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Total Categories: 7
A world language is exclusively a natural language, and the term does not extend to constructed international auxiliary languages like Esperanto.
Answer: False
The term 'world language' can encompass constructed international auxiliary languages like Esperanto, which are designed for communication between people of different nations, not exclusively natural languages.
The fundamental definition of a world language emphasizes its role in facilitating communication among individuals from different language communities.
Answer: True
The fundamental definition of a world language highlights its function as a geographically widespread language that facilitates communication among individuals from different language communities, serving as a common medium.
There is a universally accepted academic definition for the term 'world language' among linguists and sociolinguists.
Answer: False
There is no general academic consensus on the best definition for the term 'world language'; various definitions have been proposed by different linguists and sociolinguists.
The term 'world language' is sometimes used to refer to constructed international auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto.
Answer: True
The term 'world language' can indeed encompass constructed international auxiliary languages like Esperanto, which are designed to facilitate communication across different linguistic groups.
What is the fundamental characteristic that defines a world language?
Answer: It is geographically widespread and facilitates communication among different language communities.
The fundamental definition of a world language emphasizes its geographical widespread nature and its role in facilitating communication among individuals from different language communities, serving as a common medium.
Which of the following is a constructed international auxiliary language mentioned as sometimes being referred to as a 'world language'?
Answer: Esperanto
Esperanto is explicitly mentioned as a constructed international auxiliary language that is sometimes referred to as a 'world language' due to its design for cross-national communication.
What is the primary characteristic of a 'universal language'?
Answer: It is a language intended to be understood by all speakers, regardless of their native language.
A universal language is defined as a hypothetical or constructed language that is intended to be understood by all speakers, regardless of their native language, aiming to overcome linguistic barriers for global communication.
What is the general academic consensus regarding the definition of 'world language'?
Answer: There is no general academic consensus on the best definition.
There is no general academic consensus on the best definition for the term 'world language'; various definitions have been proposed by different linguists and sociolinguists.
According to Salikoko Mufwene, a world language is defined by its use as a vernacular or lingua franca outside its original homeland by populations not ethnically or nationally associated with it.
Answer: True
Salikoko Mufwene's definition explicitly states that world languages are 'spoken as vernaculars or as lingua francas outside their homelands and by populations other than those ethnically or nationally associated with them.'
Mohamed Benrabah argues that Arabic's extensive liturgical use globally is sufficient evidence to classify it as a world language, regardless of spoken proficiency.
Answer: False
Mohamed Benrabah criticizes this view, stating that 'Rote learning and reciting Koranic verses for daily prayers does not necessarily yield spoken proficiency,' implying liturgical use alone is insufficient for world language classification based on communicative fluency.
Abram de Swaan's global language system places English as a 'supercentral language,' alongside Arabic, French, Russian, and Spanish.
Answer: False
In Abram de Swaan's global language system, English occupies the highest position as the sole 'hypercentral' language, not merely a 'supercentral language' alongside others.
Ulrich Ammon considers the number of native speakers to be the primary determinant of a language's 'globality.'
Answer: False
Ulrich Ammon states that the primary determinant of a language's 'globality' is its 'global function,' specifically its use for global communication as a lingua franca, not primarily the number of native speakers, though native speakers correlate positively and indirectly influence globality.
Clare Mar-Molinero's criteria for a world language include its demographics, the attitudes people hold towards it, and its prevalence across various societal sectors.
Answer: True
Clare Mar-Molinero's criteria for a world language explicitly include its demographics, the attitudes people hold towards it, and its prevalence across political, legal, economic, scientific, technological, academic, educational, and cultural sectors.
By the mid-20th century, European colonial languages like English, French, Russian, and Spanish were considered world languages by Salikoko Mufwene due to their use as vernaculars or lingua francas outside their homelands.
Answer: True
Salikoko Mufwene explicitly states that by the mid-20th century, European colonial languages like English, French, Russian, and Spanish had emerged as 'world languages' based on their use as vernaculars or lingua francas outside their original homelands.
Mohamed Benrabah equates the term 'world language' with Abram de Swaan's 'hypercentral languages'.
Answer: False
Mohamed Benrabah equates the term 'world language' with Abram de Swaan's 'supercentral languages,' not 'hypercentral languages,' which is a distinct, higher category in de Swaan's system.
Clare Mar-Molinero implies that an 'international language' is defined by its widespread use across various domains, while a 'global language' is spoken as a mother tongue in more than one national context.
Answer: False
Clare Mar-Molinero implies the opposite: an 'international language' is spoken as a mother tongue in more than one national context, while a 'global language' requires meeting specific criteria related to its widespread use across various domains.
The 'global language system' by Abram de Swaan is a model that categorizes languages based on their historical origins and grammatical structures.
Answer: False
Abram de Swaan's 'global language system' is a hierarchical model that classifies languages based on their connectivity and importance in international communication, not their historical origins or grammatical structures.
Roger Wright's chapter 'Convergence and Divergence in World Languages' primarily focuses on the neurocognitive determinants of language acquisition.
Answer: False
Roger Wright's chapter 'Convergence and Divergence in World Languages' primarily discusses how world languages are defined by wide geographical spread and evolution over time, not the neurocognitive determinants of language acquisition.
What is Abram de Swaan's term for languages like Arabic, French, Russian, and Spanish within his global language system?
Answer: Supercentral languages
Abram de Swaan's global language system categorizes languages like Arabic, French, Russian, and Spanish as 'supercentral languages,' which hold significant importance and connectivity within the global communication network.
What is a primary criticism Mohamed Benrabah makes regarding classifying Arabic as a world language based solely on its liturgical use?
Answer: Liturgical use does not necessarily equate to spoken proficiency.
Mohamed Benrabah criticizes the argument that Arabic's liturgical use automatically makes it a world language, stating that 'Rote learning and reciting Koranic verses for daily prayers does not necessarily yield spoken proficiency,' highlighting a distinction between ritualistic use and communicative fluency.
According to Ulrich Ammon, what is the primary determinant of a language's 'globality'?
Answer: Its use for global communication, especially as a lingua franca.
Ulrich Ammon states that the primary determinant of a language's 'globality' is its 'global function,' specifically its use for global communication, especially between people who do not share it as a native language, emphasizing its role as a lingua franca.
What is the highest position a language can occupy in Abram de Swaan's global language system?
Answer: Hypercentral
In Abram de Swaan's global language system, the highest position a language can occupy is 'hypercentral,' a status currently held solely by English, signifying unparalleled importance and connectivity.
What does Clare Mar-Molinero propose as criteria for a language to qualify as a world language?
Answer: Its demographics, attitudes towards it, and prevalence across various sectors.
Clare Mar-Molinero proposes that a language's qualification as a world language depends on its demographics, the attitudes people hold towards it, and its prevalence across political, legal, economic, scientific, technological, academic, educational, and cultural sectors.
What is the primary difference Clare Mar-Molinero implies between an 'international language' and a 'global language'?
Answer: An international language is spoken as a mother tongue in multiple nations, while a global language meets widespread use criteria.
Clare Mar-Molinero implies that an 'international language' is defined by its use as a mother tongue in more than one national context, whereas a 'global language' must satisfy broader criteria related to its widespread functional use across various domains.
What does the 'global language system' proposed by Abram de Swaan primarily classify languages based on?
Answer: Their connectivity and importance in international communication.
Abram de Swaan's 'global language system' is a hierarchical model that primarily classifies languages based on their connectivity and importance in international communication, rather than factors like native speaker count or grammatical complexity.
According to Salikoko Mufwene, by the mid-20th century, which group of languages had emerged as 'world languages' due to their use as vernaculars or lingua francas outside their homelands?
Answer: European colonial languages such as English, French, Russian, and Spanish.
Salikoko Mufwene states that by the mid-20th century, European colonial languages like English, French, Russian, and Spanish had emerged as 'world languages' because they were spoken as vernaculars or lingua francas outside their original homelands.
What is the main argument of Roger Wright's chapter 'Convergence and Divergence in World Languages'?
Answer: How world languages are defined by wide geographical spread and evolution over time.
Roger Wright's chapter 'Convergence and Divergence in World Languages' discusses how world languages are defined as those spoken over a wide geographical area, often due to colonization, and by non-native speakers, and how they evolve over time.
How does Mohamed Benrabah categorize Arabic as a world language, despite his criticism of liturgical use as the sole basis?
Answer: Because it functions as a 'supercentral language' within Abram de Swaan's system.
Despite his criticism of liturgical use as the sole basis, Mohamed Benrabah categorizes Arabic as a world language because it functions as a 'supercentral language' within Abram de Swaan's global language system.
English is universally acknowledged as the only true world language, with no academic debate on this point.
Answer: False
While English is widely considered the foremost world language, and some experts even deem it the only one, there is ongoing academic debate and other scholars adopt a pluralist view, indicating it is not universally acknowledged as the *only* true world language without debate.
David Crystal emphasizes the role of English as a lingua franca as the primary reason for its status as a world language.
Answer: False
David Crystal primarily emphasizes the *geographical distribution* of English, noting its dominance or official status in over 60 countries, as the key aspect of its world language status, rather than solely its role as a lingua franca.
Ulrich Ammon and Salikoko Mufwene both agree that English's large number of native speakers is the primary factor distinguishing it as the foremost world language.
Answer: False
Both Ulrich Ammon and Salikoko Mufwene agree that English's *function as a lingua franca* is the primary factor distinguishing it as the foremost world language, not its large number of native speakers.
David Graddol is one of the linguists cited as considering English to be the only world language.
Answer: True
British linguists David Crystal and David Graddol are indeed cited as authors who consider English to be the only world language.
Ulrich Ammon states that English is placed at the top across virtually all descriptive parameters for the international or global rank of a language.
Answer: True
Ulrich Ammon explicitly states that 'There is virtually no descriptive parameter or indicator for the international or global rank of a language which, if applied to today's languages worldwide, does not place English at the top,' confirming its pervasive dominance.
Which of the following languages is generally considered the foremost world language, with some experts suggesting it is the only true one?
Answer: English
English is broadly acknowledged as the foremost world language, with some experts, such as David Crystal and David Graddol, even suggesting it is the sole true world language due to its extensive global reach and functional utility.
What does Salikoko Mufwene identify as the primary factor distinguishing English as the foremost world language, a view shared by Ulrich Ammon?
Answer: Its function as a lingua franca.
Both Ulrich Ammon and Salikoko Mufwene identify English's function as a lingua franca—its widespread use for communication between people who do not share a native language—as the primary factor distinguishing it as the foremost world language.
Which linguist focuses on the geographical distribution of English, noting its dominance or official status in over 60 countries, as a key aspect of its world language status?
Answer: David Crystal
David Crystal emphasizes the geographical distribution of English, noting its dominance or official status in over 60 countries across every continent and major ocean, as a key aspect of its world language status.
Which linguists are specifically cited as considering English to be the *only* world language?
Answer: David Crystal and David Graddol
British linguists David Crystal and David Graddol are explicitly cited as authors who consider English to be the only world language.
What is the academic consensus regarding English's status as a world language?
Answer: There is academic consensus that English is a world language, with some considering it the foremost or only one.
There is a broad academic consensus that English is a world language, with some linguists like David Crystal and David Graddol even considering it the only one, while others adopt a pluralist view but still acknowledge its preeminent position.
Latin is mentioned as a historical world language, with its prominence linked to trade and business during the Roman Empire.
Answer: True
Latin is indeed cited as a historical world language, with its prominence during the Roman Empire drawing parallels to modern world languages due to its association with trade and business.
Salikoko Mufwene classifies Spanish as a 'first-tier' world language due to its extensive use as a lingua franca for business and scholarship.
Answer: False
Salikoko Mufwene classifies Spanish as a 'second-tier' world language because its use as a lingua franca for business and scholarship is more limited compared to English and French, despite its widespread use as a vernacular.
French is considered a world language partly because it is a 'supercentral language' in Abram de Swaan's global language system.
Answer: True
French is indeed described as a world language due to its status as a 'supercentral language' in Abram de Swaan's global language system, among other reasons.
Arabic is considered a world language by Salikoko Mufwene primarily because of its extensive use as a lingua franca for international business and scholarship.
Answer: False
Salikoko Mufwene considers Arabic a world language primarily due to its function as a *liturgical language* globally. He classifies it as 'second-tier' because its use as a lingua franca for business and scholarship is *more limited* compared to English and French.
Russian is categorized as a world language solely based on its historical significance as a colonial language.
Answer: False
Russian is categorized as a world language not solely due to historical colonial significance, but also because it is a 'supercentral language' in de Swaan's system and is used as a vernacular or lingua franca by non-Russians outside of Russia.
Spanish is considered a world language by Ulrich Ammon because it is widely spoken as a foreign language globally.
Answer: True
Ulrich Ammon includes Spanish as a world language specifically because of its widespread use as a foreign language globally.
According to Salikoko Mufwene, what is a key reason Arabic is described as a world language?
Answer: Its function as a liturgical language among Muslim communities globally.
Salikoko Mufwene describes Arabic as a world language primarily because it functions as a liturgical language among Muslim communities across the globe.
Which historical language is cited by some authors as having formerly held the status of a world language, particularly during the Roman Empire?
Answer: Latin
Latin is cited by some authors as having previously held the status of a world language, particularly during the Roman Empire, due to its widespread use in trade and administration.
Why does Salikoko Mufwene classify Spanish as a 'second-tier' world language?
Answer: Its use as a lingua franca for business and scholarship is more limited compared to English and French.
Salikoko Mufwene classifies Spanish as a 'second-tier' world language because its use as a lingua franca for international business and scholarship is more limited when compared to English and French, despite its widespread use as a vernacular.
Which of the following is a justification for Russian being categorized as a world language?
Answer: It is a 'supercentral language' in de Swaan's system and used as a vernacular/lingua franca outside Russia.
Russian is categorized as a world language because it is a 'supercentral language' in de Swaan's global language system and is used as a vernacular or lingua franca by non-Russians outside of Russia.
What is the main focus of Jürgen Leonhardt's book 'Latin: Story of a World Language'?
Answer: A historical account of Latin's development and its past role as an international language.
Jürgen Leonhardt's book 'Latin: Story of a World Language' provides a historical account of Latin, exploring its development and its past role as a significant language of international communication and influence.
Which of the following is *not* universally agreed upon as a world language, despite sometimes being considered one?
Answer: Arabic
While English is widely recognized, and Latin historically, and Esperanto as a constructed auxiliary language are discussed, Arabic is explicitly mentioned as a language sometimes considered a world language but without universal academic consensus on this classification.
What is the primary justification for Spanish being considered a world language by Ulrich Ammon?
Answer: Its widespread use as a foreign language globally.
Ulrich Ammon includes Spanish as a world language primarily because it is widely spoken as a foreign language across the globe.
The number of countries using a language as an official language, along with their geographical distribution, is an indicator of its globality.
Answer: True
Ulrich Ammon identifies the number and geographical distribution of countries using a language as an official language as a key indicator of its globality, reflecting its institutionalized presence and importance.
Economic strength, measured by the GDP of native speakers, is considered a negative indicator for a language's globality.
Answer: False
Economic strength, measured by the GDP of native speakers, is considered a *potential positive* indicator for a language's globality, as it can make a language more attractive for international business and communication.
The prevalence of a language in scientific publications is an indicator of its globality, reflecting its international importance.
Answer: True
Ulrich Ammon identifies the prevalence of a language in scientific publications as an indicator of its globality, signifying its international importance in academic discourse.
Which of the following is *not* listed by Ulrich Ammon as a key indicator for assessing a language's globality?
Answer: The aesthetic appeal of its phonology.
Ulrich Ammon lists the number of non-native speakers, use in international business, and prevalence in scientific publications as key indicators for globality. The aesthetic appeal of its phonology is not mentioned as a criterion.
What is the significance of a language being an 'official language' in multiple countries, according to Ulrich Ammon's indicators?
Answer: It reflects the language's institutionalized presence and importance across different nations.
According to Ulrich Ammon, the number and geographical distribution of countries using a language as an official language is a key indicator of its globality, reflecting its institutionalized presence and importance across different nations.
How does economic strength, specifically the GDP of native speakers, relate to a language's status as a world language?
Answer: It is a potential indicator, making a language more attractive for international business.
Economic strength, measured by the GDP of native speakers, is considered a potential indicator of a language's globality, as a strong economy can make a language more attractive for international business and communication.
Which of the following is an indicator of a language's globality, according to Ulrich Ammon, related to its institutionalized presence?
Answer: The number and geographical distribution of countries using it as an official language.
Ulrich Ammon identifies the number and geographical distribution of countries using a language as an official language as a key indicator of its globality, reflecting its institutionalized presence and importance across different nations.
What is the relationship between the number of native speakers and a language's globality, according to Ulrich Ammon?
Answer: It correlates positively and indirectly influences globality.
According to Ulrich Ammon, the number of native speakers correlates positively and indirectly influences a language's globality, though it is not the primary determinant.
A lingua franca is defined as a language used exclusively for religious rituals among specific communities.
Answer: False
A lingua franca is defined as a language systematically used for communication between people who do not share a native language, serving as a common medium for diverse groups, not exclusively for religious rituals.
A vernacular language is primarily a literary language, distinct from the native language or dialect of a specific population.
Answer: False
A vernacular language is defined as the native language or dialect of a specific population, especially as distinguished from a literary, national, or foreign language, making the statement false.
The term 'international scientific vocabulary' refers to a hypothetical language intended to be understood by all speakers globally.
Answer: False
International scientific vocabulary consists of scientific and technical terms shared across many languages, often from Latin or Greek roots. A hypothetical language intended to be understood by all speakers globally is referred to as a 'universal language'.
A pluricentric language is one that has only a single, universally recognized standard form across all countries where it is spoken.
Answer: False
A pluricentric language is defined as having several interacting centers, each with its own codified norms, meaning it has multiple, not a single, universally recognized standard form across countries where it is spoken.
Linguistic demography is the study of the spatial distribution of languages and dialects.
Answer: False
Linguistic demography is the statistical study of populations in terms of their language use. The study of the spatial distribution of languages and dialects is known as language geography.
Translingualisms are linguistic elements that involve the use of multiple languages or the transfer of concepts across linguistic boundaries.
Answer: True
Translingualisms refer to linguistic elements or phenomena that transcend individual languages, often involving the use of multiple languages or the transfer of concepts across linguistic boundaries, with international scientific vocabulary as an example.
What is the definition of a 'lingua franca' in the context of world languages?
Answer: A language systematically used for communication between people not sharing a native language.
A lingua franca is defined as a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a native language, serving as a common medium for diverse groups.
What is the definition of a 'vernacular language'?
Answer: The native language or dialect of a specific population.
A vernacular language is defined as the native language or dialect of a specific population, especially as distinguished from a literary, national, or foreign language.
What is 'linguistic demography'?
Answer: The statistical study of populations in terms of their language use.
Linguistic demography is defined as the statistical study of populations in terms of their language use, including the number of speakers, their distribution, and changes over time.
What is a 'pluricentric language'?
Answer: A language with several interacting centers, each with its own codified norms.
A pluricentric language is defined as a language with several interacting centers, each providing a national variety with at least some of its own codified norms, implying multiple recognized standard forms.
What does 'international scientific vocabulary' primarily consist of?
Answer: Scientific and technical terms shared across many languages, often from Latin or Greek roots.
International scientific vocabulary consists of scientific and technical terms that are shared across many different languages, frequently derived from Latin or Greek roots, facilitating global communication in scientific fields.
What is the definition of 'language geography'?
Answer: The branch of human geography that studies the spatial distribution of languages and dialects.
Language geography is defined as a branch of human geography that studies the spatial distribution of languages and dialects, including their origins, spread, and interactions with geographical features and human populations.
What is the purpose of 'translingualisms' in the context of global communication?
Answer: To highlight how language use extends beyond single linguistic systems, often involving multiple languages.
Translingualisms are significant because they highlight how language use extends beyond single linguistic systems, often involving the integration or influence of multiple languages, which is crucial for understanding communication in a globalized world.
Which of the following is an example of a 'translingualism' mentioned in the source?
Answer: International scientific vocabulary.
International scientific vocabulary is explicitly mentioned as an example of a translingualism, as it consists of scientific and technical terms shared across many different languages.
The 'Journal of World Languages' primarily focuses on the historical evolution of ancient languages.
Answer: False
The 'Journal of World Languages' features research on various aspects of world languages, including their neurocognitive determinants and competition, not primarily the historical evolution of ancient languages.
What is the main focus of 'The Handbook of Language and Globalization'?
Answer: Various aspects of language in a globalized world, including trends and myths about global English.
'The Handbook of Language and Globalization' explores various aspects of language in a globalized world, including trends and futures of world languages, and the myths and facts surrounding global English.