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Total Categories: 4
China's primary water challenges encompass severe water shortages and widespread pollution, significantly exacerbated by factors such as rapid economic development and insufficient environmental oversight.
Answer: True
The source identifies severe water shortages and widespread pollution as China's primary water challenges, intensified by rapid economic development and inadequate environmental oversight.
Issues concerning water quality and quantity are considered minor concerns that do not significantly impede China's long-term economic and infrastructural development.
Answer: False
The source explicitly identifies water quality and quantity issues as primary limiting factors for China's sustainable economic and infrastructural development, indicating they are not minor concerns.
In 2022, China's total available water resources were calculated by simply aggregating surface and groundwater resources, without accounting for their interconnected hydrological nature.
Answer: False
The source clarifies that due to the interconnected nature of water systems, the total available water resource in 2022 was calculated to be 2708.81 cubic kilometers, which is less than a simple sum of surface and groundwater resources.
Approximately 80% of China's water resources are concentrated in the southern part of the country, leading northern regions to rely more extensively on groundwater.
Answer: True
The source indicates that about 80% of China's water resources are in the south, and northern regions, due to lower precipitation, rely more heavily on groundwater.
The World Resources Institute indicates that many populated areas in China experience low water stress, characterized by extracting less than 40% of renewable groundwater annually.
Answer: False
The World Resources Institute reports that many populated areas in China face high (40%-80%) or extremely high (>80%) water stress, not low water stress.
The 2022 drought in the Yangtze River basin resulted in the river's water level dropping to its lowest point since 1865, consequently leading to the shutdown or reduced output of hydropower plants.
Answer: True
The source confirms that the 2022 drought in the Yangtze River basin led to the lowest water levels since 1865 and caused hydropower plant shutdowns in Sichuan province.
China's per capita water usage is significantly higher than the global average, reflecting its abundant water resources relative to its population.
Answer: False
The source indicates that China's per capita water usage is just over a quarter of the global average, a situation described as water poverty, due to its relatively low share of global water resources compared to its population.
Groundwater over-extraction in China has primarily led to increased water availability in northern regions, without significant environmental drawbacks.
Answer: False
The source indicates that groundwater over-extraction in northern China has led to significant environmental drawbacks, including ground surface sinking and serious land subsidence in over 50 cities, not increased water availability without drawbacks.
Chinese experts in 2002 predicted that water resource usage would peak around 2030, coinciding with the projected population peak.
Answer: True
A 2002 Xinhua article reported that Chinese experts predicted water resource usage would peak around 2030, aligning with the projected population peak.
A 2005 China Daily article reported that a 2000 survey found all 514 rivers examined were still flowing, though some exhibited reduced volume.
Answer: False
A 2005 China Daily article reported that a 2000 survey of 514 rivers found 60 of them to be dry, contradicting the statement that all were still flowing.
Environmental activist Ma Jun warned in 2006 that 400 out of 600 Chinese cities were experiencing water shortages.
Answer: True
In 2006, environmental activist Ma Jun stated that 400 out of 600 Chinese cities were experiencing water shortages, including 30 of the 32 largest.
China's water resources are divided into 10 water resources zones, with an equal number located in North and South China.
Answer: False
China's water resources are divided into 10 water resources zones, with six located in North China and four in South China, not an equal number.
What are the primary challenges affecting China's water resources?
Answer: Severe water shortages and widespread pollution.
The primary challenges affecting China's water resources are severe water shortages and widespread pollution, which are critical limiting factors for sustainable development.
What is identified as a primary limiting factor for China's sustainable economic and infrastructural development?
Answer: Issues related to water quality and quantity.
Issues related to water quality and quantity are identified as primary limiting factors for China's sustainable economic and infrastructural development.
In 2022, what was China's total available water resource, accounting for interconnected hydrological systems?
Answer: 2708.81 cubic kilometers
In 2022, China's total available water resource, accounting for the interconnected nature of water systems, was calculated to be 2708.81 cubic kilometers.
Approximately what percentage of China's water resources are geographically located in the southern part of the country?
Answer: 80%
Approximately 80% of China's water resources are located in the southern part of the country.
What was a significant impact of the 2022 drought on the Yangtze River basin?
Answer: The forced shutdown or reduction of output from hydropower plants in Sichuan province.
The 2022 drought in the Yangtze River basin caused the river's water level to drop to its lowest point since 1865, leading to the forced shutdown or reduction of output from hydropower plants in Sichuan province.
China's per capita water usage is just over a quarter of the global average, primarily because China possesses what percentage of the world's available water resources?
Answer: 6%
China's per capita water usage is just over a quarter of the global average because the country possesses only 6% of the world's available water resources, despite having approximately 18% of the global population.
What is a significant consequence of groundwater over-exploitation in China?
Answer: Over 60,000 square kilometers of ground surface sinking.
A significant consequence of groundwater over-exploitation in China is that over 60,000 square kilometers of ground surface have sunk, and more than 50 cities suffer from serious land subsidence.
In a 2002 Xinhua article, Chinese experts warned that water resource usage would peak around what year, coinciding with the projected population peak?
Answer: 2030
In a 2002 Xinhua article, Chinese experts predicted that water resource usage would peak around 2030, coinciding with the projected population peak.
According to a 2005 China Daily article, how many of the 514 rivers surveyed in 2000 were found to be dry?
Answer: 60
A 2005 China Daily article reported that a 2000 survey of 514 rivers found 60 of them to be dry.
What is the primary reason for the significant mismatch between water supply and demand in China?
Answer: Eastern China, with over half the national GDP, possesses only 18% of the country's total water resources.
The significant mismatch between water supply and demand in China is primarily because Eastern China, with 42% of the national population and over half of the national GDP, possesses only 18% of the country's total water resources.
In 2006, environmental activist Ma Jun warned that how many of China's 600 cities were experiencing water shortages?
Answer: 400
In 2006, environmental activist Ma Jun warned that 400 out of China's 600 cities were experiencing water shortages.
China's annual water withdrawal, approximately 600 billion cubic meters, is less than India's consumption but exceeds that of the United States.
Answer: False
The source states that China's annual water withdrawal of approximately 600 billion cubic meters is 160 billion cubic meters less than India's but 120 billion cubic meters more than the United States'.
In 2022, China's total water usage was approximately 600 cubic kilometers, constituting about 20% of its renewable water resources.
Answer: True
The source confirms that in 2022, China's total water usage was 599.82 cubic kilometers, representing approximately 20% of its renewable water resources.
Industrial consumption constituted the largest category of water usage in China in 2022, surpassing agricultural usage.
Answer: False
The source explicitly states that agriculture was the largest category of water consumption in China in 2022, accounting for 63.0% of total water usage, not industrial consumption.
Since 1997, water usage efficiency in China has demonstrably improved, evidenced by decreased water usage per unit of GDP and industrial added value.
Answer: True
The source indicates that since 1997, water usage per 10,000 RMB of GDP and industrial added value has significantly decreased, demonstrating improved efficiency.
How does China's annual water consumption compare to that of India?
Answer: China consumes 160 billion cubic meters less than India.
China's annual water withdrawal of approximately 600 billion cubic meters is 160 billion cubic meters less than India's consumption.
In 2022, what was the largest category of water consumption in China?
Answer: Agricultural usage
In 2022, agriculture was the largest category of water consumption in China, accounting for 378.13 cubic kilometers, or 63.0% of the total water usage.
How did water usage per irrigated mu of agricultural land change in China between 1997 and 2022?
Answer: It declined from 492 to 364 cubic meters.
Water usage per irrigated mu of agricultural land in China declined from 492 to 364 cubic meters between 1997 and 2022.
The main causes of widespread water pollution in China include continuous industrial emissions, poorly treated sewage, and extensive agricultural runoff, compounded by insufficient water treatment infrastructure.
Answer: True
The source identifies continuous emissions from manufacturing, poorly treated sewage, industrial spills, and extensive use of agricultural fertilizers and pesticides as primary causes of water pollution, exacerbated by insufficient water treatment infrastructure.
In 2006, SEPA reported that less than 20% of China's rivers were polluted to the extent of being unsafe for drinking.
Answer: False
In 2006, SEPA reported that 60% of China's rivers were polluted to the extent that they could not be safely used as drinking water sources, not less than 20%.
The 2008 State of the Environment Report indicated that the Haihe River, flowing through Beijing and Tianjin, had 'good water quality'.
Answer: False
The 2008 State of the Environment Report by the Ministry of Environmental Protection indicated that the Haihe River was 'badly polluted,' not of 'good water quality'.
A 2006 Chinese Embassy report stated that approximately 300 million people lacked access to clean water, and a significant majority of urban underground water was polluted.
Answer: True
A 2006 Chinese Embassy report stated that approximately 300 million people lacked access to clean water, and almost 90% of urban underground water was affected by pollution.
A 2008 report on the Yellow River found that over half of the river was severely polluted and unusable for any purpose.
Answer: False
A 2008 report on the Yellow River indicated that one-third of the river was so severely polluted that it was unusable for agricultural or industrial purposes, not over half.
A 2016 study found that China's water contained dangerous amounts of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a cancer-causing agent, suspected to be a byproduct of heavy chlorination.
Answer: True
A 2016 research study indicated that China's water contained dangerous amounts of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a cancer-causing agent, believed to be a byproduct of local water treatment processes, specifically heavy chlorination.
The Lake Tai pollution incident in May 2007 was caused by an industrial chemical spill, not an algae bloom.
Answer: False
The Lake Tai pollution incident in May 2007 was caused by a severe algae bloom, which led to the shutdown of drinking water supply for millions, not an industrial chemical spill.
The 2005 Jilin chemical plant explosions led to a five-day water supply cut-off in Harbin due to nitrobenzene contamination of the Songhua River.
Answer: True
The source confirms that the 2005 Jilin chemical plant explosions caused nitrobenzene contamination of the Songhua River, forcing a five-day water supply cut-off in Harbin.
Natural arsenic contamination in China's aquifers primarily affects coastal regions, not inland areas.
Answer: False
The source indicates that large portions of China's aquifers suffer from natural arsenic contamination, affecting approximately 25 million people, without specifying a primary impact on coastal regions over inland areas.
China's water quality grading system utilizes three levels, with Grade I being the cleanest and Grade III the most polluted.
Answer: False
China's water quality grading system uses six levels, ranging from Grade I to Grade VI, with Grade VI indicating the most polluted water, not three levels.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a main cause of widespread water pollution in China?
Answer: Natural volcanic activity.
The main causes of widespread water pollution in China include continuous emissions from manufacturing, poorly treated sewage, industrial spills, and extensive use of agricultural fertilizers and pesticides. Natural volcanic activity is not listed as a cause.
In 2006, what percentage of China's rivers were reported by the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) as unsafe for drinking?
Answer: 60%
In 2006, the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) reported that 60% of China's rivers were polluted to such an extent that they could not be safely used as drinking water sources.
A 2006 Chinese Embassy report stated that almost 90% of urban underground water and what percentage of China's rivers and lakes were affected by pollution?
Answer: 70%
A 2006 Chinese Embassy report stated that almost 90% of underground water in cities and 70% of China's rivers and lakes were affected by pollution.
What proportion of the Yellow River was reported in 2008 to be so severely polluted that it was unusable even for agricultural or industrial purposes?
Answer: One-third
A 2008 report on the Yellow River revealed that one-third of the river was so severely polluted by factory discharges and sewage that it was unusable even for agricultural or industrial purposes.
What cancer-causing agent, suspected to be a byproduct of heavy chlorination, was identified in China's water in a 2016 study?
Answer: Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
A 2016 research study indicated that China's water contained dangerous amounts of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a cancer-causing agent, suspected to be a byproduct of heavy chlorination.
The Lake Tai pollution incident in May 2007, which led to the shutdown of drinking water for 5.8 million people, was caused by what phenomenon?
Answer: A severe algae bloom.
The Lake Tai pollution incident in May 2007 was caused by a severe algae bloom that emitted a rotten smell, leading to the shutdown of the main drinking water supply.
What was the primary pollutant discharged into the Songhua River following the 2005 Jilin chemical plant explosions?
Answer: Nitrobenzene
The 2005 Jilin chemical plant explosions caused a significant discharge of nitrobenzene, a carcinogen, into the Songhua River.
What natural contaminant, affecting approximately 25 million people, is found in large portions of China's aquifers?
Answer: Arsenic
Large portions of China's aquifers suffer from natural arsenic contamination of groundwater, affecting approximately 25 million people, leading to arsenic poisoning from long-term exposure.
Between 1990 and 2010, China's advancements in providing improved drinking water accounted for over half of the global progress in this area.
Answer: False
The source states that China accounted for almost a quarter of the world's advancements in providing improved drinking water between 1990 and 2010, not over half.
By the end of 2022, the combined storage capacity of large and medium-sized reservoirs in China exceeded 400 billion cubic meters.
Answer: True
The source reports that by the end of 2022, large and medium-sized reservoirs in China had a combined storage capacity of 418.07 billion cubic meters, which exceeds 400 billion cubic meters.
The South–North Water Transfer Project aims to divert water from the Yellow River to southern areas to address water surpluses.
Answer: False
The South–North Water Transfer Project diverts water from the Yangtze River to northern areas to alleviate water shortages, not from the Yellow River to southern areas for surpluses.
China is actively developing its indigenous desalination technology with aspirations for future exports, concurrently implementing water conservation and recycling programs.
Answer: True
The source indicates that China is actively developing its indigenous desalination technological capabilities for future exports and implementing water conservation and recycling programs.
By 2021, China had over 100 seawater desalination plants in operation, with a combined capacity exceeding 1.5 million cubic meters per day.
Answer: True
The source confirms that by 2021, China had 115 seawater desalination plants in operation, with a combined capacity exceeding 1.5 million cubic meters per day.
Between 1990 and 2005, China significantly increased urban water supply coverage and the treatment of urban wastewater.
Answer: True
According to a 2007 World Bank report, between 1990 and 2005, urban water supply coverage in China increased from 50% to 90%, and sewage treatment of urban wastewater more than tripled from 15% to 52%.
The Eleventh Five-Year Plan aimed for a 30% decrease in water consumption per unit of industrial increase, contributing to improved water quality.
Answer: True
The Eleventh Five-Year Plan set a target for a 30% decrease in water consumption per unit of industrial increase, which helped improve water quality.
The Thirteenth Five-Year Plan set a goal of limiting annual water consumption to 670 billion cubic meters, contributing to an overall reduction in water consumption.
Answer: True
The Thirteenth Five-Year Plan, introduced in 2016, set a goal of limiting annual water consumption to 670 billion cubic meters, which contributed to China's first reduction in water consumption in over a decade.
The National Environmental Quality Monitoring Network-Surface Water Monitoring System was established in the 1990s to report water pollution data directly to local governments.
Answer: False
The National Environmental Quality Monitoring Network-Surface Water Monitoring System was established in the 1990s to report water pollution data directly to the central government, not local governments.
The 2017 amendment to the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law significantly increased legal liability and fines for environmental violations.
Answer: True
The 2017 amendment to the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law significantly increased legal liability and fines for perpetrators or supervisory agencies that failed to act in accordance with the law.
The 2020 Resource Tax Law was the first to list water as a natural resource, empowering local governments to promote water preservation through taxation.
Answer: True
The 2020 Resource Tax Law was indeed the first to list water as a natural resource, granting local authorities the ability to promote water preservation and limit waste through taxation.
The 2002 amendment to the Water Law was a minor revision that did not introduce significant changes to water security recognition.
Answer: False
The 2002 amendment to the Water Law was a significant turning point for water security recognition in China, introducing new sections on water allocation, extraction rights, conservation, pollution prevention, and basin management.
The National Specially Monitored Firms program, initiated in 2007, focused exclusively on air-polluting firms, not water polluters.
Answer: False
The National Specially Monitored Firms program, initiated in 2007, directly monitored 3,115 water-polluting firms and 658 sewage treatment plants, in addition to air-polluting firms.
The State Council's 2011 'Decision on Accelerating the Regulation of Water Consumption' established an annual water consumption limit of 670 billion cubic meters.
Answer: True
The State Council's 2011 'Decision on Accelerating the Regulation of Water Consumption' established an annual water consumption limit of 670 billion cubic meters, which was then applied to specific industries, regions, and products.
Critics have praised China's early and effective implementation of water resource management practices, with regulations consistently enforced since their drafting.
Answer: False
Critics have pointed to China's failure to implement effective water resource management practices earlier, noting that regulations were not effectively enforced for nearly a decade after their drafting.
In 2005, experts recommended that China adopt Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) to achieve sustainable water development.
Answer: True
The source states that in 2005, experts warned that China must adopt Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) to achieve sustainable development of its water resources.
Ma Xiancong identified government failures in 2007, including tacit consent to pollution and the failure to conduct environmental impact assessments for projects such as hydroelectric dams.
Answer: True
In 2007, Ma Xiancong identified government failures including tacit consent to pollution and the failure to conduct environmental impact assessments for projects like hydroelectric dams, citing specific violations of the Environmental Impact Assessment Law.
Between 1990 and 2010, China accounted for almost what fraction of the world's advancements in providing improved drinking water?
Answer: One-quarter
Between 1990 and 2010, China accounted for almost a quarter of the world's advancements in providing improved drinking water.
By the end of 2022, what was the combined storage capacity of large and medium-sized reservoirs in China?
Answer: 418.07 billion cubic meters
By the end of 2022, the combined storage capacity of large and medium-sized reservoirs in China was 418.07 billion cubic meters.
The South–North Water Transfer Project was developed primarily to alleviate water shortages for citizens in which region?
Answer: Northern areas
The South–North Water Transfer Project was developed primarily to divert water from the Yangtze River to help alleviate water shortages for citizens in northern areas.
What is a key aspect of China's strategy regarding desalination technology?
Answer: Actively developing its indigenous desalination industry for future exports.
A key aspect of China's strategy regarding desalination technology is actively developing its indigenous industry for future exports, alongside implementing water conservation and recycling programs.
By 2021, how many seawater desalination plants were operating in China?
Answer: 115
By 2021, China had 115 seawater desalination plants in operation.
Between 1990 and 2005, urban water supply coverage in China increased significantly from 50% to what percentage?
Answer: 90%
Between 1990 and 2005, urban water supply coverage in China increased significantly from 50% to 90%.