What was the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état commonly known as?

The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état is also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte, referred to in Turkish as Bâb-ı Âli Baskını.

Who were the primary leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) involved in orchestrating the 1913 coup?

The coup was led by Ismail Enver Bey (later Enver Pasha) and Mehmed Talaat Bey (later Talaat Pasha), key figures within the CUP.

What was the main objective of the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état?

The primary objective was to seize control of the Ottoman government by overthrowing the existing cabinet and consolidating power within the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP).

What specific government buildings were targeted during the coup?

The coup targeted the Sublime Porte, which was the central administrative complex housing the offices of the Grand Vizier and other key government departments.

What immediate event served as the pretext for the 1913 coup?

The immediate pretext was the fear within the CUP that the current government, led by Kamil Pasha, would cede the city of Adrianople (Edirne) to Bulgaria as part of a peace settlement following the disastrous First Balkan War.

What was the political situation in the Ottoman Empire following the 1908 elections regarding the CUP?

Following the 1908 elections, the CUP secured roughly 60 out of 288 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, making it the largest party but not holding a majority.

When was the Freedom and Accord Party established, and what was its initial impact?

The Freedom and Accord Party was founded on November 21, 1911, as an opposition group to the CUP. It quickly gained support, attracting 70 Deputies and winning a crucial by-election in Constantinople shortly after its formation.

How did the CUP attempt to counter the growing influence of the Freedom and Accord Party before the 1912 elections?

The CUP persuaded Sultan Mehmed V to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies and called for early general elections in January 1912, aiming to prevent the opposition from consolidating its support.

What characterized the April 1912 general elections, leading to their nickname?

These elections were infamously known as the "Election of Clubs" (Sopalı Seçimler) due to widespread electoral fraud and violence, including the physical assault of opposition candidates.

What was the outcome of the April 1912 elections in terms of seat distribution?

The CUP secured a dominant victory, winning 269 out of 275 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, while the Freedom and Accord Party won only 6 seats.

Who were the 'Savior Officers' and what was their role in the political climate?

The Savior Officers were a group of military officers who opposed perceived injustices within the army. They aligned with the Freedom and Accord Party, actively creating unrest and pressuring the government.

Which Grand Vizier resigned in July 1912 under pressure from the Savior Officers?

Mehmed Said Pasha resigned as Grand Vizier in July 1912, following demands from the Savior Officers who blamed him for the CUP's dominance after the early elections.

Describe the 'Great Cabinet' formed after Mehmed Said Pasha's resignation.

The 'Great Cabinet' was a non-partisan government led by Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, a respected military figure. It was notable for including three former Grand Viziers and was sometimes called the 'Father-Son Cabinet' as it included Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's son, Mahmud Muhtar Pasha.

What major event led to the cancellation of the new elections planned by Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's government?

The outbreak of the First Balkan War in October 1912 caused the cancellation of the planned elections.

Why did Ahmed Muhtar Pasha resign as Grand Vizier in October 1912?

He resigned to allow Kamil Pasha to take the premiership, as Kamil Pasha had better relations with the British and was expected to negotiate a more favorable peace treaty to end the war.

What was Kamil Pasha's political stance towards the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)?

Kamil Pasha was a strong opponent of the CUP and intended to use his position as Grand Vizier to dismantle the party.

What specific territorial demands did the Great Powers make on the Ottoman Empire during the peace negotiations?

The Great Powers demanded that the Ottoman Empire cede Adrianople (Edirne) to Bulgaria and transfer control of most Aegean islands, which had been captured by the Greek Navy, to themselves.

How did the CUP leadership react to Kamil Pasha's government's handling of the peace negotiations?

The CUP leadership grew increasingly frustrated with Kamil Pasha's perceived concessions and planned a coup to regain control and prevent the loss of territory.

At what time on January 23, 1913, did the coup begin?

The coup commenced around 2:30 PM (14:30) on January 23, 1913.

Which CUP members were instrumental in the physical takeover of the Sublime Porte?

Key figures included Lieutenant Colonel Enver Bey, Talaat Bey, Sapancalı Hakkı, and Yakub Cemil, who led the group that entered the government buildings.

How did Omer Naci and Omer Seyfettin contribute to the coup's execution on the ground?

They helped incite the crowd gathered outside the Sublime Porte by making speeches accusing Kamil Pasha's government of planning to surrender Adrianople to the Bulgarians.

Who was the Minister of War assassinated during the raid on the Sublime Porte?

Nazım Pasha, the Minister of War, was killed during the coup.

What were the circumstances surrounding the death of Mustafa Necip during the coup?

Mustafa Necip was killed by Ohrili Nafiz Bey, an aide-de-camp to the Grand Vizier, during an exchange of gunfire. Nafiz Bey himself died from wounds sustained in the encounter.

What happened to Kibrisli Tevfik Bey during the raid?

Kibrisli Tevfik Bey, an aide-de-camp and nephew of Nazım Pasha, fired at the coup participants but was killed in the ensuing return fire.

What was the Committee of Union and Progress's official explanation for Nazım Pasha's death?

The CUP described Nazım Pasha's death as a 'regrettable accident,' claiming it was unplanned but unavoidable given the circumstances of the raid.

How was Kamil Pasha compelled to resign from his position as Grand Vizier?

Enver Bey and Talaat Bey confronted Kamil Pasha in his office and forced him at gunpoint to write a letter of resignation to the Sultan.

Who assumed the roles of Grand Vizier and Minister of War following the coup?

Mahmud Şevket Pasha took over both positions, leading the new government formed by the CUP.

What was the fate of opposition parties and leaders after the coup?

Opposition parties faced severe repression from the CUP. The leaders of the Savior Officers fled the country, and Prince Sabahaddin also went into exile.

What is considered the long-term legacy of the 1913 coup in terms of Ottoman leadership?

The coup solidified the rule of the 'Three Pashas' – Enver Pasha, Talaat Pasha, and Cemal Pasha – who effectively formed a triumvirate that controlled the Ottoman Empire until their flight at the end of World War I.

How did the 1913 coup impact the Ottoman Empire's foreign policy alignment?

The coup accelerated the Ottoman Empire's move towards a closer relationship with the German Empire, culminating in the German-Ottoman alliance ratified the following year.

What was the CUP's evolving stance on ethnic minorities, particularly Armenians, after the coup?

Following the coup, certain factions within the CUP became more nationalistic and viewed Armenians with suspicion, considering them a potential 'fifth column,' which contributed to the escalation of policies leading to the Armenian genocide.

What charges were brought against CUP leaders in the post-World War I trials?

The CUP leaders, including Enver, Talaat, and Cemal, faced charges of subverting the constitution, wartime profiteering, and orchestrating the massacres of Armenians and Greeks.

What did reporter Georges Rémond observe about the public's involvement and sentiment regarding the coup?

Rémond expressed doubt about the coup's popularity, noting only a small crowd and a general air of indifference among the populace, suggesting the event was primarily orchestrated by key political and military figures.

According to Rémond, why was the Sublime Porte left undefended during the coup?

Rémond suggested that Kamil Pasha intentionally left the government buildings undefended, possibly to challenge the CUP and test the extent of their threat after he had politically sidelined them.

What was the CUP's initial stance on the millet system before the Balkan Wars?

Initially, the CUP was opposed to extending the millet system, which granted local autonomy to religious and ethnic communities.

How did the experiences of the Balkan Wars influence the CUP's perspective on the millet system?

The devastating losses and ethnic conflicts during the Balkan Wars led the CUP to reconsider its stance, becoming more open to reconciling with proponents of the millet system to foster unity among Ottoman Muslims.

What is the historical significance attributed to the 1913 coup in modern Turkish history?

The 1913 coup is considered one of the first violent coups d'état in modern Turkish history and is viewed by some historians as setting a precedent for subsequent military interventions in the Republic of Turkey.

Who was the Grand Vizier overthrown during the 1913 coup?

Kamil Pasha was the Grand Vizier who was overthrown during the coup.

What was the name of the Ottoman government's central administrative complex that was raided during the coup?

The complex was known as the Sublime Porte.

Who was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire at the time of the 1913 coup?

Mehmed V was the Sultan during the 1913 coup.

What was the CUP's relationship with Germany like following the 1913 coup?

The CUP's alignment shifted towards Germany, leading to a closer relationship and the formal ratification of the German-Ottoman alliance in 1914.

What was the 'Election of Clubs' (Sopalı Seçimler)?

The 'Election of Clubs' refers to the April 1912 Ottoman general elections, which were marred by significant electoral fraud and violence, including the use of clubs against opposition candidates.

Who was the Minister of the Navy in Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's 'Great Cabinet'?

Mahmud Muhtar Pasha, the son of the Grand Vizier Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, served as the Minister of the Navy in the 'Great Cabinet'.

What was the 'Midye-Enez Line' mentioned in the context of the peace negotiations?

The Midye-Enez Line was a proposed western border that the Kamil Pasha government was inclined to accept, which involved transferring control of Edirne to an international commission rather than outright ceding it to Bulgaria.

What action did the CUP members in the Chamber of Deputies take regarding the threat from the Savior Officers?

The CUP members condemned and censured the threat made by the Savior Officers demanding the dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies.

Which French magazine featured a depiction of the assassination of Nazım Pasha on its front page in February 1913?

The French magazine *Le Petit Journal* featured a depiction of Nazım Pasha's assassination on its front page in February 1913.

What was the CUP's justification for the death of Nazım Pasha during the coup?

The CUP characterized Nazım Pasha's death as an 'unavoidable accident,' suggesting it was not premeditated and highlighting that other potentially hostile figures were allowed to leave unharmed.

What reason did Enver Bey give for intervening to overthrow Kamil Pasha's government?

Enver Bey stated that intervention was necessary to prevent the country from being shamefully surrendered to the enemy due to perceived capitulation to 'monstrous demands'.

Who took over the positions of Grand Vizier and Minister of War after the coup?

Mahmud Şevket Pasha assumed both the roles of Grand Vizier and Minister of War following the coup.

How did the Balkan Wars affect the CUP's policies towards opposition parties?

The wars, coupled with ethnic cleansing against Ottoman Muslims, contributed to the CUP becoming more nationalistic and intolerant of opposition, leading to increased repression of parties like Freedom and Accord.

1913 Ottoman Coup D U00e9tat Wiki: The 1913 Ottoman Coup: A Turning Point in Imperial History

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Overview

Date and Location

The coup occurred on January 23, 1913, within the administrative heart of the Ottoman Empire, the Sublime Porte in Constantinople.

Immediate Result

The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) successfully seized control, overthrowing the government led by Grand Vizier Kâmil Pasha. This led to the formation of a new CUP-backed government.

Impact on War

The coup directly influenced the ongoing First Balkan War. The new government withdrew from peace negotiations and resumed hostilities, aiming to regain lost territories, though ultimately unsuccessfully.

Context

Political Turmoil

The period was marked by intense political rivalry between the ruling CUP and opposition parties like the Freedom and Accord Party. Disputed elections in 1912, marred by fraud and violence (termed the "Election of Clubs"), heightened tensions and fueled opposition demands for change.

Military Discontent

A faction within the military, known as the "Savior Officers," organized against perceived injustices and political maneuvering. They supported the opposition and pressured the government, contributing to the instability that preceded the coup.

Balkan War Crisis

The disastrous performance in the First Balkan War created a national crisis. The government of Kâmil Pasha faced pressure to cede territory, including the historically significant city of Adrianople (Edirne), to Bulgaria. The Great Powers urged acceptance of these terms, further inflaming public and CUP sentiment.

Events

March on the Porte

On January 23, 1913, CUP leaders, including Enver Bey and Talaat Bey, led a group of armed supporters towards the Sublime Porte. Provocative speeches amplified public anger against Kâmil Pasha's government, accusing it of planning to surrender Adrianople.

Confrontation and Assassination

The coup participants stormed the government buildings. During the ensuing chaos and gunfire, Minister of War Nazım Pasha was killed by Yakub Cemil, a key CUP figure. Several others also lost their lives in the confrontation.

Forced Resignation

Enver Bey and Talaat Bey confronted Grand Vizier Kâmil Pasha in his office, forcing him at gunpoint to write his resignation letter to the Sultan. This act effectively transferred state power to the CUP.

Aftermath

New Government

Mahmud Shevket Pasha was appointed as the new Grand Vizier and Minister of War, leading a cabinet formed with CUP support. This marked the formal end of Kâmil Pasha's government and the beginning of CUP dominance.

Opposition Repression

Following the coup, the CUP intensified its suppression of political opposition. Leaders and members of the Freedom and Accord Party faced arrest, exile, or worse, solidifying the CUP's authoritarian control over the empire.

Foreign Policy Shift

The coup accelerated the Ottoman Empire's drift towards the German Empire. The CUP leadership, particularly Enver Bey, favored closer ties with Germany, a policy that would ultimately lead the empire into World War I on the side of the Central Powers.

Legacy

Rise of the Three Pashas

The coup effectively established the rule of the "Three Pashas"—Enver, Talaat, and Cemal Pasha. This triumvirate wielded immense power, steering the empire towards increasingly nationalist and centralizing policies, culminating in the events of World War I and the Armenian Genocide.

Historical Precedent

This event is often viewed as a significant moment in modern Turkish political history, demonstrating the effectiveness of military-backed coups in seizing power. It set a precedent that would echo in subsequent political transformations within the region.

Popularity Debate

Contemporary accounts and historical analysis suggest that the coup's popular support was limited, largely orchestrated through targeted speeches and a relatively small group of committed partisans rather than widespread public consensus. This raises questions about the true extent of popular backing for the CUP's actions.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "1913 Ottoman Coup D U00e9tat" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about 1913_ottoman_coup_d_u00e9tat while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

bulgarian orthodox church

varli language

bené benwikere

ordovices

battle of p ohang-dong

kampar regency

balliol college oxford

macacu river

rector academia

boiling

References

Hasan KayalÄ± (1997) Arabs and Young Turks University of California Press

A full list of references for this article are available at the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not historical or political advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional historical research or political analysis. Always consult primary sources and scholarly works for a comprehensive understanding of historical events.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The 1913 Ottoman Coup

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview 🏛️

🗓️ Date and Location

🏆 Immediate Result

⚔️ Impact on War

Context 📜

🗳️ Political Turmoil

🛡️ Military Discontent

⚔️ Balkan War Crisis

Events 💥

🚶 March on the Porte

🔫 Confrontation and Assassination

✍️ Forced Resignation

Aftermath ⚖️

🏛️ New Government

🚫 Opposition Repression

🇩🇪 Foreign Policy Shift

Legacy 📈

👑 Rise of the Three Pashas

➡️ Historical Precedent

❓ Popularity Debate

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Date and Location

Immediate Result

Impact on War

Context

Political Turmoil

Military Discontent

Balkan War Crisis

Events

March on the Porte

Confrontation and Assassination

Forced Resignation

Aftermath

New Government

Opposition Repression

Foreign Policy Shift

Legacy

Rise of the Three Pashas

Historical Precedent

Popularity Debate

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice