What were the specific dates that the 15th United States Congress was in session?

The 15th United States Congress convened from March 4, 1817, to March 4, 1819. This period aligned with the initial two years of James Monroe's presidency.

Where did the legislative sessions of the 15th United States Congress take place?

The 15th United States Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol, located in Washington, D.C. This building served as a temporary venue while the main U.S. Capitol was being renovated after sustaining damage during the Burning of Washington.

On what basis was the representation in the House of Representatives determined for the 15th Congress?

The allocation of seats in the House of Representatives for the 15th Congress was based on the results of the 1810 United States census. This census determined the number of representatives each state was entitled to.

Who presided over the United States Senate as its President during the 15th Congress?

Daniel D. Tompkins, the Vice President of the United States, served as the President of the Senate during the 15th Congress. He oversaw the Senate's proceedings and legislative activities.

Who was the Speaker of the House of Representatives for the 15th United States Congress?

Henry Clay served as the Speaker of the House of Representatives during the 15th Congress. He was a prominent political figure of the era.

What were the two major treaties concerning the U.S.-Canada border approved by the 15th Congress?

The 15th Congress approved the Rush-Bagot Treaty and the Treaty of 1818, both of which were agreements with the United Kingdom pertaining to the border between the United States and Canada. These treaties were widely popular within the United States.

Which U.S. officials were credited with the successful negotiation of the Rush-Bagot Treaty and the Treaty of 1818?

President James Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams were recognized for their roles in the successful negotiation and finalization of the Rush-Bagot Treaty and the Treaty of 1818. These agreements were crucial for defining territorial boundaries and managing relations with Great Britain.

What was the nature of the letter sent by members of Congress to British officials in December 1818?

In December 1818, members of Congress sent a letter to British officials, including Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson and Secretary of State Robert Stewart, expressing sentiments of gratitude, amity, and brotherhood towards Great Britain. This was a symbolic gesture of goodwill.

What criticisms were included in the December 1818 letter sent by Congress to British officials?

The letter also contained criticisms directed at King Louis XVIII of France, specifically mentioning insulting remarks he had made about American diplomats and the United States, as well as his refusal to provide reparations for damages incurred during the Quasi-War.

What significant event occurred on March 4, 1817, marking the beginning of the 15th Congress's term?

On March 4, 1817, James Monroe was inaugurated as President of the United States, marking the commencement of his presidency and the beginning of the 15th Congress's term.

What major infrastructure project commenced during the 15th Congress?

The construction of the Erie Canal began on July 4, 1817. This significant undertaking aimed to create a navigable waterway connecting the Great Lakes region with the Atlantic Ocean.

What conflict began in Florida during the period of the 15th Congress?

The First Seminole War started in Florida on November 20, 1817. This military engagement involved U.S. forces and Seminole tribes in the Florida territory.

What economic crisis began in January 1819, during the 15th Congress?

The Panic of 1819, which was the first major financial crisis experienced by the United States, commenced in January 1819. This event had significant economic repercussions throughout the country.

What landmark Supreme Court decision was rendered during the 15th Congress?

The Supreme Court delivered its decision in the case of Dartmouth College v. Woodward on February 2, 1819. This ruling upheld Dartmouth College's charter, affirming its status as a private institution.

What legislative act concerning the U.S. flag was enacted on April 4, 1818?

The Flag Act of 1818 was passed on April 4, 1818. This legislation established the official design of the U.S. flag, including the arrangement of stars and stripes that is still used today.

What was the primary outcome of the Treaty of 1818 between the U.S. and the United Kingdom?

The Treaty of 1818 established the boundary between the United States and Canada along the 49th parallel of latitude, extending from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. It also defined the Northwest Angle, a unique geographical feature.

Which territory did Spain cede to the United States through the Adams-Onís Treaty signed in February 1819?

Through the Adams-Onís Treaty, signed on February 22, 1819, Spain transferred ownership of Florida to the United States. The treaty also clarified other territorial boundaries between the two nations.

Which state was admitted to the Union as the 20th state during the 15th Congress?

Mississippi was admitted to the Union as the 20th state on December 10, 1817, during the term of the 15th Congress.

Which state was admitted to the Union as the 21st state during the 15th Congress?

Illinois was admitted to the Union as the 21st state on December 3, 1818, while the 15th Congress was in session.

What new territory was established in March 1819 from a portion of the Missouri Territory?

The Arkansas Territory was created on March 2, 1819. This territory was formed from land previously belonging to the Missouri Territory.

How many senators were members of the 15th Congress at its commencement?

At the beginning of the 15th Congress, there were 38 senators. Of these, 25 were Democratic-Republicans and 13 were Federalists.

What was the total number of senators by the end of the 15th Congress, and how did the party distribution change?

By the end of the 15th Congress, the total number of senators had increased to 40. The Democratic-Republican party held 28 seats, and the Federalist party held 12 seats, reflecting changes due to new state admissions and other factors.

What was the approximate percentage of Democratic-Republican senators by the end of the 15th Congress?

By the conclusion of the 15th Congress, approximately 70.0% of the senators belonged to the Democratic-Republican party, while the Federalist party comprised about 30.0%.

How many representatives were seated in the House at the start of the 15th Congress?

At the commencement of the 15th Congress, there were 180 representatives. The Democratic-Republican party held 141 seats, and the Federalist party held 39 seats.

What was the total number of representatives by the end of the 15th Congress, and how did the party distribution change?

By the end of the 15th Congress, the House of Representatives had grown to 184 members. The Democratic-Republican party held 144 seats, and the Federalist party held 40 seats.

What was the approximate percentage of Democratic-Republican representatives by the end of the 15th Congress?

By the end of the 15th Congress, approximately 78.3% of the representatives were affiliated with the Democratic-Republican party, while the Federalist party accounted for about 21.7%.

Who held the position of President pro tempore of the Senate during the 15th Congress?

John Gaillard was elected President pro tempore of the Senate on March 4, 1817. Later in the Congress, James Barbour was elected to this position on February 15, 1819.

Which Senator from Georgia resigned to pursue the governorship of that state?

George Troup, a Democratic-Republican Senator representing Georgia, resigned his seat on September 23, 1818, to run for Governor of Georgia. John Forsyth was subsequently elected to fill his position.

Which Senator from Tennessee resigned to accept a diplomatic post abroad?

George W. Campbell, a Democratic-Republican Senator from Tennessee, resigned on April 20, 1818, to take on the role of Ambassador to Russia. John Eaton was appointed as his successor.

Which Massachusetts Senator resigned from his seat in May 1818?

Eli P. Ashmun, a Federalist Senator from Massachusetts, resigned his seat on May 10, 1818. Prentiss Mellen was elected to replace him and was installed on June 5, 1818.

Which Senator from Louisiana passed away during the 15th Congress, leading to a replacement?

William C. C. Claiborne, a Democratic-Republican Senator from Louisiana, died on November 23, 1817. Henry Johnson was elected to succeed him and took office on January 12, 1818.

What did the 'Senate class numbers' signify for senators serving in the 15th Congress?

Senate class numbers indicated the rotation of Senate terms. Class 1 senators were in the second year of their six-year term (up for re-election in 1820), Class 2 senators were in their first year (up for re-election in 1822), and Class 3 senators were in their final year (up for re-election in 1818).

How were Connecticut's representatives elected during the 15th Congress?

All representatives from Connecticut were elected statewide on a general ticket during the 15th Congress. This means they were chosen by the state's voters as a group, rather than from specific congressional districts.

Which representative from New York's 4th congressional district began serving later in the 15th Congress?

James Tallmadge Jr., a Democratic-Republican representing New York's 4th congressional district, was seated on June 6, 1817, after the start of the 15th Congress's term.

Who was the member-elect for Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district who resigned before the 15th Congress convened?

David Scott, the member-elect for Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district, resigned prior to the start of the 15th Congress. John Murray (DR) was subsequently elected and seated on October 14, 1817.

Which North Carolina representative-elect died before the 15th Congress began, leading to a special election?

Alexander McMillan, the member-elect for North Carolina's 7th congressional district, died before the 15th Congress convened. James Stewart (F) was elected to fill the vacancy and was seated on January 5, 1818.

Who replaced John C. Calhoun in the House of Representatives after he was appointed Secretary of War?

Eldred Simkins (DR) succeeded John C. Calhoun (DR) as the representative for South Carolina's 6th congressional district. Calhoun resigned on November 3, 1817, and Simkins was seated on January 24, 1818.

Which Connecticut representative resigned in 1818, resulting in a shift in party representation for that seat?

Uriel Holmes, a Federalist representative from Connecticut (at-large), resigned in 1818. Sylvester Gilbert (DR) was elected as his successor and took office on November 16, 1818, changing the party affiliation for that seat.

Which Pennsylvania representative resigned in February 1818 to assume a judicial role?

John Ross (DR), representing Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district, resigned on February 24, 1818, to become President Judge of Pennsylvania's 7th Judicial Circuit. Thomas J. Rogers (DR) was seated on March 3, 1818, as his replacement.

What role did Nathaniel Pope play in the 15th Congress?

Nathaniel Pope served as the non-voting delegate representing the Illinois Territory at-large. His term concluded on November 30, 1818, and the seat remained vacant until Illinois achieved statehood.

Who held the position of Librarian of Congress during the 15th United States Congress?

George Watterston served as the Librarian of Congress throughout the tenure of the 15th United States Congress.

Who was the Architect of the Capitol at the beginning of the 15th Congress, and who succeeded him?

Benjamin H. Latrobe served as the Architect of the Capitol until November 20, 1817. Charles Bulfinch was appointed to the position on January 8, 1818.

Who served as the Sergeant at Arms for the United States Senate during the 15th Congress?

Mountjoy Bayly held the position of Sergeant at Arms for the United States Senate during the 15th Congress.

Who served as the Doorkeeper for the House of Representatives during the 15th Congress?

Thomas Claxton served as the Doorkeeper for the United States House of Representatives during the 15th Congress.

What was the primary responsibility of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations during the 15th Congress?

The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, chaired by James Barbour and later Nathaniel Macon, primarily handled matters of international diplomacy and treaties, including significant agreements with Great Britain and Spain during this period.

Who chaired the Senate Committee on Finance at the start of the 15th Congress?

George W. Campbell chaired the Senate Committee on Finance when the 15th Congress began. John Wayles Eppes later took over this chairmanship.

Who chaired the House Committee on Ways and Means during the 15th Congress?

William Lowndes initially chaired the House Committee on Ways and Means, and Samuel Smith later assumed the chairmanship. This committee is responsible for legislation concerning revenue and national finances.

What is the function of the 'Committee of the Whole' in legislative proceedings?

The 'Committee of the Whole' is a procedural tool used in both the Senate and the House where all members participate in discussing and amending legislation. It allows for a more informal debate before the full chamber votes on a bill.

What information is provided in the 'Changes in membership' section regarding the 15th Congress?

The 'Changes in membership' section details the vacancies and replacements that occurred in both the Senate and the House of Representatives during the 15th Congress. This includes reasons for vacancies, such as resignations or deaths, and the identities of successors, reflecting shifts in party representation.

What did the 'Senate class numbers' indicate about the terms of senators in the 15th Congress?

Senate class numbers indicated the cycle of a senator's six-year term. Class 1 senators were in the second year of their term (re-election in 1820), Class 2 senators were in their first year (re-election in 1822), and Class 3 senators were in their final year (re-election in 1818).

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The Fifteenth Congress

Legislative Mandate

The 15th United States Congress convened from March 4, 1817, to March 4, 1819. This period coincided with the initial two years of President James Monroe's administration, often referred to as the "Era of Good Feelings." The legislative body met in the temporary Old Brick Capitol in Washington, D.C., due to ongoing renovations of the U.S. Capitol building following the War of 1812.

Party Dominance

Throughout its tenure, the 15th Congress was overwhelmingly dominated by the Democratic-Republican Party. This political alignment reflected the national sentiment following the War of 1812, which had weakened the Federalist Party. The Democratic-Republicans held a significant majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, shaping the legislative agenda and national policy.

Key Achievements

This Congress was instrumental in solidifying national boundaries and fostering international relations. It oversaw the ratification of pivotal treaties that defined the U.S.-Canada border and facilitated the acquisition of Florida. Furthermore, significant legislation was passed, including the Flag Act of 1818, which standardized the design of the American flag.

Congressional Structure

Apportionment and Representation

The allocation of seats in the House of Representatives for the 15th Congress was determined by the results of the 1810 United States census. This census established the population distribution across the states, dictating the number of representatives each state would send to Congress. The Senate maintained its structure with two senators per state, elected by state legislatures.

Membership Overview

The Senate comprised 38 members at the start of the Congress, with two additional seats added for the newly admitted states of Mississippi and Illinois. The House of Representatives began with 182 members, with its numbers also increasing due to state admissions. The Democratic-Republican Party held a substantial majority in both chambers, influencing the political landscape of the era.

Sessions Convened

The 15th Congress convened for three sessions: a brief special session from March 4 to March 6, 1817, followed by the First Session from December 1, 1817, to April 20, 1818, and the Second Session from November 16, 1818, to March 3, 1819. These sessions addressed critical national issues and foreign policy matters.

Major Legislation

The Flag Act of 1818

A significant piece of legislation enacted during this Congress was the Flag Act of 1818. This act officially established the design of the United States flag, mandating thirteen horizontal stripes for the original colonies and a star for each state in the Union. It provided a standardized framework for the flag's appearance, which continues to this day.

Economic Landscape

The period also saw the emergence of the Panic of 1819, the nation's first major financial crisis. While not directly legislated by the 15th Congress, its onset during their term significantly influenced economic discussions and policy considerations, highlighting the growing complexities of the American economy.

Pivotal Treaties

Border Diplomacy

The 15th Congress played a crucial role in ratifying two landmark treaties with the United Kingdom, aimed at normalizing relations and defining borders following the War of 1812. The Rush-Bagot Treaty (signed April 29, 1817) demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, establishing a precedent for peaceful coexistence. The Treaty of 1818 further delineated the border between the United States and British North America, setting the 49th parallel as the boundary from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, and also establishing the Northwest Angle.

Territorial Acquisition

Another monumental diplomatic achievement was the ratification of the Adams-Onís Treaty on February 22, 1819. Negotiated by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and Spanish Minister Luis de Onís, this treaty led to Spain ceding Florida to the United States and establishing a clear western boundary for the Louisiana Purchase, significantly expanding U.S. territory and influence.

Significant Events

Infrastructure and Conflict

During this Congress's term, major national projects and conflicts unfolded. The construction of the Erie Canal commenced on July 4, 1817, symbolizing internal development and westward expansion. Concurrently, the First Seminole War began in Florida in November 1817, highlighting ongoing tensions with Native American tribes and Spanish colonial presence.

Judicial Impact

The Supreme Court's decision in Dartmouth College v. Woodward, issued on February 2, 1819, had profound implications for contract law and the nature of corporate charters. This ruling affirmed Dartmouth's status as a private institution, reinforcing the principle of state legislative power over charters.

Congressional Membership

Senate Composition

The Senate consisted of 38 members at the outset, with representation expanding to 40 by the end of the Congress due to the admission of Mississippi and Illinois. The Democratic-Republican Party held a commanding majority, with Federalists representing a smaller minority. Senators served six-year terms, elected by state legislatures, with one-third of the Senate up for re-election every two years.

House of Representatives

The House of Representatives grew from 182 members to 184 during this Congress, reflecting the admission of new states. The Democratic-Republican Party maintained a strong majority, holding approximately 78% of the seats. Representatives were elected every two years based on state population, serving two-year terms.

Key Leadership

Presiding Officers

Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins served as the President of the Senate. In his absence, John Gaillard and later James Barbour presided as President pro tempore. In the House of Representatives, the influential Henry Clay of Kentucky served as Speaker, guiding the legislative proceedings and setting the tone for national discourse.

Cabinet Influence

While not directly part of Congress, the administration of President James Monroe, supported by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, heavily influenced the legislative agenda. Their diplomatic efforts were crucial in negotiating the significant treaties ratified during this period.

Congressional Committees

Senate Committees

Key Senate committees during the 15th Congress included Finance, Foreign Relations, and Military Affairs. Prominent chairmen like George W. Campbell (Finance), James Barbour (Foreign Relations), and George M. Troup (Military Affairs) guided the work of these influential bodies, shaping policy proposals that moved to the Senate floor.

House Committees

In the House, committees such as Ways and Means, Foreign Affairs, and the Judiciary were central to the legislative process. Leaders like William Lowndes (Ways and Means) and Henry St. George Tucker Sr. (Judiciary) played vital roles in committee deliberations and the preparation of legislation for House consideration.

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References

The Undefended Border: The Myth and the Reality by Charles Perry Stacey, Canadian Historical Association, 1967

A full list of references for this article are available at the 15th United States Congress Wikipedia page

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The Fifteenth Congress: Shaping a Young Nation

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

The Fifteenth Congress 🏛️

🗓️ Legislative Mandate

📊 Party Dominance

⭐ Key Achievements

Congressional Structure ⚖️

📜 Apportionment and Representation

👥 Membership Overview

🏛️ Sessions Convened

Major Legislation 📜

🇺🇸 The Flag Act of 1818

💸 Economic Landscape

Pivotal Treaties 🤝

🗺️ Border Diplomacy

🇪🇸 Territorial Acquisition

Significant Events 📅

🏗️ Infrastructure and Conflict

⚖️ Judicial Impact

Congressional Membership 👥

🇺🇸 Senate Composition

🇺🇸 House of Representatives

Key Leadership 👑

🏛️ Presiding Officers

⭐ Cabinet Influence

Congressional Committees 📋

🏛️ Senate Committees

🏛️ House Committees

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Fifteenth Congress

Legislative Mandate

Party Dominance

Key Achievements

Congressional Structure

Apportionment and Representation

Membership Overview

Sessions Convened

Major Legislation

The Flag Act of 1818

Economic Landscape

Pivotal Treaties

Border Diplomacy

Territorial Acquisition

Significant Events

Infrastructure and Conflict

Judicial Impact

Congressional Membership

Senate Composition

House of Representatives

Key Leadership

Presiding Officers

Cabinet Influence

Congressional Committees

Senate Committees

House Committees

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice