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In macroeconomics, the labor force is defined as comprising exclusively individuals who are currently employed.
Answer: False
The labor force includes both employed individuals and those who are unemployed but actively seeking work.
The labor force encompasses individuals who are employed and those who are unemployed but actively searching for work.
Answer: True
This definition accurately reflects the composition of the labor force, which includes both employed persons and unemployed persons actively seeking employment.
Mathematically, the labor force is calculated by subtracting the unemployed from the employed population.
Answer: False
The labor force is calculated by summing the employed and the unemployed, not by subtraction.
The labor force is the sum total of individuals who are employed plus those who are unemployed.
Answer: True
This statement accurately defines the labor force as the aggregate of employed and unemployed individuals actively seeking work.
An individual is considered 'out of the labour force' only if they are retired.
Answer: False
Individuals are considered 'out of the labor force' if they are neither employed nor actively seeking employment, which includes reasons beyond retirement, such as education or personal choice.
Individuals pursuing education or choosing not to seek employment are classified as 'out of the labour force'.
Answer: True
This accurately describes individuals who are out of the labor force, as they are neither employed nor actively seeking employment for reasons such as education or personal choice.
The noninstitutional civilian population includes only those currently employed.
Answer: False
The noninstitutional civilian population comprises the labor force (employed and unemployed) plus those out of the labor force, excluding institutionalized individuals and the military.
The noninstitutional civilian population comprises the labour force plus individuals who are not seeking employment.
Answer: True
This statement correctly defines the noninstitutional civilian population as the sum of the labor force and individuals not seeking employment.
The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) measures the percentage of the total population that is employed.
Answer: False
The LFPR measures the proportion of the noninstitutional civilian population that is part of the labor force, not the percentage of the total population that is employed.
The Labour Force Participation Rate is calculated by dividing the number of employed individuals by the total population.
Answer: False
The LFPR is calculated by dividing the labor force (employed plus unemployed) by the noninstitutional civilian population, not by dividing employed individuals by the total population.
The LFPR is the ratio of the labour force to the noninstitutional civilian population.
Answer: True
This statement accurately defines the Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) as the ratio of the labor force to the noninstitutional civilian population.
The noninstitutional civilian population includes members of the armed forces and individuals in prisons.
Answer: False
The noninstitutional civilian population explicitly excludes members of the armed forces and individuals residing in institutions like prisons.
The noninstitutional civilian population includes members of the armed forces and individuals in prisons.
Answer: False
The noninstitutional civilian population explicitly excludes members of the armed forces and individuals residing in institutions like prisons.
In macroeconomics, which group is defined as the labour force?
Answer: The total sum of individuals who are either currently employed or actively seeking employment.
The labor force in macroeconomics comprises all individuals who are currently employed or are unemployed but actively seeking employment.
According to the provided text, how is the labour force mathematically represented?
Answer: Employed plus Unemployed
The labor force is mathematically represented as the sum of employed individuals and unemployed individuals actively seeking work.
An individual is considered 'out of the labour force' if they meet which condition?
Answer: They are neither currently working nor actively looking for work.
An individual is classified as 'out of the labor force' when they are neither employed nor actively seeking employment.
The noninstitutional civilian population is defined as the sum of which two groups?
Answer: The labour force and those who are out of the labour force.
The noninstitutional civilian population is the sum of the labor force (employed and unemployed) and individuals who are out of the labor force.
What does the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) measure?
Answer: The proportion of the noninstitutional civilian population that is part of the labour force.
The Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) measures the proportion of the noninstitutional civilian population that is actively engaged in the labor force.
Which formula correctly represents the calculation of the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)?
Answer: (Labour Force / Noninstitutional Civilian Population) * 100
The Labor Force Participation Rate is calculated by dividing the size of the labor force by the noninstitutional civilian population and multiplying by 100.
Which group is EXCLUDED from the 'noninstitutional civilian population'?
Answer: Children and retirees
The noninstitutional civilian population excludes institutionalized individuals, members of the armed forces, children, and retirees.
Formal labour is characterized by its lack of structure and regulation, while informal labour is highly structured and legally recognized.
Answer: False
The statement incorrectly describes formal and informal labor. Formal labor is structured and legally recognized, while informal labor lacks structure and regulation.
Informal labour operates outside formal employment frameworks, often lacking legal recognition and structure.
Answer: True
This accurately characterizes informal labor as operating outside formal employment structures, typically lacking legal recognition and formal organization.
The contributions of informal labour are always officially measured and accounted for in national economic statistics like GNP.
Answer: False
The contributions of informal labor are often not officially measured or accounted for in national economic statistics like GNP due to their unstructured and unregulated nature.
Informal labour is characterized by its lack of formal structure and regulation, and can be either paid or unpaid.
Answer: True
This statement accurately describes informal labor as lacking formal structure and regulation, and notes that it can encompass both paid and unpaid work.
Informal employment typically yields higher incomes and provides greater benefits and securities than formal employment.
Answer: False
Formal employment generally yields higher incomes and provides greater benefits and securities compared to informal employment.
In 2000, approximately 78% of non-agricultural employment in Latin America was informal.
Answer: False
In 2000, approximately 57% of non-agricultural employment in Latin America was informal, not 78%.
Around 57% of non-agricultural employment in Africa was informal in the year 2000.
Answer: False
In the year 2000, approximately 78% of non-agricultural employment in Africa was informal, not 57%.
Informal labour is exclusively associated with non-agricultural work, such as manufacturing and services.
Answer: False
Informal labor is associated with both agricultural and non-agricultural work; a majority of agricultural work is informal.
Informal labour exclusively refers to paid work performed outside formal employment structures.
Answer: False
Informal labor can be either paid or unpaid; it is defined by its lack of formal structure and regulation, not solely by being paid.
Childcare and household tasks performed to sustain a family are considered examples of paid work within the informal sector.
Answer: False
Childcare and household tasks performed to sustain a family are typically considered examples of unpaid work, even if they occur within the informal sector.
Formal labour is defined as employment that is unstructured and paid 'under the table'.
Answer: False
Formal labor is defined as structured employment paid through formal channels, often utilizing payroll systems, distinguishing it from unstructured and unregulated informal labor.
Formal labour is defined as employment that is unstructured and paid 'under the table'.
Answer: False
Formal labor is defined as structured employment paid through formal channels, often utilizing payroll systems, distinguishing it from unstructured and unregulated informal labor.
Which statement best describes the primary distinction between formal and informal labour?
Answer: Formal labour is structured and legally recognized, while informal labour is unstructured and unregulated.
The primary distinction lies in structure and legal recognition: formal labor is structured and regulated, whereas informal labor operates outside these frameworks.
According to the text, how does formal labour's contribution to the economy differ from informal labour's?
Answer: Formal labour directly contributes to GNP, while informal contributions are often not officially measured.
Formal labor's structured nature allows its contributions to be directly measured in GNP, unlike informal labor, whose economic impact is frequently unrecorded in official statistics.
Compared to informal employment, formal employment typically offers:
Answer: Higher incomes and greater benefits and securities.
Formal employment typically provides higher incomes, greater benefits, and more security compared to informal employment.
In the year 2000, what approximate percentage of non-agricultural employment in Latin America was informal?
Answer: 57%
In the year 2000, approximately 57% of non-agricultural employment in Latin America was informal.
According to the source, what percentage of non-agricultural employment in Africa was informal in the year 2000?
Answer: 78%
In the year 2000, approximately 78% of non-agricultural employment in Africa was informal.
Which of the following is true regarding paid/unpaid work and formal/informal labour?
Answer: Informal work can be either paid or unpaid.
Informal labor is characterized by its lack of formal structure and regulation, and it can encompass both paid and unpaid work.
Formal labour is characterized by being:
Answer: Structured and paid in a formal manner, often using payroll systems.
Formal labor is characterized by its structured nature and payment through formal channels, typically involving payroll systems.
Informal labour is expanding most significantly in developed countries in Europe and North America.
Answer: False
Informal labor is expanding most significantly in developing countries, not primarily in developed nations in Europe and North America.
Between the 1980s and early 2000s, the global supply of labour decreased significantly.
Answer: False
Between the 1980s and early 2000s, the global supply of labor almost doubled in absolute numbers, largely driven by growth in Asia.
Employers in advanced economies primarily access the global labour pool by increasing domestic wages to attract workers.
Answer: False
Employers in advanced economies access the global labor pool through methods such as importing goods produced by foreign labor, offshoring production, and facilitating immigration, rather than primarily by increasing domestic wages.
Global labor arbitrage refers to the practice of hiring workers from the most expensive labor markets to ensure the highest quality of work.
Answer: False
Global labor arbitrage is the practice of accessing workers from anywhere in the world who can perform tasks at the lowest cost, not necessarily the most expensive markets for quality assurance.
The global workforce decreased from 2.9 billion in 1980 to 1.2 billion in 2010, driven by a shift from industrial jobs to agriculture.
Answer: False
The global workforce increased from 1.2 billion in 1980 to 2.9 billion in 2010, driven by a 'farm to factory' transition (shift from agriculture to industry).
The 'farm to factory' transition describes a shift from industrial jobs to agricultural work, mainly observed in developed nations.
Answer: False
The 'farm to factory' transition describes a shift from agricultural work to industrial jobs, primarily observed in developing nations.
The 'old' international division of labor (pre-1970) primarily involved developing countries supplying manufactured goods while developed nations supplied raw materials.
Answer: False
The 'old' international division of labor primarily involved developing countries supplying raw materials, while developed nations supplied manufactured goods.
The 'new international division of labor' involves production processes being relocated from developing countries to developed countries to leverage higher skilled labor.
Answer: False
The 'new international division of labor' involves production processes being relocated from developed countries to developing countries to leverage lower labor costs.
The growth of offshore outsourcing for IT services has been hindered by the expansion of unreliable communication infrastructure.
Answer: False
The growth of offshore outsourcing for IT services has been facilitated, not hindered, by the expansion of reliable and affordable communication infrastructure.
The 'farm to factory' transition signifies a decrease in the global workforce as people move away from productive agricultural jobs.
Answer: False
The 'farm to factory' transition represents a shift from agriculture to industrial jobs and has been a primary driver of global workforce expansion, not a decrease.
Between the 1980s and the early 2000s, the global supply of labour decreased significantly.
Answer: False
Between the 1980s and the early 2000s, the global supply of labor almost doubled in absolute numbers, largely driven by growth in Asia.
Employers in advanced economies primarily access the global labour pool by increasing domestic wages to attract workers.
Answer: False
Employers in advanced economies access the global labor pool through methods such as importing goods produced by foreign labor, offshoring production, and facilitating immigration, rather than primarily by increasing domestic wages.
Global labor arbitrage refers to the practice of hiring workers from the most expensive labor markets to ensure the highest quality of work.
Answer: False
Global labor arbitrage is the practice of accessing workers from anywhere in the world who can perform tasks at the lowest cost, not necessarily the most expensive markets for quality assurance.
The global workforce decreased from 2.9 billion in 1980 to 1.2 billion in 2010, driven by a shift from industrial jobs to agriculture.
Answer: False
The global workforce increased from 1.2 billion in 1980 to 2.9 billion in 2010, driven by a 'farm to factory' transition (shift from agriculture to industry).
The 'farm to factory' transition describes a shift from industrial jobs to agricultural work, mainly observed in developed nations.
Answer: False
The 'farm to factory' transition describes a shift from agricultural work to industrial jobs, primarily observed in developing nations.
The 'old' international division of labor (pre-1970) primarily involved developing countries supplying manufactured goods while developed nations supplied raw materials.
Answer: False
The 'old' international division of labor primarily involved developing countries supplying raw materials, while developed nations supplied manufactured goods.
The 'new international division of labor' involves production processes being relocated from developing countries to developed countries to leverage higher skilled labor.
Answer: False
The 'new international division of labor' involves production processes being relocated from developed countries to developing countries to leverage lower labor costs.
The growth of offshore outsourcing for IT services has been hindered by the expansion of unreliable communication infrastructure.
Answer: False
The growth of offshore outsourcing for IT services has been facilitated, not hindered, by the expansion of reliable and affordable communication infrastructure.
The 'farm to factory' transition signifies a decrease in the global workforce as people move away from productive agricultural jobs.
Answer: False
The 'farm to factory' transition represents a shift from agriculture to industrial jobs and has been a primary driver of global workforce expansion, not a decrease.
On a global scale, where is informal labour experiencing its most significant expansion?
Answer: Developing countries.
Informal labor is experiencing its most significant expansion globally in developing countries, reflecting the growing importance of this sector in their economies.
Between the 1980s and the early 2000s, the global supply of labour:
Answer: Almost doubled in absolute numbers.
Between the 1980s and the early 2000s, the global supply of labor almost doubled in absolute numbers, with significant growth originating from Asia.
What is the definition of 'global labor arbitrage'?
Answer: The practice of accessing workers from anywhere in the world who can perform tasks at the lowest cost.
Global labor arbitrage is defined as the practice of sourcing labor from any location worldwide to perform tasks at the lowest possible cost.
Between 1980 and 2010, the global workforce grew significantly, primarily driven by:
Answer: A 'farm to factory' transition in developing nations.
The significant growth in the global workforce between 1980 and 2010 was primarily driven by the 'farm to factory' transition in developing nations, moving labor from agriculture to industry.
The 'new international division of labor' or 'global industrial shift' refers to:
Answer: Relocation of production processes from developed to developing countries.
The 'new international division of labor' describes the trend of relocating production processes from developed to developing countries to take advantage of lower labor costs.
Which factor has been crucial for the growth of offshore outsourcing for IT-enabled services?
Answer: The expansion of reliable and affordable communication infrastructure.
The expansion of reliable and affordable communication infrastructure has been crucial for the growth of offshore outsourcing for IT-enabled services.
The Convergys call center example illustrates which aspect of the global labor market?
Answer: The practice of offshoring IT-enabled services.
The Convergys call center example illustrates the practice of offshoring IT-enabled services, a key component of global labor market dynamics.
The 'farm to factory' transition is significant because it:
Answer: Represents a major driver of global workforce expansion.
The 'farm to factory' transition is significant as it represents a major driver of global workforce expansion, particularly in developing nations.
Men are employed more often informally than women, and informal labour represents a larger source of employment for males.
Answer: False
Women are employed more often informally than men, and informal labor represents a larger source of employment for females in many economies.
The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World reported that about 90% of women workers in the developing world were employed in the informal sector.
Answer: False
The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World reported that approximately 60% of women workers in the developing world were employed in the informal sector, not 90%.
A 2021 FAO study found that 85% of economic activity in Africa is informal, with men comprising nearly 90% of this labour force.
Answer: False
The statement is false. While a 2021 FAO study indicates that 85% of economic activity in Africa is informal, it identifies women comprising nearly 90% of this labor force, not men.
In sub-Saharan Africa, men have higher rates of informal employment (92%) compared to women (86%).
Answer: False
In sub-Saharan Africa, women have higher rates of informal employment (92%) compared to men (86%).
Both men and women tend to focus on the industrial sector, regardless of whether their work is paid or unpaid.
Answer: False
Men tend to focus on the industrial sector, while women typically focus on the service sector, regardless of whether their work is paid or unpaid.
Worldwide, women typically work more hours in income-generating jobs compared to men.
Answer: False
Worldwide, women typically work fewer hours in income-generating jobs compared to men, often due to a greater share of unpaid household work.
Men and boys globally shoulder the majority of household work, including cooking, cleaning, and childcare.
Answer: False
Globally, women and girls shoulder the majority of household work, including cooking, cleaning, and childcare.
In Mexico, women spend approximately 33 hours per week on housework, while men spend 5 hours, aligning with the general trend of higher female contribution.
Answer: True
This statement accurately reflects the data from Mexico, where women spend significantly more hours on housework than men, consistent with broader global trends.
In Malawi, women spend significantly more time fetching water per week than men.
Answer: True
Data from Malawi indicates that women spend considerably more time fetching water weekly compared to men, highlighting a gender disparity in domestic labor.
UK data from 2014 showed that men constituted two-thirds of workers on long-term sick leave, despite being half the workforce.
Answer: False
UK data from 2014 indicated that women constituted two-thirds of workers on long-term sick leave, despite making up only half the workforce (excluding maternity leave).
In Mongolia, men spend more weekly hours on housework (12 hours) than women (27 hours).
Answer: False
In Mongolia, women spend significantly more weekly hours on housework (27 hours) than men (12 hours).
In the UK in 2014, two-thirds of workers on long-term sick leave were women, despite women constituting only half the workforce.
Answer: True
UK data from 2014 indicated that women constituted two-thirds of workers on long-term sick leave, despite making up only half the workforce (excluding maternity leave).
In Mongolia, men spend more weekly hours on housework (12 hours) than women (27 hours).
Answer: False
In Mongolia, women spend significantly more weekly hours on housework (27 hours) than men (12 hours).
In the UK in 2014, two-thirds of workers on long-term sick leave were women, despite women constituting only half the workforce.
Answer: True
UK data from 2014 indicated that women constituted two-thirds of workers on long-term sick leave, despite making up only half the workforce (excluding maternity leave).
How does gender typically relate to informal labour participation according to the text?
Answer: Women are employed more often informally than formally.
Women are more frequently employed in the informal sector than men, making informal labor a larger proportion of overall employment for females in many economies.
Which of the following are mentioned as common occupations for women in the informal sector?
Answer: Home-based work and street vending.
Common occupations for women in the informal sector include home-based work and street vending, which often serve as primary sources of livelihood.
Based on the Penguin Atlas of Women in the World, approximately what share of women workers in the developing world were employed in the informal sector?
Answer: 60%
According to the Penguin Atlas of Women in the World, approximately 60% of women workers in the developing world were employed in the informal sector.
A 2021 FAO study highlighted that in Africa, women comprised nearly what proportion of the informal labour force, where 85% of economic activity occurs?
Answer: 90%
A 2021 FAO study indicated that women comprised nearly 90% of the informal labor force in Africa, where 85% of economic activity occurs.
Which statement accurately compares women's and men's informal employment rates in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, based on the data?
Answer: Women have higher rates in both regions.
Data indicates that women have higher rates of informal employment than men in both sub-Saharan Africa (92% vs. 86%) and Latin America (58% vs. 48%).
Regardless of payment status, which sectors do men and women typically focus on, according to the text?
Answer: Men focus on industry, women focus on services.
Regardless of payment status, men typically focus on the industrial sector, while women tend to concentrate on the service sector.
Globally, how do women's typical working hours in income-generating jobs compare to men's?
Answer: Women work fewer hours than men, often due to unpaid household work.
Worldwide, women typically work fewer hours in income-generating jobs compared to men, frequently due to their greater involvement in unpaid household labor.
Globally, who bears the primary responsibility for household work, including cooking, cleaning, and childcare?
Answer: Women and girls.
Globally, women and girls bear the primary responsibility for household work, encompassing tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and childcare.
According to the Penguin Atlas of Women in the World, which country is noted as an exception where men spend slightly more time on household activities than women?
Answer: The Netherlands
The Netherlands is noted as an exception in the Penguin Atlas of Women in the World, where men spend slightly more time on household activities than women.
In Malawi, how does the weekly time spent fetching water by women compare to men?
Answer: Women spend significantly more time than men.
In Malawi, women spend approximately 6.3 hours per week fetching water, compared to about 43 minutes for men, indicating a substantial gender disparity.
In the UK in 2014, what did data reveal about the gender distribution of workers on long-term sick leave?
Answer: Women constituted two-thirds of those on leave, despite being half the workforce.
UK data from 2014 showed that women constituted two-thirds of workers on long-term sick leave, despite making up only half the workforce (excluding maternity leave).
According to the ILO, the services sector accounts for the largest share of informal employment in sub-Saharan Africa.
Answer: False
According to the ILO's 2016 analysis, agriculture accounts for the largest share (64%) of informal employment in sub-Saharan Africa, not the services sector.
Women-owned MSMEs are generally less vulnerable than larger businesses due to their limited access to credit.
Answer: False
Women-owned MSMEs are generally more vulnerable than larger businesses, particularly due to their limited access to credit and financial liquidity.
The nature of agricultural work is uniform across all regions and crop types.
Answer: False
The nature of agricultural work varies significantly based on specific context, mechanization levels, and crop types.
Agricultural work is primarily associated with issues like low wages and lack of job security, with no significant environmental concerns mentioned.
Answer: False
Agricultural work is associated with low wages and lack of job security, but also with significant environmental concerns such as pesticide exposure and valley fever.
Agriculture is primarily a formal sector activity, with little connection to informal economic activity for women.
Answer: False
Agriculture is largely an informal sector activity, and it represents a significant source of livelihood for women, often closely linked to informal economic activity.
Agriculture is primarily a formal sector activity, with little connection to informal economic activity for women.
Answer: False
Agriculture is largely an informal sector activity, and it represents a significant source of livelihood for women, often closely linked to informal economic activity.
In sub-Saharan Africa, which sector held the largest share of informal employment according to the ILO's 2016 analysis?
Answer: Agriculture
According to the ILO's 2016 analysis, agriculture accounted for the largest share (64%) of informal employment in sub-Saharan Africa.
How is agricultural work related to informal labour according to the text?
Answer: A majority of agricultural work is informal.
The text indicates that a majority of agricultural work is informal, meaning it is often unregistered or unstructured.
What makes women-owned MSMEs particularly vulnerable according to the text?
Answer: Their limited access to credit and financial liquidity.
Women-owned MSMEs are particularly vulnerable due to limited access to credit and financial liquidity, which exacerbates their susceptibility to market shocks.
Which factors are mentioned as influencing the nature and variation of agricultural work?
Answer: Specific context, mechanization, and crop type.
The nature of agricultural work is influenced by specific context, the degree of mechanization employed, and the type of crop being cultivated.
Besides labor issues, what environmental concerns are associated with agricultural work mentioned in the text?
Answer: Health effects of pesticides and valley fever.
Environmental concerns associated with agricultural work include health effects from pesticides and conditions like valley fever.
According to the text, agriculture and informal economic activity are described as:
Answer: Among the most significant sources of livelihood for women.
The text highlights agriculture and informal economic activities as among the most significant sources of livelihood for women, particularly in developing regions.
Following economic crises, labourers tend to shift from the informal sector to the formal sector in search of stability.
Answer: False
Following economic crises, laborers typically shift from the formal sector to the informal sector as formal jobs become less stable or available.
What typically happens to labourers' sector affiliation following economic crises like the one starting in 1997?
Answer: They shift from the formal sector to the informal sector.
Following economic crises, laborers often transition from the formal sector to the informal sector as formal employment becomes less stable or available.