchy and religious tolerance, contrasting them with French absolutism. The book caused a scandal, was publicly burned, and led to Voltaire fleeing Paris again.

Voltaire's book 'Elements of the Philosophy of Newton' was instrumental in promoting whose ideas in France?

Answer: Isaac Newton

Related Concepts:

  • How did Voltaire contribute to the popularization of Isaac Newton's work in France?: Voltaire's book, Elements of the Philosophy of Newton, made Newton's scientific theories accessible to a wider public and was instrumental in promoting the acceptance of Newton's ideas in France over those of Descartes.

Which of the following is NOT listed as one of Voltaire's renowned historical works?

Answer: The Spirit of the Laws

Related Concepts:

  • What were Voltaire's most well-known historical works?: Voltaire's most renowned historical works include the History of Charles XII (1731), The Age of Louis XIV (1751), and his Essay on Universal History, the Manners, and Spirit of Nations (1756).

Voltaire's tragedy 'Mahomet' (or 'Fanaticism') aimed to expose:

Answer: The excesses of religious fanaticism

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's play Mahomet about, and what was his intention in writing it?: Voltaire's tragedy, Fanaticism, or Mahomet the Prophet, written in 1736, explored religious fanaticism and manipulation. He described it as being written in opposition to the founder of a 'false and barbarous sect,' intending to show the excesses of fanaticism led by an impostor.

Which of the following is mentioned as one of Voltaire's notable plays?

Answer: Zaïre

Related Concepts:

In Candide, Voltaire satirized Gottfried Leibniz's philosophy concerning:

Answer: The best of all possible worlds

Related Concepts:

Approximately how many plays did Voltaire write during his career?

Answer: Around 50-60

Related Concepts:

Philosophical and Religious Views

Voltaire strongly advocated for freedom of speech and freedom of religion.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • What were some of Voltaire's key philosophical advocacies?: Voltaire was a strong advocate for freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the separation of church and state. He was also known for his criticism of Christianity, particularly the Roman Catholic Church, and his opposition to slavery.

Voltaire, a deist, believed that belief in a supreme being was a matter of faith, not reason.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's view on the relationship between reason and faith?: Voltaire, a deist, believed that belief in a supreme being was a matter of reason, not faith. He stated, 'What is faith? Is it to believe that which is evident? No. It is perfectly evident to my mind that there exists a necessary, eternal, supreme, and intelligent being. This is no matter of faith, but of reason.'

Voltaire advocated for the toleration of other religions and ethnicities, viewing all people as brothers.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • How did Voltaire view other religions and ethnicities?: Voltaire advocated for the toleration of other religions and ethnicities, famously writing in an essay, 'What? The Turk my brother? The Chinaman my brother? The Jew? The Siam? Yes, without doubt; are we not all children of the same father and creatures of the same God?'

Voltaire was highly critical of Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church, satirizing their dogma and intolerance.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • What were Voltaire's criticisms of Christianity and the Church?: Voltaire was highly critical of Christianity, particularly the Roman Catholic Church, and its institutions. He satirized religious dogma, intolerance, and what he perceived as the superstitious and often violent history of organized religion.

Voltaire held a uniformly positive view of the Bible throughout his life.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's stance on the Bible?: Voltaire had a mixed view of the Bible, expressing skepticism about much of its content and criticizing the human origins of its dogmas and the actions of religious institutions. His views separated him from many theologians of his time.

Voltaire strongly supported democracy, believing it was the most effective form of government.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's perspective on democracy?: Voltaire distrusted democracy, viewing it as a propagation of the 'idiocy of the masses.' He believed that an enlightened monarch was more effective in bringing about change, given the societal conditions and high illiteracy rates of his time.

Voltaire was a polygenist, suggesting that different human races originated separately.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • How did Voltaire's views on race and slavery evolve or manifest?: Voltaire was a polygenist, speculating that races had separate origins, and often linked racial differences to attacks on religious orthodoxy. While he critiqued the slave trade, his views on race are complex and have been interpreted in various ways, with some suggesting his investments in colonial enterprises influenced his stance.

Voltaire admired Confucianism for its rationalism and ethical principles.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's view on Confucianism?: Voltaire admired Confucian rationalism and ethics, seeing them as an alternative to Christian dogma. He praised the Chinese sociopolitical hierarchy as a model for Europe, noting Confucius's lack of pretense to prophecy or divine inspiration.

Voltaire viewed the French bourgeoisie as highly effective and the aristocracy as essential for societal progress.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's view on the French bourgeoisie and aristocracy?: Voltaire perceived the French bourgeoisie as too small and ineffective, and the aristocracy as parasitic and corrupt. He also viewed the common people as ignorant and superstitious, and the Church as an oppressive force.

The conclusion 'It is up to us to cultivate our garden' from Candide advocates for focusing on abstract philosophical ideals.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What is the meaning of Voltaire's famous aphorism 'It is up to us to cultivate our garden'?: The conclusion 'It is up to us to cultivate our garden' from Voltaire's novella Candide signifies a shift towards a more pragmatic and grounded philosophy, moving away from abstract optimism towards practical action and personal responsibility in improving one's immediate surroundings.

Voltaire's quote 'If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him' was intended as a cynical dismissal of religion.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What did Voltaire say about the necessity of inventing God?: Voltaire famously wrote, 'If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.' This statement, often misinterpreted as cynical, was intended as a retort to atheistic opponents and highlighted the perceived social necessity of religion.

Voltaire believed superstition was beneficial and promoted societal harmony.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

Voltaire generally supported the French monarchy's censorship laws due to their role in maintaining order.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

Voltaire was a strong advocate for which fundamental rights?

Answer: Freedom of speech and freedom of religion

Related Concepts:

  • What were some of Voltaire's key philosophical advocacies?: Voltaire was a strong advocate for freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the separation of church and state. He was also known for his criticism of Christianity, particularly the Roman Catholic Church, and his opposition to slavery.

Voltaire identified himself as a deist, meaning he believed:

Answer: That God exists but does not intervene in the world

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's view on the relationship between reason and faith?: Voltaire, a deist, believed that belief in a supreme being was a matter of reason, not faith. He stated, 'What is faith? Is it to believe that which is evident? No. It is perfectly evident to my mind that there exists a necessary, eternal, supreme, and intelligent being. This is no matter of faith, but of reason.'

Voltaire distrusted democracy because he viewed it as:

Answer: A propagation of the 'idiocy of the masses'

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's perspective on democracy?: Voltaire distrusted democracy, viewing it as a propagation of the 'idiocy of the masses.' He believed that an enlightened monarch was more effective in bringing about change, given the societal conditions and high illiteracy rates of his time.

Voltaire's view on race included the speculation that different races:

Answer: Had separate origins

Related Concepts:

  • How did Voltaire's views on race and slavery evolve or manifest?: Voltaire was a polygenist, speculating that races had separate origins, and often linked racial differences to attacks on religious orthodoxy. While he critiqued the slave trade, his views on race are complex and have been interpreted in various ways, with some suggesting his investments in colonial enterprises influenced his stance.

Voltaire admired Confucianism primarily for its:

Answer: Rationalism and ethical principles

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's view on Confucianism?: Voltaire admired Confucian rationalism and ethics, seeing them as an alternative to Christian dogma. He praised the Chinese sociopolitical hierarchy as a model for Europe, noting Confucius's lack of pretense to prophecy or divine inspiration.

Voltaire viewed the common people of his time as:

Answer: Ignorant and superstitious

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's view on the French bourgeoisie and aristocracy?: Voltaire perceived the French bourgeoisie as too small and ineffective, and the aristocracy as parasitic and corrupt. He also viewed the common people as ignorant and superstitious, and the Church as an oppressive force.

The aphorism 'It is up to us to cultivate our garden' from Candide suggests a philosophy centered on:

Answer: Practical action and personal responsibility

Related Concepts:

  • What is the meaning of Voltaire's famous aphorism 'It is up to us to cultivate our garden'?: The conclusion 'It is up to us to cultivate our garden' from Voltaire's novella Candide signifies a shift towards a more pragmatic and grounded philosophy, moving away from abstract optimism towards practical action and personal responsibility in improving one's immediate surroundings.

Voltaire's statement about the necessity of inventing God was a response to:

Answer: Advocates of atheism

Related Concepts:

  • What did Voltaire say about the necessity of inventing God?: Voltaire famously wrote, 'If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.' This statement, often misinterpreted as cynical, was intended as a retort to atheistic opponents and highlighted the perceived social necessity of religion.

Voltaire believed that superstition was harmful because it:

Answer: Led to societal conflict

Related Concepts:

Voltaire's critical stance on French censorship laws stemmed from:

Answer: His critiques of the government and established institutions

Related Concepts:

Social Critique and Advocacy

The phrase 'Écrasez l'infâme' used by Voltaire referred to his opposition to slavery.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What is the origin of the phrase 'Écrasez l'infâme' associated with Voltaire?: The phrase 'Écrasez l'infâme,' meaning 'crush the infamous,' was frequently used by Voltaire in his letters and writings. It referred to the abuses of power by religious and royal authorities, as well as the superstition and intolerance fomented by the clergy.

Voltaire famously dismissed the vast territory of New France as 'a few acres of snow'.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's view on the French colonial policy in North America?: Voltaire was critical of France's colonial policy in North America, famously dismissing the vast territory of New France as 'a few acres of snow'.

In 'Candide', Voltaire expressed indifference to the suffering of slaves.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What did Voltaire say about the price of sugar in Europe in relation to slavery?: In Candide, Voltaire expressed horror at learning 'at what price we eat sugar in Europe' after encountering a mutilated slave in French Guiana. The slave noted that if all humans share common origins, it makes their mistreatment of each other even more egregious.

Voltaire held a positive view of Islam, praising Muhammad as a prophet.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's opinion of Islam?: Voltaire's views on Islam were generally negative; he considered the Quran ignorant of physics and described Muhammad as a 'sublime charlatan,' a 'false prophet,' and a 'hypocrite.' However, he also acknowledged Islam's success in spreading monotheism and its good civil laws.

Voltaire's views on Judaism were consistently favorable, praising Jewish religious practices.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's view on Judaism?: Voltaire's views on Judaism were largely negative, with many articles in his Philosophical Dictionary describing Jews in consistently unfavorable terms. He expressed disdain for their perceived avarice, superstition, and hatred for other peoples, although some scholars suggest his attacks were aimed more at Christianity than Jews themselves.

Voltaire never condemned the persecution of Jews and sometimes advocated for violence against them.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • Did Voltaire condemn the persecution of Jews?: Yes, Voltaire condemned the persecution of Jews on several occasions, including in his poem Henriade, and he never advocated for violence against them. He did, however, acknowledge criticism of his own remarks on Jews and promised revisions that he did not ultimately make.

Voltaire, a vegetarian, used the antiquity of Hinduism to challenge the Bible's historical claims.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • How did Voltaire's views on Hinduism manifest?: Voltaire, a supporter of animal rights and a vegetarian, used the antiquity of Hinduism to challenge the Bible's claims. He acknowledged that Hindu treatment of animals showed a shaming alternative to the immorality of European imperialists.

Voltaire's call to 'crush the infamous' was directed at the suppression of scientific inquiry.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

Voltaire's advocacy for Jean Calas helped overturn the unjust conviction and execution of the Huguenot merchant.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

What did Voltaire mean by the phrase 'Écrasez l'infâme'?

Answer: Destroy all forms of superstition and religious intolerance

Related Concepts:

  • What is the origin of the phrase 'Écrasez l'infâme' associated with Voltaire?: The phrase 'Écrasez l'infâme,' meaning 'crush the infamous,' was frequently used by Voltaire in his letters and writings. It referred to the abuses of power by religious and royal authorities, as well as the superstition and intolerance fomented by the clergy.

Voltaire's dismissive description of New France as 'a few acres of snow' reflected his view on:

Answer: France's colonial policy in North America

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's view on the French colonial policy in North America?: Voltaire was critical of France's colonial policy in North America, famously dismissing the vast territory of New France as 'a few acres of snow'.

What did Voltaire say about the price of sugar in Europe in relation to slavery?

Answer: The price of sugar came at a terrible human cost, referencing a mutilated slave.

Related Concepts:

  • What did Voltaire say about the price of sugar in Europe in relation to slavery?: In Candide, Voltaire expressed horror at learning 'at what price we eat sugar in Europe' after encountering a mutilated slave in French Guiana. The slave noted that if all humans share common origins, it makes their mistreatment of each other even more egregious.

Voltaire's opinion of Islam included describing Muhammad as:

Answer: A sublime charlatan and false prophet

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's opinion of Islam?: Voltaire's views on Islam were generally negative; he considered the Quran ignorant of physics and described Muhammad as a 'sublime charlatan,' a 'false prophet,' and a 'hypocrite.' However, he also acknowledged Islam's success in spreading monotheism and its good civil laws.

While Voltaire's views on Judaism were largely negative, he did:

Answer: Condemn the persecution of Jews on several occasions

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's view on Judaism?: Voltaire's views on Judaism were largely negative, with many articles in his Philosophical Dictionary describing Jews in consistently unfavorable terms. He expressed disdain for their perceived avarice, superstition, and hatred for other peoples, although some scholars suggest his attacks were aimed more at Christianity than Jews themselves.

Voltaire, who supported animal rights, used the antiquity of which religion to challenge the Bible?

Answer: Hinduism

Related Concepts:

  • How did Voltaire's views on Hinduism manifest?: Voltaire, a supporter of animal rights and a vegetarian, used the antiquity of Hinduism to challenge the Bible's claims. He acknowledged that Hindu treatment of animals showed a shaming alternative to the immorality of European imperialists.

Voltaire's call to 'crush the infamous' was a campaign against:

Answer: Religious and political abuses, superstition, and intolerance

Related Concepts:

Voltaire's advocacy for Jean Calas demonstrated his commitment to:

Answer: Challenging religious persecution and upholding civil rights

Related Concepts:

Influences and Relationships

During his exile in England, Voltaire was influenced by French absolutism and its literature.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's experience like during his exile in England?: During his exile in England from 1726 to 1728, Voltaire was influenced by Britain's constitutional monarchy, greater freedom of speech and religion, and its literature, particularly Shakespeare. He met prominent English figures and published essays in English.

Voltaire's 'Letters Concerning the English Nation' praised French absolutism and led to his quiet acceptance back in Paris.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What was the impact of Voltaire's Letters Concerning the English Nation?: Published in London in 1733 and later in Rouen as Lettres philosophiques, Voltaire's essays lauded British constitutional monarchy and religious tolerance, contrasting them with French absolutism. The book caused a scandal, was publicly burned, and led to Voltaire fleeing Paris again.

Émilie du Châtelet was a French mathematician and physicist who collaborated intellectually with Voltaire for 16 years.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • Who was Émilie du Châtelet and what was her relationship with Voltaire?: Émilie du Châtelet was a French mathematician and physicist whom Voltaire met in 1733. She became his mistress for 16 years, and they collaborated intellectually, studying science and history together at her château in Cirey.

Voltaire's relationship with Frederick the Great ended amicably after Voltaire left Prussia.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • How did Voltaire's relationship with Frederick the Great deteriorate?: Voltaire's relationship with Frederick the Great soured due to accusations of theft and forgery by a financier, and Voltaire's satirical 'Diatribe of Doctor Akakia' which angered Frederick. This led to Voltaire's departure from Prussia.

Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau maintained a lifelong friendship and mutual admiration.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's relationship with Jean-Jacques Rousseau like?: Voltaire and Rousseau had a complex and often adversarial relationship. While Rousseau acknowledged Voltaire's influence, Voltaire famously critiqued Rousseau's 'Discourse on Inequality,' quipping that it made one want to walk on all fours, and dismissed his novel 'Julie' as a 'silly book.'

Voltaire found Dutch society restrictive and lacking in tolerance compared to France.

Answer: False

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Voltaire's time in England led him to admire French absolutism more.

Answer: False

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Voltaire's exile in England (1726-1728) significantly influenced him to admire:

Answer: British constitutional monarchy and freedom of speech

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's experience like during his exile in England?: During his exile in England from 1726 to 1728, Voltaire was influenced by Britain's constitutional monarchy, greater freedom of speech and religion, and its literature, particularly Shakespeare. He met prominent English figures and published essays in English.

Who was Émilie du Châtelet, known for her relationship with Voltaire?

Answer: A French mathematician and physicist

Related Concepts:

  • Who was Émilie du Châtelet and what was her relationship with Voltaire?: Émilie du Châtelet was a French mathematician and physicist whom Voltaire met in 1733. She became his mistress for 16 years, and they collaborated intellectually, studying science and history together at her château in Cirey.

Which event significantly contributed to the deterioration of Voltaire's relationship with Frederick the Great?

Answer: Voltaire's satirical 'Diatribe of Doctor Akakia'

Related Concepts:

  • How did Voltaire's relationship with Frederick the Great deteriorate?: Voltaire's relationship with Frederick the Great soured due to accusations of theft and forgery by a financier, and Voltaire's satirical 'Diatribe of Doctor Akakia' which angered Frederick. This led to Voltaire's departure from Prussia.

Voltaire's relationship with Jean-Jacques Rousseau is best characterized as:

Answer: Complex and often adversarial

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's relationship with Jean-Jacques Rousseau like?: Voltaire and Rousseau had a complex and often adversarial relationship. While Rousseau acknowledged Voltaire's influence, Voltaire famously critiqued Rousseau's 'Discourse on Inequality,' quipping that it made one want to walk on all fours, and dismissed his novel 'Julie' as a 'silly book.'

Voltaire's impression of Dutch society during his travels was one of:

Answer: Openness and tolerance

Related Concepts:

Voltaire's admiration for English literature, particularly Shakespeare, developed during his:

Answer: Exile in England

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's experience like during his exile in England?: During his exile in England from 1726 to 1728, Voltaire was influenced by Britain's constitutional monarchy, greater freedom of speech and religion, and its literature, particularly Shakespeare. He met prominent English figures and published essays in English.

Historical Impact and Legacy

The famous quote 'I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it' is accurately attributed to Voltaire.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • Is the famous quote 'I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it' attributable to Voltaire?: No, this famous quote is apocryphal and is incorrectly attributed to Voltaire. It was actually written by Evelyn Beatrice Hall in 1906 to summarize Voltaire's attitude towards freedom of speech, though it captures his spirit.

Voltaire influenced historiography by shifting focus from diplomatic events to customs, social history, and achievements in arts and sciences.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • How did Voltaire's views on history influence historiography?: Voltaire significantly influenced historiography by emphasizing fresh perspectives on the past, rejecting supernatural explanations, and suggesting the need for source investigation. He shifted focus from diplomatic and military events to customs, social history, and achievements in arts and sciences, treating Europe as a whole rather than isolated nations.

Voltaire's remains were enshrined in the Panthéon in Paris in 1791.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • Where were Voltaire's remains eventually enshrined?: In 1791, Voltaire's remains were brought back to Paris and enshrined in the Panthéon, recognized by the National Assembly as a precursor to the French Revolution.

Voltaire is honored in France primarily for his military leadership during the Seven Years' War.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • How is Voltaire remembered and honored in France?: Voltaire is honored in France as a courageous polemicist who tirelessly fought for civil rights, such as the right to a fair trial and freedom of religion. He is remembered for denouncing the injustices and hypocrisies of the Ancien Régime.

Thomas Carlyle criticized Voltaire for viewing history through an objective, unbiased lens.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • What was Thomas Carlyle's critique of Voltaire's perspective on history?: Thomas Carlyle argued that Voltaire viewed history through a biased lens, suggesting he read it 'not with the eye of devout seer or even critic, but through a pair of mere anti-catholic spectacles.'

The town of Ferney was renamed Ferney-Voltaire in his honor after his death.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the town of Ferney in relation to Voltaire?: Voltaire lived in Ferney for the last 20 years of his life. The town was later officially renamed Ferney-Voltaire in his honor in 1878, and his château there is now a museum.

The Voltaire Foundation, based in Oxford, is responsible for publishing Voltaire's complete works.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • What is the Voltaire Foundation, and what has it accomplished?: The Voltaire Foundation, established at the University of Oxford, is dedicated to publishing the Complete Works of Voltaire. This monumental project has resulted in 205 volumes, completed in 2022, and also publishes the series Oxford University Studies in the Enlightenment.

Voltaire's advocacy for reason and civil liberties made him a central figure of the Age of Enlightenment.

Answer: True

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's contribution to the understanding of the Age of Enlightenment?: Voltaire was a central figure of the Age of Enlightenment, embodying its spirit through his advocacy for reason, tolerance, and civil liberties, and his prolific writings that challenged religious and political authority.

Voltaire's writings influenced later movements, including the rise of Romanticism.

Answer: False

Related Concepts:

  • How did Voltaire's writings influence later thinkers and movements?: Voltaire's ideas on freedom of speech, religion, and his critiques of intolerance and dogma profoundly influenced Enlightenment thinkers and later movements, including liberalism and the French Revolution. His legacy continues to inspire discussions on civil rights and intellectual freedom.

Voltaire's historiography broke from tradition by focusing primarily on theological interpretations of events.

Answer: False

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The famous quote summarizing Voltaire's view on free speech ('I disapprove of what you say...') was actually written by whom?

Answer: Evelyn Beatrice Hall

Related Concepts:

  • Is the famous quote 'I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it' attributable to Voltaire?: No, this famous quote is apocryphal and is incorrectly attributed to Voltaire. It was actually written by Evelyn Beatrice Hall in 1906 to summarize Voltaire's attitude towards freedom of speech, though it captures his spirit.

How did Voltaire's approach to history differ from traditional methods?

Answer: He prioritized customs, social history, arts, and sciences over solely diplomatic/military events.

Related Concepts:

In what famous Parisian monument were Voltaire's remains eventually enshrined?

Answer: The Panthéon

Related Concepts:

  • Where were Voltaire's remains eventually enshrined?: In 1791, Voltaire's remains were brought back to Paris and enshrined in the Panthéon, recognized by the National Assembly as a precursor to the French Revolution.

Voltaire is honored in France as a fighter for:

Answer: Civil rights and denouncing injustice

Related Concepts:

  • How is Voltaire remembered and honored in France?: Voltaire is honored in France as a courageous polemicist who tirelessly fought for civil rights, such as the right to a fair trial and freedom of religion. He is remembered for denouncing the injustices and hypocrisies of the Ancien Régime.

Thomas Carlyle's critique of Voltaire's perspective on history suggested Voltaire viewed history through:

Answer: A biased, anti-Catholic lens

Related Concepts:

  • What was Thomas Carlyle's critique of Voltaire's perspective on history?: Thomas Carlyle argued that Voltaire viewed history through a biased lens, suggesting he read it 'not with the eye of devout seer or even critic, but through a pair of mere anti-catholic spectacles.'

The town where Voltaire lived for the last 20 years of his life, later renamed in his honor, is:

Answer: Ferney

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the town of Ferney in relation to Voltaire?: Voltaire lived in Ferney for the last 20 years of his life. The town was later officially renamed Ferney-Voltaire in his honor in 1878, and his château there is now a museum.

The Voltaire Foundation, located at the University of Oxford, is primarily dedicated to:

Answer: Publishing the Complete Works of Voltaire

Related Concepts:

  • What is the Voltaire Foundation, and what has it accomplished?: The Voltaire Foundation, established at the University of Oxford, is dedicated to publishing the Complete Works of Voltaire. This monumental project has resulted in 205 volumes, completed in 2022, and also publishes the series Oxford University Studies in the Enlightenment.

Voltaire is considered a central figure of the Age of Enlightenment due to his advocacy for:

Answer: Reason, tolerance, and civil liberties

Related Concepts:

  • What was Voltaire's contribution to the understanding of the Age of Enlightenment?: Voltaire was a central figure of the Age of Enlightenment, embodying its spirit through his advocacy for reason, tolerance, and civil liberties, and his prolific writings that challenged religious and political authority.

Voltaire's writings significantly influenced later movements, including:

Answer: The French Revolution and liberalism

Related Concepts:

  • How did Voltaire's writings influence later thinkers and movements?: Voltaire's ideas on freedom of speech, religion, and his critiques of intolerance and dogma profoundly influenced Enlightenment thinkers and later movements, including liberalism and the French Revolution. His legacy continues to inspire discussions on civil rights and intellectual freedom.

Voltaire's break from traditional historiography involved a shift away from:

Answer: Emphasis on diplomatic and military events

Related Concepts:


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