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A welfare state primarily focuses on economic planning rather than a blend of public and private efforts to provide social programs.
Answer: False
The contemporary capitalist welfare state is characterized as a mixed economy, involving a blend of public and private efforts to provide social programs and services, rather than primarily focusing on central economic planning.
Emperor Ashoka's welfare measures in the 3rd century BCE included renouncing war and establishing centers for the treatment of both men and animals.
Answer: True
Emperor Ashoka's state policy, based on his *dharma*, included renouncing war, forbidding animal killing, and establishing treatment centers for both humans and animals, reflecting an ideal of kingship focused on the common good.
The *Cura Annonae* program in the Roman Republic initially involved the distribution of bread, which later expanded to include grain, olive oil, and pork.
Answer: False
The *Cura Annonae* program in the Roman Republic initially involved the sporadic distribution of free or subsidized grain. The distribution of grain was later replaced by bread, and then expanded to include olive oil and pork in the 3rd century AD.
Zakat is a voluntary contribution in Islam, serving as a supplementary form of charity for the needy.
Answer: False
Zakat is a mandatory 2.5% wealth tax in Islam, serving as one of its five pillars, specifically designated to provide for the needy.
Present-day welfare states typically offer only cash welfare benefits, such as old-age pensions, and do not provide in-kind services.
Answer: False
Present-day welfare states typically provide both cash welfare benefits, such as old-age pensions or unemployment benefits, and in-kind welfare services, including health or childcare services.
Emperor Wen of Han's welfare policies included reducing cruel criminal punishments and making the state bureaucracy more meritocratic.
Answer: True
Emperor Wen of Han instituted welfare policies that included reducing cruel criminal punishments and promoting a more meritocratic state bureaucracy, alongside providing pensions and financial support for vulnerable populations.
The concept of states taxing for a welfare budget was first introduced in the early 7th century by Caliph Omar, adapted from newly Roman territories.
Answer: True
The concept of states taxing for a welfare budget was introduced to the Arabs in the early 7th century by Caliph Omar, a practice likely adapted from newly acquired Roman territories, establishing a precedent for state-funded social support.
What does the term 'welfare' in political thought historically refer to, originating in enlightened absolutism?
Answer: The ruler's unlimited power used for the 'welfare' or 'good police' of his subjects.
The term 'welfare' in political thought, originating in enlightened absolutism, historically referred to the ruler's unlimited power being used for the 'welfare' or 'good police' of his subjects, with the authorities defining its content at their discretion.
What are the core principles upon which a welfare state is based?
Answer: Equal opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for basic necessities.
The core principles of a welfare state include equal opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for citizens who cannot provide for their own minimal provisions for a good life.
Benjamin Disraeli, in his 1845 novel *Sybil*, wrote that 'power has only one duty' to secure what?
Answer: The social welfare of the PEOPLE.
In his 1845 novel *Sybil*, Benjamin Disraeli wrote that 'power has only one duty – to secure the social welfare of the PEOPLE,' linking governmental power directly to the well-being of the populace.
Emperor Ashoka of India envisioned his *dharma* as a state policy, declaring 'all men are my children' and striving to discharge his debt to all living creatures. This represented a new ideal of kingship focused on what?
Answer: The common good.
Emperor Ashoka's vision of *dharma* as state policy, declaring 'all men are my children,' represented a new ideal of kingship focused on the common good and discharging his debt to all living creatures.
What was the role of Zakat in the Islamic welfare system?
Answer: A mandatory 2.5% wealth tax for the needy.
Zakat, one of the five pillars of Islam, serves as a mandatory 2.5% annual wealth tax, paid by individuals holding above a basic threshold, to provide for the needy.
What types of provisions do present-day welfare states typically offer to their citizens?
Answer: Both cash welfare benefits and in-kind welfare services.
Present-day welfare states typically provide both cash welfare benefits, such as old-age pensions or unemployment benefits, and in-kind welfare services, including health or childcare services.
What is the fundamental definition of a welfare state?
Answer: A form of government safeguarding citizens' economic and social well-being based on equal opportunity and wealth distribution.
A welfare state is fundamentally defined as a form of government that safeguards and advances the economic and social well-being of its citizens, based on principles of equal opportunity, equitable wealth distribution, and public responsibility for basic necessities.
The contemporary capitalist welfare state is characterized as a type of mixed economy due to its state interventionism, but what is NOT a primary feature?
Answer: Economic planning.
While the contemporary capitalist welfare state is a mixed economy with state interventionism, economic planning is not a primary feature; instead, it involves a blend of public and private efforts to provide social programs.
The *Cura Annonae* program in the Roman Republic was established because the rapidly growing city of Rome exceeded what?
Answer: The food production capacity of nearby rural areas.
The *Cura Annonae* program in the Roman Republic was established because the rapidly growing city of Rome exceeded the food production capacity of nearby rural areas, necessitating state intervention to feed its large population.
Which of the following is NOT a core principle upon which a welfare state is based?
Answer: Exclusive reliance on private charity for social support.
A welfare state is based on principles of equal opportunity, equitable wealth distribution, and public responsibility for basic necessities, not exclusive reliance on private charity for social support.
How did the Roman dole expand beyond grain in the 3rd century AD?
Answer: The distribution of grain was replaced by bread, and later included olive oil and pork.
In the 3rd century AD, the Roman dole expanded beyond grain, with the distribution of grain being replaced by bread, and later including olive oil and pork for residents of Rome.
The term 'welfare state' was first popularized in Anglophone countries by Benjamin Disraeli in his 1845 novel.
Answer: False
The term 'welfare state' was popularized in Anglophone countries by Anglican Archbishop William Temple during the Second World War, notably in his 1942 book *Christianity and Social Order*.
Otto von Bismarck's primary motivation for introducing social-welfare legislation in Germany was to exclusively secure working-class support for the German Empire.
Answer: False
Otto von Bismarck's motivations for introducing social-welfare legislation were multifaceted, including forestalling social unrest, undercutting the appeal of the Social Democratic Party, securing working-class support, and reducing emigration, not exclusively the latter.
The Great Depression of the 1930s was a significant factor in the global move towards the welfare state, seen as a 'middle way' between communism and unregulated capitalism.
Answer: True
The Great Depression of the 1930s was instrumental in the global expansion of the welfare state, which was viewed as a 'middle way' to address widespread unemployment and misery, positioning itself between communism and unregulated *laissez-faire* capitalism.
Robert Paxton observed that 19th-century welfare state provisions were initially enacted by religious conservatives to counteract the growing appeals from trade unions and socialism.
Answer: True
Robert Paxton noted that 19th-century welfare state provisions were initially implemented by religious conservatives as a strategy to counter the increasing influence of trade unions and socialist movements, aiming to address social grievances and maintain stability.
Sigrun Kahl's 2005 article argued that modern welfare policies in Europe have no discernible religious roots, being purely secular in origin.
Answer: False
Sigrun Kahl's 2005 article argued that welfare state policies in several European countries can be traced back to their religious origins, specifically Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed Protestant traditions, which influenced 'poor relief' systems.
The German term 'sozialstaat' has been used since 1870 to describe state support programs implemented as part of Otto von Bismarck's conservative reforms.
Answer: True
The German term 'sozialstaat' (social state) has been used since 1870 to describe state support programs devised by German 'sozialpolitiker' and implemented as part of Otto von Bismarck's conservative reforms.
Otto von Bismarck established the first welfare state in a modern industrial society in the 1880s, featuring public pensions and social insurance.
Answer: True
Otto von Bismarck established the first welfare state in a modern industrial society in 1880s Imperial Germany, introducing social-welfare legislation such as public pensions and social insurance.
Switzerland's 1877 Factory Act primarily focused on limiting working hours for men, with no provisions for maternity benefits.
Answer: False
Switzerland's 1877 Factory Act limited working hours for everyone and included provisions for maternity benefits, as part of broader social reforms.
Which of the following was NOT a primary motivation for Otto von Bismarck introducing social-welfare legislation in Germany?
Answer: To promote unrestricted free-market competition.
Otto von Bismarck's primary motivations for introducing social-welfare legislation included forestalling social unrest, undercutting the appeal of the Social Democratic Party, securing working-class support, and reducing emigration, not promoting unrestricted free-market competition.
What social reforms were introduced in Switzerland in the late 19th century?
Answer: The Swiss Factory Act of 1877, which limited working hours for everyone and provided maternity benefits.
In the late 19th century, Switzerland introduced social reforms such as the Swiss Factory Act of 1877, which limited working hours for everyone and provided maternity benefits.
Which significant historical event is identified as NOT leading to the expansion of the welfare state?
Answer: The Industrial Revolution
World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II are identified as crucial historical events that led to the expansion of the welfare state, while the Industrial Revolution is not specifically cited as a direct cause of its *expansion* in this context.
Who popularized the phrase 'welfare state' in Anglophone countries during the Second World War?
Answer: William Temple
Anglican Archbishop William Temple popularized the phrase 'welfare state' in Anglophone countries during the Second World War, notably in his 1942 book *Christianity and Social Order*.
Who established the first welfare state in a modern industrial society in the 1880s Imperial Germany?
Answer: Otto von Bismarck
Otto von Bismarck established the first welfare state in a modern industrial society in 1880s Imperial Germany, introducing pioneering social-welfare legislation.
Which of Bismarck's social welfare policies was enacted in 1883?
Answer: Health Insurance.
Otto von Bismarck enacted Health Insurance in 1883 as one of his earliest social welfare policies in Germany.
What was NOT a key Liberal welfare reform introduced in the United Kingdom between 1906 and 1914?
Answer: The establishment of the National Health Service.
Key Liberal welfare reforms in the UK between 1906 and 1914 included old-age pensions, free school meals, labor exchanges, and national insurance. The National Health Service was established much later, following the Beveridge Report of 1942.
Universal welfare states provide provisions only to those deemed most in need, while selective welfare states cover everybody.
Answer: False
Universal welfare states extend provisions to all citizens, whereas selective welfare states target provisions exclusively to those identified as most in need.
Esping-Andersen's welfare typology is often criticized by feminists for adequately acknowledging the unpaid care-work performed by women within the household economy.
Answer: False
Esping-Andersen's welfare typology is frequently criticized by feminist scholars for being 'gender blind' and failing to adequately acknowledge the extensive unpaid care-work predominantly performed by women within the household economy.
The Nordic welfare model is characterized by a strong emphasis on maximizing labor force participation and promoting gender equality.
Answer: True
The Nordic welfare model is distinguished by its strong emphasis on maximizing labor force participation, promoting gender equality, providing egalitarian and extensive benefit levels, and undertaking significant income redistribution.
According to Esping-Andersen, in which type of welfare state is social stigma related to welfare highest?
Answer: Liberal states
According to Esping-Andersen, social stigma related to welfare is highest in liberal states due to their means-tested nature, which creates a distinction between beneficiaries and non-recipients.
What are the two broad classifications of welfare states based on coverage?
Answer: Universal and Selective
Welfare states are broadly classified as either universal, covering everybody, or selective, covering only those deemed most in need.
Ann Shola Orloff proposed reframing Esping-Andersen's dimensions to incorporate a gendered lens by focusing on which of the following?
Answer: Families and welfare states in state and market relations, including the relationship between gender and labor.
Ann Shola Orloff proposed reframing Esping-Andersen's dimensions to incorporate a gendered lens by focusing on families and welfare states in state and market relations, analyzing the relationship between gender and labor in social provisions, and the effect of welfare on decommodification for both genders.
What three subtypes of welfare state models did Gösta Esping-Andersen identify in his 1990 book?
Answer: Liberal, Social-democratic, and Conservative.
In his 1990 book, *The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism*, Gösta Esping-Andersen identified three subtypes of welfare state models: liberal, social-democratic, and conservative.
What distinguishes the Nordic welfare model from other types of welfare states?
Answer: Strong emphasis on maximizing labor force participation, promoting gender equality, and extensive benefit levels.
The Nordic welfare model is distinguished by its strong emphasis on maximizing labor force participation, promoting gender equality, providing egalitarian and extensive benefit levels, and undertaking significant income redistribution.
The economic depression of the 1890s and the growing influence of trade unions were key factors leading to welfare reform in Australia.
Answer: True
The economic depression of the 1890s, coupled with the increasing influence of trade unions and Labor parties, were significant factors that spurred the movement for welfare reform in Australia.
Brunei's comprehensive welfare state is primarily funded by personal income taxes on its citizens.
Answer: False
Brunei's comprehensive welfare state is primarily funded by its substantial oil and gas revenues, and its citizens are not subject to personal income tax.
In the French Third Republic, 'Solidarité' was a guiding concept for a liberal social policy, championed by figures like Leon Bourgeois.
Answer: True
In the French Third Republic, 'Solidarité' (solidarism) served as the guiding concept for a liberal social policy between 1895 and 1914, championed by prime ministers like Leon Bourgeois.
The National Food Security Act, 2013, in India guarantees food security by providing food grains at a highly subsidized rate.
Answer: True
The National Food Security Act, 2013, in India guarantees food security to all Indian citizens by providing food grains at a highly subsidized rate, reflecting India's status as a welfare state.
The Community Health Assist Scheme (CHAS) in Singapore was expanded in 2019 to include all Singaporeans, regardless of income, to encourage the use of public hospitals.
Answer: False
The Community Health Assist Scheme (CHAS) in Singapore was expanded in 2019 to include all Singaporeans, regardless of income, with the aim of encouraging the use of private healthcare for common illnesses and dental care, thereby reducing strain on public hospitals.
The Beveridge Report of 1942 proposed universal National Insurance contributions and free healthcare through the National Health Service in the UK.
Answer: True
The Beveridge Report of 1942 proposed universal National Insurance contributions for benefits and free healthcare through the National Health Service, serving as the blueprint for the modern UK welfare state.
Lester Frank Ward, considered the 'father of the modern welfare state' in the US, believed that social phenomena were beyond human control.
Answer: False
Lester Frank Ward, considered 'the father of the modern welfare state' in the US, believed that social phenomena are amenable to human control, emphasizing the importance of education for a successful democratic government.
President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs aimed to eliminate poverty and reduce racial injustice, building upon the New Deal's legacy.
Answer: True
President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs, enacted between 1964 and 1968, aimed to eliminate poverty, reduce racial injustice, and expand social welfare, building upon the New Deal's legacy.
Welfare states in Latin America are often described as 'truncated' because they provide minimal benefits for all workers, both formal and informal.
Answer: False
Welfare states in Latin America are often described as 'truncated' because they provide generous benefits for formal-sector workers but offer regressive subsidies and informal barriers that make it difficult for the poor to obtain benefits.
The Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution reflect its status as a welfare state.
Answer: True
The Directive Principles of State Policy, enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution, unequivocally reflect India's commitment to being a welfare state.
Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies in the 1930s included the Social Security law and the Fair Labor Standards Act, which banned child labor.
Answer: True
Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies in the 1930s instituted significant social insurance policies, including the Social Security Act in 1935 and the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938, which banned child labor for those under 16.
Which of the following was a national welfare scheme introduced by the Australian federal government during World War II?
Answer: Child endowment in 1941.
During World War II, the Australian federal government introduced national welfare schemes, including child endowment in 1941, as part of establishing a comprehensive welfare state.
What constitutional principle in India reflects its status as a welfare state?
Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy.
The Directive Principles of State Policy, enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution, unequivocally reflect India's commitment to being a welfare state.
Who is considered 'the father of the modern welfare state' in the United States?
Answer: Lester Frank Ward.
The American sociologist Lester Frank Ward (1841–1913) is widely regarded as 'the father of the modern welfare state' in the United States.
What led to the movement for welfare reform in Australia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
Answer: The economic depression of the 1890s and the growing influence of trade unions and Labor parties.
The economic depression of the 1890s and the growing influence of trade unions and Labor parties were key factors that led to a significant movement for welfare reform in Australia.
What was a key aim of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs?
Answer: To eliminate poverty and reduce racial injustice.
President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs, enacted between 1964 and 1968, primarily aimed to eliminate poverty and reduce racial injustice in the United States.
What concept guided French social policy in the Third Republic between 1895 and 1914?
Answer: 'Solidarité' (solidarism).
The concept of 'Solidarité' (solidarism) guided French social policy in the Third Republic between 1895 and 1914, reflecting a liberalism based on a solidaristic conception of society.
What was the purpose and impact of the Community Health Assist Scheme (CHAS) expansion in Singapore in 2019?
Answer: To encourage the use of private healthcare for common illnesses and dental care, reducing strain on public hospitals.
The Community Health Assist Scheme (CHAS) expansion in Singapore in 2019 aimed to encourage the use of private healthcare for common illnesses and dental care among all Singaporeans, thereby reducing strain on public hospitals.
What major social insurance policy was instituted by Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal in 1935?
Answer: The Social Security law.
Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal instituted the Social Security Act in 1935 as a major social insurance policy.
How are welfare states in Latin America often characterized as 'truncated'?
Answer: They provide generous benefits for formal-sector workers but offer regressive subsidies and informal barriers for the poor.
Welfare states in Latin America are often characterized as 'truncated' because they provide generous benefits for formal-sector workers but impose regressive subsidies and informal barriers that hinder the poor from accessing benefits.
Universal Basic Income (UBI) is proposed as a replacement for the traditional welfare state, aiming to provide individuals with financial security regardless of career preferences.
Answer: True
Universal Basic Income (UBI) is proposed as an alternative to the traditional welfare state, aiming to provide individuals with a guaranteed lifetime of financial security and greater autonomy in life choices, irrespective of their career preferences.
Thomas Malthus supported social insurance, believing it would encourage frugality and self-control among the poor.
Answer: False
Thomas Malthus opposed social insurance, believing that the poor needed to learn frugality, self-control, and chastity through hardship, rather than being encouraged by such provisions.
Karl Marx viewed piecemeal social reforms as essential steps towards achieving a socialist economy.
Answer: False
Karl Marx generally opposed piecemeal social reforms, viewing them as 'bribes' that would temporarily make the working classes' situation tolerable and thus weaken the revolutionary consciousness necessary for a socialist economy.
Conservative and libertarian groups argue that welfare programs foster a 'culture of poverty' and are wasteful due to large budgets.
Answer: True
Conservative and libertarian groups argue that welfare programs create dependence, act as a disincentive to work, foster a 'culture of poverty,' and are wasteful due to their large budgets.
Alan Ryan argued that the modern welfare state is an 'advance in the direction of socialism' due to its focus on social ownership of industry.
Answer: False
Alan Ryan argued that the modern welfare state is not an 'advance in the direction of socialism' because its egalitarian elements are minimal, and it does not advocate for social ownership of industry, instead shifting income across different life stages rather than social classes.
The 'welfare queen' concept has generally improved public perception of welfare recipients in the US by highlighting their resilience.
Answer: False
The 'welfare queen' concept, a popular and often racist and classist stereotype, has significantly worsened public perception of welfare recipients in the US, framing them as fraudulent exploiters of the system.
Carly Hayden Foster's analysis suggests that public support for welfare spending in the US is less likely if the recipient is described as white.
Answer: False
Carly Hayden Foster's analysis suggests that public support for welfare spending in the US is more likely if the recipient is described as white, while a Black welfare mother receives significantly less support.
Empirical evidence suggests that welfare states, constituting at least a fifth of the GDP in most Western countries, have little impact on poverty reduction.
Answer: False
Empirical evidence suggests that taxes and transfers within welfare states considerably reduce poverty in most Western countries where these states constitute at least a fifth of the GDP.
Walter Scheidel argued that the establishment of Western welfare states in the early 20th century was partly a reaction by elites fearing the Bolshevik Revolution.
Answer: True
Walter Scheidel argued that the establishment of welfare states in the West during the early 20th century was partly a reactive measure by elites who feared violent revolution in their own countries, influenced by the Bolshevik Revolution.
What was the financial comparison made by Charles Murray and Veronique de Rugy regarding UBI versus the US welfare system in 2014?
Answer: UBI would have been approximately $200 billion cheaper.
Charles Murray and Veronique de Rugy's analysis suggested that the annual cost of a Universal Basic Income (UBI) in the US would have been approximately $200 billion cheaper than the existing US welfare system in 2014.
What does empirical evidence suggest about the effect of welfare on poverty in most Western countries?
Answer: Taxes and transfers considerably reduce poverty.
Empirical evidence indicates that taxes and transfers within welfare states considerably reduce poverty in most Western countries where these states constitute at least one-fifth of the GDP.
According to Walter Scheidel, what historical event partly influenced the establishment of welfare states in the West in the early 20th century?
Answer: The Bolshevik Revolution.
According to Walter Scheidel, the establishment of welfare states in the West in the early 20th century was partly a reaction by elites fearing violent revolution in their own countries, influenced by the Bolshevik Revolution.
How did Karl Marx view piecemeal social reforms, such as increased wages or social insurance?
Answer: As 'bribes' that would temporarily make the working classes' situation tolerable and thus weaken revolutionary consciousness.
Karl Marx viewed piecemeal social reforms as 'bribes' that would temporarily improve the working classes' situation, thereby weakening the revolutionary consciousness necessary for achieving a socialist economy.
What arguments do conservative and libertarian groups commonly make against welfare?
Answer: It creates dependence, acts as a disincentive to work, and fosters a 'culture of poverty'.
Conservative and libertarian groups commonly argue that welfare creates dependence, acts as a disincentive to work, and fosters a 'culture of poverty,' in addition to being wasteful.
How did Alan Ryan distinguish the modern welfare state from socialism in 2012?
Answer: He argued its egalitarian elements are minimal, and it shifts income across different life stages rather than social classes.
In 2012, Alan Ryan distinguished the modern welfare state from socialism by arguing that its egalitarian elements are minimal, and its primary function is to shift income across different life stages rather than across social classes, without advocating for social ownership of industry.
The 'welfare queen' concept is a popular, often racist and classist, stereotype in the US depicting what?
Answer: A person who fraudulently exploits the welfare system.
The 'welfare queen' concept is a popular, often racist and classist, stereotype in the US depicting a person who fraudulently exploits the welfare system, typically imagined as a lazy, selfish Black woman with many children or a man misusing food stamps.
Carly Hayden Foster's analysis, drawing on Martin Gilens' work, argues that public support for welfare spending in the US is more likely if the recipient is described as what?
Answer: White.
Carly Hayden Foster's analysis suggests that public support for welfare spending in the US is more likely if the recipient is described as white, highlighting the influence of race on public perception of welfare.