What does the Whyte notation 0-4-0 signify in the classification of steam locomotives?

The Whyte notation 0-4-0 signifies a steam locomotive configuration featuring two axles and four coupled wheels, all of which are driven. This arrangement represents one of the simplest possible types of locomotives, characterized by the absence of leading or trailing wheels.

How is a tank locomotive of the 0-4-0 wheel arrangement denoted, and what is its key characteristic?

A tank locomotive with the 0-4-0 wheel arrangement is denoted as 0-4-0T. Its defining characteristic is that it carries its water and fuel directly on board the engine itself, rather than in a separate tender.

How is the 0-4-0 wheel arrangement classified under the UIC system, and what are the French and German/Italian equivalents?

Under the UIC classification system, a 0-4-0 locomotive is classified as B if its axles are connected by side rods or gearing. The French classification uses 020 for this arrangement, independent of axle motoring. The German and Italian classification also uses B for this type.

What was the historical significance of the 0-4-0 wheel arrangement in terms of its longevity in steam locomotive design?

The 0-4-0 wheel arrangement proved to be highly useful and was built for more than a century, existing until the end of the steam era. This indicates its enduring practicality and adaptability for various railway needs.

What does the Whyte notation 0-4-0T indicate about a locomotive's design?

The Whyte notation 0-4-0T indicates a tank locomotive with a wheel arrangement of four coupled driving wheels and no leading or trailing wheels. The 'T' signifies that the locomotive carries its water and fuel on board, rather than in a separate tender.

Who designed some of the earliest 0-4-0 locomotives, and what was a key feature of their wheel connections?

Richard Trevithick designed some of the earliest 0-4-0 locomotives, including the *Coalbrookedale* (c. 1802), *Pen-y-Darren* (1804), and *Newcastle* (1805). A notable characteristic of these early engines was that their wheels were connected by a single gear wheel, rather than the coupling rods that became standard later.

When did coupling rods become the usual method for connecting wheels in 0-4-0 locomotives, and what was the first locomotive to feature this?

From 1825 onwards, the wheels on four-coupled locomotives were typically connected using coupling rods to form a single driven set. The first 0-4-0 locomotive to utilize coupling rods was *Locomotion No. 1*, built by Robert Stephenson and Company for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825.

Besides *Locomotion No. 1*, what other notable 0-4-0 locomotives from the early period are mentioned in the text?

The text mentions that Robert Stephenson also built the *Lancashire Witch* in 1828. Additionally, Timothy Hackworth built *Sans Pareil*, which participated in the Rainhill Trials in 1829. Both of these locomotives later operated on the Bolton and Leigh Railway.

What is the primary advantage and disadvantage of the 0-4-0 wheel arrangement regarding its mass and stability?

The primary advantage of a four-wheeled configuration where all wheels are driving wheels, like the 0-4-0, is that it utilizes the locomotive's entire mass for traction. However, a significant disadvantage is that this configuration is inherently unstable at higher speeds.

For what primary purpose were 0-4-0 locomotives mainly used due to their stability limitations?

Due to their inherent instability at speed, 0-4-0 locomotives were mainly used as switcher locomotives, also known as shunter locomotives in the United Kingdom. These locomotives operate at lower speeds in yards and industrial areas.

Why did 0-4-0 tender engines see limited production for decades in the United Kingdom, while continuing longer in the United States?

In the United Kingdom, 0-4-0 tender engines were built for only a few decades because their inherent instability at speed made them less suitable for mainline use. In contrast, they were built for a longer period in the United States, suggesting different operational requirements or track conditions.

By 1900, why had the 0-4-0 wheel arrangement largely been superseded for most purposes, and where did they continue to be employed?

By 1900, the 0-4-0 wheel arrangement had largely been superseded for most purposes because its possible tractive effort, within normal axle load limits, was insufficient to move large loads. Nevertheless, they continued to be used in situations with tighter radius curves or where their shorter length was advantageous, such as in dockyard work, industrial tramways, or as shop switchers.

What specialized types of locomotives also utilized the 0-4-0 wheel arrangement?

The 0-4-0 wheel arrangement was also employed on specialized locomotive types, including fireless locomotives, crane tank locomotives, tram engines, and geared steam locomotives. It was also widely used on narrow gauge railways.

What is notable about the collection of 0-4-0 locomotives preserved at the Dorrigo Steam Railway and Museum in New South Wales, Australia?

The Dorrigo Steam Railway and Museum in New South Wales, Australia, has preserved a significant number of 0-4-0 locomotives. This collection includes twelve 0-4-0 steam locomotives and eight 0-4-0 diesel locomotives, totaling twenty examples, all located at the same site.

What type of 0-4-0 locomotives operate on the Achensee Railway in Tyrol, Austria?

The Achensee Railway in Tyrol, Austria, operates three 0-4-0 geared steam cog locomotives. These locomotives run on the railway's 1-meter narrow gauge track, and one is on display.

What was the history of the Ruhrthaler 963 locomotive at the Catumbela Sugar Estate in Angola?

The Catumbela Sugar Estate in Angola operated a narrow gauge line, and one of its 0-4-0 locomotives, a Ruhrthaler Maschinen-Fabrik 963 from 1929, was later rebuilt with a diesel engine.

What were the two classes of 0-4-0 locomotives used in Finland?

Finland utilized two classes of locomotives with a 0-4-0 wheel arrangement: the E1 class and the Vk4 class.

What is the current status of the Finnish Vk4 locomotive, nicknamed *Leena*?

The Finnish Vk4 locomotive, nicknamed *Leena*, built by Borsig Lokomotiv Werke (AEG) in 1910, is now the oldest working broad gauge locomotive in Finland. It is preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum.

Which company imported the 0-4-0T SCS Class 100 locomotives into Indonesia, and where were they built?

The *Samarang-Cheribon Stoomtram Maatschappij* (SCS) imported 27 cape gauge 0-4-0T SCS Class 100 locomotives between 1908 and 1911. These locomotives were built by Sächsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz, Germany.

How were the SCS Class 100 locomotives renumbered after the Japanese occupation and Indonesian Independence?

After the Japanese occupation and Indonesian Independence, the SCS Class 100 locomotives were renumbered to the B52 class.

Which two B52 class locomotives have been preserved in Indonesia?

Two B52 class locomotives have been preserved in Indonesia: B5212 is at the Transportation Museum of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, and B5210 is at the Ambarawa Railway Museum.

What were the only examples of the 0-4-0 type in the Philippines, and who built them?

The only examples of the 0-4-0 type in the Philippines were the five *Manila* class light-duty tank locomotives. These were built by the Hunslet Engine Company for the Manila Railway.

What happened to the *Manila* class locomotive after its retirement from the Manila Railroad?

After being retired from the Manila Railroad in 1927, the *Manila* class locomotive was sold to Central Azucarrera de Tarlac. It was converted into a tank-tender locomotive and operated until the 1980s before being scrapped around 1991.

When were the first steam locomotives used at the major South African harbours, and what gauge were they?

The first steam locomotives to see service at the major South African harbours (Table Bay, Port Elizabeth, and East London) were 7 ft 1⁄4 in (2,140 mm) Brunel gauge engines. These were placed in service on breakwater construction at Table Bay Harbour in 1862 and East London Harbour in 1874.

Describe the 0-4-0T locomotive acquired by the Table Bay Harbour Board in 1874.

In 1874, the Table Bay Harbour Board acquired a 0-4-0T locomotive from Fletcher, Jennings & Co. This engine was intended to haul tip-wagons from the Victoria Basin excavation site to the breakwater construction.

What were the characteristics of the East London Harbour's construction locomotives?

The East London Harbour's construction locomotives were 0-4-0 vertical boiler engines. They bore a resemblance to the American Grasshopper type and were acquired from Alexander Chaplin & Co. between 1873 and 1880.

What type of locomotive was added at Table Bay Harbour in 1879, and who built it?

A 0-4-0 well-tank engine was added at Table Bay Harbour in 1879. This locomotive was also built by Fletcher, Jennings.

Which company built the three 0-4-0 saddle-tank locomotives that entered service in Table Bay Harbour for breakwater construction?

Black, Hawthorn & Co. built the three 0-4-0 saddle-tank locomotives that entered breakwater construction service in Table Bay Harbour, with two arriving in 1881 and one more in 1893.

What was the first locomotive in South Africa, and what was its initial configuration and gauge?

The first locomotive in South Africa was a small 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) broad gauge 0-4-0 side-tank steam locomotive imported in September 1859 by Messrs. E. & J. Pickering for the Cape Town Railway and Dock Company. It was later rebuilt to a 0-4-2T configuration in 1874.

What nickname was given to the first locomotive in South Africa after its rebuilding and relocation?

After being rebuilt to a 0-4-2T configuration and shipped to Port Alfred to serve as a construction locomotive on the Kowie river, the first locomotive in South Africa was nicknamed *Blackie*. It has since been declared a heritage object.

Which locomotive is recognized as the first to run in revenue-earning service in South Africa, and where did it operate?

The first railway locomotive to run in revenue-earning service in South Africa was a small broad gauge 0-4-0WT well tank engine named *Natal*. It operated from Durban's Market Square to Point station on June 26, 1860, marking the official opening of South Africa's first operating railway.

What was the *Durban* locomotive, and who built it?

The *Durban* was the Natal Railway Company's second locomotive, a saddle-tank locomotive with a 0-4-0 wheel arrangement, built by Kitson and Company in 1865.

Which locomotive was acquired by the Cape Government Railways in 1878 for construction work at Port Alfred, and what was its nickname?

In 1878, the Cape Government Railways acquired a broad gauge 0-4-0ST (Saddle Tank) locomotive named *Aid* from Fox, Walker and Company for construction work on the east bank of the Kowie river at Port Alfred.

What was significant about the Manning Wardle saddle-tank locomotives acquired by the Cape Government Railways in 1873 and 1874?

The three Manning Wardle saddle-tank locomotives acquired by the Cape Government Railways in 1873 and 1874 were the first Cape gauge locomotives to enter service in South Africa. Two were placed on the Midland System in 1873, and the third on the Western System in 1874.

Describe the six saddle-tank locomotives with domeless boilers acquired by the CGR between 1875 and 1882.

Between 1875 and 1882, the Cape Government Railways (CGR) placed six saddle-tank locomotives with domeless boilers and three with domes into service across all three of its systems. When a classification system was adopted, all nine of these locomotives were designated as First Class.

What unique distinction did the CGR locomotive nicknamed *Coffee Pot* achieve?

The CGR locomotive nicknamed *Coffee Pot*, acquired by Teague and Company in 1881 and later sold to the CGR, became the first locomotive to run across the border between the Cape Colony and the Orange Free State while used for the construction of a temporary rail bridge over the Orange River.

Which companies built the thirteen saddle-tank locomotives acquired by the Table Bay Harbour Board between 1881 and 1904?

Thirteen saddle-tank locomotives were acquired by the Table Bay Harbour Board from Black, Hawthorn and Company, Chapman and Furneaux, and Hawthorn Leslie and Company between 1881 and 1904. Eleven of these locomotives later entered South African Railways (SAR) stock in 1912 but were not classified or renumbered.

What were the *Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorwegmaatschappij* (NZASM) locomotives acquired in 1889 used for?

In 1889, the NZASM obtained its first six locomotives, including one 13 Tonner and five similar 14 Tonners, all with a 0-4-0 wheel arrangement. These were intended for use on the new line being constructed from Johannesburg to Boksburg.

What type of locomotives did the NZASM acquire in 1889 and 1890 for the Randtram line?

The NZASM acquired three 10 Tonner tramway locomotives in 1889 and 1890. These were used on the new line between Johannesburg and Boksburg, which became known as the Randtram line.

What happened to the five Neilson and Company saddle-tank locomotives imported by the NGR in 1891?

Of the five Neilson and Company saddle-tank locomotives imported by the NGR in 1891, one was sold to the Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway (PPR) and named *Natal*, two went to Durban Harbour, and the remaining two became part of the NGR's Class K. In 1912, four of these locomotives, including the ex-PPR one, were taken onto the SAR roster as obsolete unclassified locomotives.

Which companies supplied the eight saddle-tank locomotives acquired by the Port Elizabeth Harbour Board between 1894 and 1902?

Eight saddle-tank locomotives were acquired by the Port Elizabeth Harbour Board between 1894 and 1902 from Black, Hawthorn (four units in 1894 and 1895), Chapman and Furneaux (two units in 1900), and Hudswell, Clarke (two units in 1902). These were used for shunting service at the harbour.

What was the *Congella*, and where was it placed in service?

The *Congella* was a single 0-4-0 saddle-tank locomotive placed in service as a harbour shunter in Durban Harbour by the Harbours Department of the Natal Government in 1902. It was built by Hudswell, Clarke.

What were the *Stormberg* and *Thebus* locomotives, and how did they come into SAR stock?

The *Stormberg* and *Thebus* were two locomotives originally built by Hudswell Clarke for the South African Public Works Department in 1903. They were acquired by the SAR in 1916 for use as dock shunters in Table Bay Harbour, being named instead of classified and numbered.

What were the first condensing steam locomotives in South Africa, and where did they operate?

The first condensing steam locomotives in South Africa were three well-tank condensing locomotives placed in service by the Cape Copper Mining Company between 1886 and 1888. They operated on the 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge Namaqualand Railway between Port Nolloth and O'okiep.

How did three narrow gauge tank steam locomotives acquired by Rand Mines and Reynolds Brothers Sugar Estates end up with the South African Railways during World War I?

In 1915, during World War I, an urgent need for additional narrow gauge locomotives in German South West Africa led the South African Railways to purchase three second-hand locomotives. These included two acquired by Rand Mines from Avonside Engine Company and one delivered to Reynolds Brothers Sugar Estates in Natal.

What is the significance of the SAR Class NG1 locomotives?

The SAR Class NG1 locomotives were originally two Sirdar class 0-4-0T tank steam locomotives built by Kerr, Stuart and Company for a 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge line near Germiston during the Second Boer War. After the war, they were sold and eventually taken over by the CSAR and later assimilated into the SAR, designated Class NG1.

What was the *Midget* locomotive, and what was its service history?

The *Midget* was a small narrow gauge tank steam locomotive built by Manning Wardle for the CGR in 1902. It was classified as Type C and placed in service on the Avontuur branch. In 1912, it was assimilated into the South African Railways, renumbered, and later sold to West Rand Consolidated Mines in 1921.

What was the purpose of the small five-ton locomotive built by Krauss & Company purchased by the CGR around 1903?

A small five-ton locomotive, built by Krauss & Company, was purchased by the CGR around 1903. It was used as a construction engine on the narrow gauge Avontuur branch out of Port Elizabeth.

When did the tank engine versions of the 0-4-0 wheel arrangement first appear in the United Kingdom, and who designed the first significant class?

The tank engine versions of the 0-4-0 wheel arrangement began appearing in the United Kingdom in the early 1850s. The first significant class consisted of six saddle tanks designed by Robert Sinclair for the Caledonian Railway.

How popular was the 0-4-0 tank engine type in the UK by 1860, and how long did it continue to be built?

By 1860, the 0-4-0 tank engine type was very popular in the United Kingdom. It continued to be built in significant numbers for both mainline and industrial railways, persisting almost until the end of steam traction, with some builders supplying them until at least 1949.

Which companies continued to build 0-4-0 industrial saddle tanks until the late 1940s?

Hudswell Clarke continued supplying industrial saddle tanks until at least 1947, and both Barclay and Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns continued building them until 1949.

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Overview

Defining the 0-4-0

Under the Whyte notation system, the 0-4-0 classification denotes a simple yet highly effective locomotive configuration. It features two axles, with all four wheels coupled together and driven by the locomotive's power source. This arrangement provides a direct and robust transfer of power to the rails.

Traction and Stability

The primary advantage of the 0-4-0 layout is its ability to utilize the locomotive's entire weight for traction, maximizing pulling power. However, this configuration is inherently less stable at higher speeds due to the lack of leading or trailing wheels to guide the locomotive through curves and absorb lateral forces.

Tank vs. Tender

Locomotives with this wheel arrangement can be either tank locomotives (0-4-0T), carrying their water and fuel onboard, or tender locomotives, which haul a separate tender for these supplies. Tank engines are often favored for their shorter wheelbase and maneuverability in confined spaces, while tender engines typically offer a greater range.

Historical Context

Early Innovations

The 0-4-0 configuration emerged early in the development of steam locomotion. Richard Trevithick's pioneering locomotives, such as the Coalbrookedale (c. 1802), utilized this basic layout, initially connecting wheels via a single gear wheel. By 1825, locomotives like Robert Stephenson's Locomotion No. 1 adopted coupling rods, creating a unified driven axle set.

Enduring Utility

The 0-4-0 type proved exceptionally useful, particularly for industrial applications and shunting duties where speed was less critical than tractive effort and maneuverability. This versatility ensured its continued construction and operation for over a century, extending into the twilight of the steam era.

c. 1802: Richard Trevithick's early 0-4-0 designs appear.
1825: First 0-4-0 with coupling rods, Locomotion No. 1, built by Robert Stephenson and Company.
Mid-19th Century: Introduction of 0-4-0 tank locomotives becomes common.
Late 19th/Early 20th Century: Widely used for industrial railways, dockyards, and shunting globally.
Mid-20th Century: Continues in specialized roles and industrial use even as larger, faster designs dominate main lines.

Variations and Specializations

Tank Locomotives (0-4-0T)

The 0-4-0T configuration, carrying its own water and fuel, offered enhanced maneuverability, making it ideal for tight industrial environments like dockyards and factories. They were prevalent across Europe and often used as shop switchers where overall length was a constraint.

Tender Locomotives

While less common for the 0-4-0 type on main lines compared to tank engines, tender versions were built, particularly in the United States, for specific roles. They offered a larger operational range due to greater fuel and water capacity.

Specialized Designs

The versatile 0-4-0 chassis also served as the basis for specialized locomotive types, including:

Fireless locomotives: Storing steam in a reservoir for operation in hazardous environments.
Crane tank locomotives: Integrating a crane for material handling.
Tram engines: Designed for operation on street tramways.
Geared steam locomotives: Employing complex gearing for high torque at low speeds, often used in logging or mining.

Global Footprint

Australia

The Dorrigo Steam Railway and Museum preserves numerous 0-4-0 locomotives, both steam and diesel, highlighting the type's presence in Australian industrial and heritage railways.

Austria

The Achensee Railway in Tyrol operates 0-4-0 geared steam cog locomotives on its meter-gauge tourist line, showcasing a niche application of the wheel arrangement.

Finland

Finland utilized 0-4-0 locomotives in classes like the E1 and Vk4. The Vk4, notably preserved as Finnish Railway Museum's No. 68, demonstrates the type's historical significance.

Indonesia

The SCS Class 100 locomotives, later renumbered to B52 class, were 0-4-0T engines used on narrow-gauge lines. Two examples, B5212 and B5210, are preserved in museums.

South Africa

South Africa saw extensive use of 0-4-0 locomotives, particularly for harbour construction and shunting. Examples include Brunel gauge engines, standard gauge saddle-tanks, and narrow-gauge shunters, with several preserved heritage locomotives.

Brunel Gauge: Early construction locomotives at Table Bay and East London Harbours.
Standard Gauge: First locomotive in South Africa, Natal (0-4-0WT), entered service in 1860.
Narrow Gauge: Used extensively on lines like the Namaqualand Railway and in industrial settings.
Preserved Locomotives: Numerous examples exist, including Natal, Durban, and various harbour shunters.

United Kingdom

The 0-4-0 was a staple for industrial railways and dockyards, with manufacturers like Hudswell Clarke and Andrew Barclay producing them well into the mid-20th century. British Railways also operated 0-4-0ST dock shunters until the 1960s.

United States

In the U.S., 0-4-0 locomotives were primarily used for industrial purposes and as switchers. The Pennsylvania Railroad notably continued production of larger 0-4-0 classes, like the A5s, into the 1920s for its confined industrial trackage.

Classification Equivalents

UIC and French Systems

In European classification systems:

The UIC classification designates a 0-4-0 with coupled driving wheels as B.
The French system classifies it as 020.

It's important to note that the UIC's Bo classification specifically refers to independently motored axles (as in electric locomotives), which corresponds to a 0-2-2-0 Whyte notation.

Swiss and Other Systems

Other classification systems also categorize this arrangement:

Swiss: Typically denoted as 2/2, referring to two driving axles.
Russian: Classified as 0-2-0.
Turkish: Designated as 22.

These variations reflect the diverse approaches to locomotive classification across different railway traditions.

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References

Whyte notation

Table Bay Harbour construction locomotives

John Middleton on vertical boiler locomotives in South Africa

Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 2, 17. (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)

Blackie, Article by D. Littley, SA Rail SeptemberâOctober 1989, Published by RSSA, p. 133.

The South African Railways - Historical Survey (Editor George Hart, Publisher Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd, Circa 1978, pp. 6â8.)

Carrett Marshall & Co., Sun Foundry, Dewsbury Road, Leeds

Grace's Guide â The Best of British Engineering 1750-1960s

C.G.R. Numbering Revised, Article by Dave Littley, SA Rail MayâJune 1993, pp. 94â95.

Railway History of South Africa no. 2 - Early Locomotives of the Cape Government Railway, Article by Leith Paxton, The Uloliwe, Vol 4 no 1, January 2013, pp. 62â63.

John Middleton on the Coffee Pot

Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter IV - The N.Z.A.S.M.. South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, October 1944. pp. 761â764.

CSAR General Manager's Reports, Extracts from the CSAR General Manager's Reports for 1906, 1907, 1908 & 1909.

Clayton Steam Rail Coach - From the Dave Rhind Collection, Railway History Group of South Africa, Pinelands, Cape Town.

Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter II - The Cape Government Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, April 1944. pp. 254â255.

A full list of references for this article are available at the 0-4-0 Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is derived from publicly available data, primarily Wikipedia, and may not reflect the most current information or all nuances of the subject matter.

This is not a substitute for professional engineering or historical consultation. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the source material, users should consult official documentation and expert resources for critical applications or detailed historical research.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Humble Workhorse

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

⚙️ Defining the 0-4-0

💨 Traction and Stability

🚚 Tank vs. Tender

Historical Context 📜

🕰️ Early Innovations

🏭 Enduring Utility

Variations and Specializations ⚙️

💨 Tank Locomotives (0-4-0T)

🛒 Tender Locomotives

🔧 Specialized Designs

Global Footprint 🌍

🇦🇺 Australia

🇦🇹 Austria

🇫🇮 Finland

🇮🇩 Indonesia

🇿🇦 South Africa

🇬🇧 United Kingdom

🇺🇸 United States

Classification Equivalents 🔠

🇪🇺 UIC and French Systems

🇨🇭 Swiss and Other Systems

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Defining the 0-4-0

Traction and Stability

Tank vs. Tender

Historical Context

Early Innovations

Enduring Utility

Variations and Specializations

Tank Locomotives (0-4-0T)

Tender Locomotives

Specialized Designs

Global Footprint

Australia

Austria

Finland

Indonesia

South Africa

United Kingdom

United States

Classification Equivalents

UIC and French Systems

Swiss and Other Systems

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice