What was the 2006 Lebanon War, and when did it take place?

The 2006 Lebanon War was a 34-day armed conflict primarily fought between Hezbollah and Israel. It began on July 12, 2006, and concluded with a United Nations-brokered ceasefire that went into effect on August 14, 2006, although the naval blockade was lifted on September 8, 2006. This conflict marked the third time Israel had invaded Lebanon since 1978.

What were the main objectives of Hezbollah leading up to the 2006 conflict?

Following Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon in 2000, Hezbollah's primary objective was the release of Lebanese citizens held in Israeli prisons. They sought to achieve this through prisoner exchanges, using the capture of Israeli soldiers as leverage.

What specific event triggered the outbreak of the 2006 Lebanon War?

The war commenced on July 12, 2006, when Hezbollah launched a cross-border raid into Israel. During this operation, they ambushed Israeli soldiers, resulting in the deaths of three and the capture of two, with an additional five Israeli soldiers killed during a subsequent failed rescue attempt.

How did Hezbollah justify its actions that initiated the war?

Hezbollah stated that its actions were a response to the failure of diplomatic efforts and Israel's alleged breach of a previous prisoner exchange agreement. Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah claimed that capturing Israeli soldiers was the only remaining option after diplomacy failed.

What was Israel's immediate military response to the Hezbollah cross-border raid?

In response to the raid and the capture of its soldiers, Israel launched airstrikes and artillery fire into Lebanon. These attacks targeted both Hezbollah military positions and Lebanese civilian infrastructure, including Beirut's Rafic Hariri International Airport, and Israel also initiated a ground invasion of Southern Lebanon and imposed an air and naval blockade.

What was the estimated number of rockets fired by Hezbollah into northern Israel during the war?

According to Israeli sources, Hezbollah fired close to 4,000 rockets and missiles at Israel during the conflict. Hezbollah reportedly possessed around 15,000 rockets before the war began.

What was the significance of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701?

Passed unanimously on August 11, 2006, UNSCR 1701 aimed to end the hostilities. It called for the disarmament of Hezbollah, the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon, and the deployment of the Lebanese Armed Forces and an expanded UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in the south.

How did the war affect Lebanon's civilian infrastructure?

The war caused extensive damage to Lebanon's civilian infrastructure. This included the destruction of roads, bridges, the international airport, ports, water and sewage treatment plants, electrical facilities, commercial buildings, schools, hospitals, and numerous homes, with many more damaged.

What was the estimated death toll for Lebanese civilians and combatants during the war?

Estimates for Lebanese casualties vary, with figures ranging from around 850 to over 1,200 killed. The Lebanese government did not differentiate between civilians and combatants in its figures, and UNICEF estimated that approximately 30% of Lebanese fatalities were children.

What was the "Dahiya doctrine" and how did it relate to Israeli military actions?

The Dahiya doctrine, named after a Hezbollah stronghold in Beirut, refers to a military strategy involving the disproportionate use of force against civilian infrastructure in response to attacks from civilian areas. This doctrine was reportedly employed by Israel during the war, leading to significant destruction of Lebanese infrastructure.

What role did the Israeli Air Force and artillery play in the conflict?

The Israeli Air Force conducted a high volume of combat missions, exceeding those in previous conflicts like the 1973 October War and the 1982 Lebanon War. Israeli artillery also fired a substantial number of shells, contributing to the widespread damage.

How effective were Hezbollah's rocket attacks against Israel?

Hezbollah launched thousands of rockets, primarily Katyusha artillery rockets, at northern Israel. While many hit open areas, approximately 23% struck cities and built-up areas, causing civilian casualties and damage, and prompting Israelis in the north to seek shelter or evacuate.

What was the impact of Hezbollah's use of anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) on Israeli armor?

Hezbollah utilized sophisticated Iranian-made ATGMs, which damaged a significant number of Israeli Merkava tanks. While many tanks sustained damage, including armor penetration, only a few were destroyed, and most were repaired and returned to service.

What environmental damage resulted from the conflict?

An Israeli airstrike on the Jiyeh power station led to a massive oil spill in the Mediterranean Sea, the largest in its history. This spill damaged coastal ecosystems, threatened endangered species, and created a toxic cloud, with cleanup estimated to take years.

What were the claims regarding the Israeli media's coverage of the war?

A report by the Israeli NGO Keshev suggested that the Israeli media largely exhibited a pro-Israel bias, supporting government and IDF goals rather than providing objective reporting. This coverage reportedly suppressed critical questions and focused on nationalistic considerations.

What allegations of war crimes were made against both sides?

Various groups accused both Israel and Hezbollah of violating international humanitarian law, including indiscriminate attacks, disproportionate use of force, and the use of human shields. However, no formal charges have been filed against either party.

How did the Winograd Commission assess Israel's performance in the war?

The Winograd Commission deemed the war a "missed opportunity" for Israel, stating that the country initiated a long conflict without a clear military victory. It criticized the decision-making process and the lack of an exit strategy, while acknowledging the UN Security Council resolution as an achievement.

What was the role of the Lebanese Armed Forces during the war?

While the Lebanese Armed Forces did not engage in direct combat with Israel, they threatened retaliation if Israeli troops advanced too far north. In some instances, Lebanese troops fired anti-aircraft weapons at Israeli aircraft, but they largely remained out of the main fighting.

What were the financial repercussions of the war for Lebanon and Israel?

The war resulted in significant financial setbacks for both countries. Lebanon experienced a substantial fall in economic growth and billions in direct and indirect costs, while Israel also incurred billions in costs, including a reduction in economic growth and impact on tourism.

How did the war affect the internal political landscape of Lebanon?

The conflict deepened the existing divisions within Lebanon regarding Hezbollah's role. While many admired Hezbollah for resisting Israel, others viewed it as a destabilizing militia acting on behalf of Iran and Syria, with these divisions often aligning with sectarian lines.

What was the outcome of the prisoner exchange that occurred after the war?

On July 16, 2008, Hezbollah transferred the coffins of captured Israeli soldiers Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev in exchange for Samir Kuntar, four Hezbollah militants, and the bodies of other Lebanese and Palestinian militants held by Israel. This exchange was conducted in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1701.

What were the main criticisms leveled against the IDF's use of cluster munitions?

Human Rights Watch found that Israel's use of cluster munitions was indiscriminate and disproportionate, potentially violating international humanitarian law. A significant portion of these munitions were reportedly fired in the final days of the war, when a ceasefire was imminent, leaving many unexploded bomblets that continued to cause casualties.

What was the stated reason for Israel's bombing of the Jiyeh power station?

Israel stated that its bombing of the Jiyeh power station was aimed at disrupting Hezbollah's weapons supply and preventing the transfer of captured soldiers. However, the resulting oil spill caused severe environmental damage.

How did Hezbollah's media operations function during the war?

Hezbollah maintained sophisticated media relations, offering exclusive tours of bombed areas and controlling the narrative. Their satellite TV station, Al-Manar, broadcast extensively, even after being targeted multiple times by Israeli airstrikes.

What were the differing perspectives on who won the 2006 Lebanon War?

Both Hezbollah and Israel claimed victory. Iran and Syria supported Hezbollah's claim, while Israel cited its actions as a success. However, analyses, including the Winograd Commission's findings, suggested a more complex and inconclusive outcome, with Hezbollah surviving and Israel failing to achieve its primary objectives.

What was the Israeli military's assessment of Hezbollah's fighting capabilities?

Israeli soldiers and analysts noted that Hezbollah fighters were well-trained, organized, and equipped with modern weaponry, surprising many with their effectiveness. They were described as being highly motivated and employing sophisticated tactics, including the use of tunnels and advanced anti-tank missiles.

How did the war influence the perception of Hezbollah in the Arab world?

Hezbollah's perceived resilience and ability to withstand the Israeli military campaign enhanced its status as a symbol of resistance and heroism in many Muslim nations, despite the significant damage inflicted on Lebanon.

What were the long-term consequences of the war for Israel's military and political leadership?

The war led to significant introspection and criticism within Israel. High-ranking officials, including the Chief of Staff Dan Halutz, admitted to failings, and calls for resignations and official inquiries, like the Winograd Commission, emerged due to the perceived lack of decisive victory and strategic missteps.

What specific types of rockets did Hezbollah primarily use against Israel?

Hezbollah primarily utilized 122 mm Katyusha artillery rockets, which carried warheads up to 30 kg and had a range of up to 30 km. They also reportedly used upgraded Grad rockets and Iranian-made Fajr-3 and Ra'ad 1 missiles.

How did the war impact the Israeli economy and tourism?

The war had a negative impact on Israel's economy, particularly its tourism sector, which accounts for a significant portion of the GDP. The conflict disrupted tourism due to damage to infrastructure, continued instability, and the Israeli blockade.

What role did photo manipulation play in the media coverage of the war?

Allegations of distorted media coverage arose, including instances of photo manipulation. Notably, Reuters withdrew numerous photographs by a freelance photographer after he admitted to digitally altering smoke spirals in images of an attack on Beirut.

What were the key findings of the Winograd Commission regarding Israel's decision-making process before the war?

The Winograd Commission found that Israel's decision to go to war was made without a clear strategic option or exit strategy. The commission highlighted a severe failure in exercising judgment, responsibility, and caution by the political and military leadership.

What was the Israeli military's stance on targeting civilian infrastructure in Lebanon?

Israel maintained that it tried to avoid civilian casualties and had distributed leaflets urging civilians to evacuate. However, they also argued that Hezbollah's use of civilian areas for military purposes, such as storing weapons and launching rockets, made those areas legitimate targets.

How did the war affect the relationship between Hezbollah and the Lebanese government?

The war exacerbated the existing divisions within Lebanon regarding Hezbollah's role. While the Lebanese government initially sought to rein in Hezbollah to stop Israel's offensive, the conflict deepened the debate over the group's legitimacy and its impact on national unity.

What was the significance of the Israeli Navy's INS Hanit being hit during the conflict?

On July 14, 2006, Hezbollah fired a C-802 anti-ship missile that struck the INS Hanit, an Israeli Navy missile corvette. The attack killed four crew members and damaged the ship, highlighting Hezbollah's capability to strike naval targets.

What were the long-term environmental consequences of the Jiyeh power station bombing?

The bombing of the Jiyeh power station resulted in an estimated 12,000 to 15,000 tons of oil leaking into the Mediterranean Sea, creating a 10-kilometer-wide oil slick that covered 170 kilometers of coastline. This spill significantly impacted marine life and ecosystems.

How did the war impact the perception of Israel's military strength and deterrence?

The war led to a reassessment of Israel's military performance, with some analysts and officials admitting to failures and a less decisive victory than anticipated. While Israel's deterrence capabilities were questioned by some, others argued that the conflict established a new level of deterrence against Hezbollah.

What was the role of foreign powers in the 2006 Lebanon War?

The United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and Canada asserted Israel's right to self-defense and authorized expedited arms shipments. Meanwhile, Iran and Syria voiced strong support for Hezbollah, with some reports suggesting Iranian soldiers participated in the conflict.

What were the main criticisms of Hezbollah's actions during the war?

Hezbollah was criticized for fighting from civilian areas, potentially using civilians as human shields, and for its indiscriminate rocket attacks on Israeli cities. Some Lebanese factions also criticized Hezbollah for provoking a war that caused significant damage to their country.

How did the war influence the international perception of Hezbollah?

Hezbollah's ability to withstand the Israeli military campaign and continue rocket attacks enhanced its image as a formidable resistance force in many parts of the Arab and Muslim world, despite the heavy cost to Lebanon.

What was the outcome of the Winograd Commission's investigation into the war?

The Winograd Commission concluded that the war was a "missed opportunity" for Israel and that the IDF did not achieve a decisive military victory. It identified serious failures in the decision-making process and criticized the lack of preparedness and strategic planning.

What was the estimated number of Hezbollah fighters killed during the war?

Estimates for Hezbollah fatalities vary, with Hezbollah officially stating around 250 fighters were killed. Israeli sources provided higher estimates, ranging from over 600 to potentially 700, though these figures were sometimes viewed as exaggerated.

How did the war impact the relationship between Israel and Lebanon in the aftermath?

Following the ceasefire, the Lebanese Army deployed in southern Lebanon, replacing Hezbollah in some areas, though Hezbollah's influence remained significant. The conflict also led to a period of heightened tensions and ongoing border skirmishes, underscoring the unresolved issues between the two nations.

What was the significance of the "Dahiya Doctrine" in the context of the war?

The Dahiya Doctrine, reportedly adopted by Israel, suggested a strategy of disproportionate response against civilian infrastructure in response to attacks originating from civilian areas. This doctrine was cited as a reason for the extensive destruction of Lebanese infrastructure during the conflict.

What role did psychological warfare play in the conflict?

Both sides engaged in psychological warfare. Hezbollah broadcast warnings to Israeli civilians about impending rocket attacks, while Israel dropped leaflets over Lebanon criticizing Hezbollah's leadership and highlighting alleged heavy losses.

What were the primary types of weapons used by Hezbollah against Israel?

Hezbollah primarily used Katyusha rockets and various types of anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs), including Iranian-made models. They also possessed longer-range missiles like the Zelzal-2.

How did the international community react to the war's events?

International reactions were mixed, with many nations calling for an immediate ceasefire and expressing concern for civilian casualties. While some Arab nations supported Hezbollah, others criticized its actions, and the United States generally supported Israel's right to self-defense.

What was the impact of the war on the Israeli home front?

Hezbollah's rocket attacks reached deep into northern Israel, affecting cities like Haifa and forcing hundreds of thousands of Israelis to seek shelter or evacuate. The attacks caused civilian casualties, damage to property, and widespread psychological distress.

What was the outcome of the Israeli military's efforts to destroy Hezbollah's rocket capabilities?

Despite significant Israeli air and artillery attacks, the effectiveness of destroying Hezbollah's rocket capability is debated. While Israel claimed to have eliminated a large portion of Hezbollah's medium- and long-range rockets early in the war, Hezbollah asserted that it had moved its launchers and that Israel missed them.

How did the war influence the internal political situation in Israel?

The war led to significant political fallout in Israel, with widespread criticism of Prime Minister Ehud Olmert's handling of the conflict. This resulted in calls for his resignation and the establishment of the Winograd Commission to investigate the war's conduct and outcomes.

2006 Lebanon War Wiki: Conflict in the Levant: Deconstructing the 2006 Lebanon War

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Conflict Overview

Duration and Participants

The 2006 Lebanon War, known in Lebanon as the July War and in Israel as the Second Lebanon War, was a 34-day armed conflict. It occurred between Hezbollah and Israel, commencing on 12 July 2006, and concluding with a United Nations-brokered ceasefire effective 14 August 2006. The conflict formally ended on 8 September 2006, when Israel lifted its naval blockade of Lebanon. This war represented the third Israeli invasion of Lebanon since 1978.

Geographic Scope

The primary theaters of operation included southern Lebanon, northern Israel, and the Golan Heights. The conflict significantly impacted the civilian populations and infrastructure of both nations.

Outcome and Assessment

The war concluded with an inconclusive result, according to subsequent analysis. While both Hezbollah and the Israeli government claimed victory, the Winograd Commission in Israel concluded that the war represented a missed opportunity for Israel, failing to achieve the disarmament of Hezbollah. The conflict resulted in substantial casualties and damage on both sides.

Historical Context

Pre-War Tensions

Following Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon in 2000, Hezbollah's primary objective became the release of Lebanese prisoners held in Israeli detention. The immediate catalyst for the war was the 12 July 2006 Hezbollah cross-border raid, which resulted in the deaths of three Israeli soldiers and the capture of two others. Hezbollah stated its intention was to secure a prisoner exchange.

Israeli Response

Israel responded to the raid with airstrikes and artillery fire targeting Hezbollah positions and Lebanese infrastructure, including Beirut's Rafic Hariri International Airport. This escalated into a ground invasion of southern Lebanon and a naval blockade, marking a significant military escalation.

International Dimension

The conflict prompted international intervention, culminating in United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701. This resolution called for Hezbollah's disarmament, an Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, and the deployment of an expanded UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in the south. The resolution aimed to establish a lasting ceasefire and stabilize the region.

Course of Hostilities

Initial Engagements

The war commenced with a Hezbollah cross-border raid and rocket attacks on northern Israel. Israel retaliated with extensive airstrikes and artillery bombardments, targeting Hezbollah infrastructure and, controversially, civilian facilities. Hezbollah responded by launching thousands of rockets into northern Israel, engaging Israeli forces in guerrilla warfare.

Air and Ground Operations

The Israeli Air Force conducted numerous sorties, targeting Hezbollah rocket launchers, command centers, and infrastructure. Ground operations involved Israeli ground forces advancing into southern Lebanon. Hezbollah employed sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles against Israeli armor, inflicting notable damage on Merkava tanks.

Ceasefire and Resolution

After weeks of intense fighting and significant civilian casualties, UN Security Council Resolution 1701 was adopted, leading to a ceasefire. The resolution mandated the deployment of Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL in southern Lebanon. Despite the ceasefire, lingering issues, including the status of captured soldiers and disputed territories, remained unresolved.

Allegations of War Crimes

International Humanitarian Law

The conflict saw allegations of violations of international humanitarian law by both parties. International organizations like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch accused both Israel and Hezbollah of potentially committing war crimes. Key concerns included indiscriminate attacks on civilian populations, disproportionate use of force, and the use of prohibited weapons.

Cluster Munitions and Phosphorus

Israel's extensive use of cluster munitions, particularly in the final days of the war, drew significant criticism for its indiscriminate nature and the lingering threat posed by unexploded ordnance. The use of white phosphorus shells was also investigated for potential violations of international law.

Human Shields and Civilian Areas

Accusations were made regarding Hezbollah's alleged use of civilian areas for military operations and the potential use of civilians as human shields. Conversely, Israel faced criticism for strikes on civilian infrastructure and neighborhoods, with organizations questioning the proportionality and distinction between combatants and civilians in Israeli operations.

Human Cost

Lebanese Losses

Estimates of Lebanese casualties vary, with figures ranging from approximately 850 to over 1,200 dead. A significant portion of these casualties, estimated by UNICEF to be around 30%, were children. The Higher Relief Council reported 4,409 injured, with 15% suffering permanent disabilities. Unexploded ordnance continued to cause casualties post-conflict.

Israeli Losses

Israel reported 121 soldiers killed and 1,244 wounded. Additionally, 44 Israeli civilians were killed and 4,262 injured, with many suffering psychological trauma. The rocket attacks significantly disrupted civilian life in northern Israel, necessitating evacuations and reliance on bomb shelters.

Hezbollah and Militia Casualties

Hezbollah's official casualty figures were initially kept low, but later estimates suggested between 250 and 700 fighters killed. Other allied militias, including Amal and the Lebanese Communist Party, also sustained casualties. The exact numbers remain subject to differing reports and methodologies.

Strategic Assessment

Military Effectiveness

The war highlighted challenges in conventional warfare against asymmetric actors. While Israel's air power inflicted significant damage on Lebanese infrastructure, its ground operations faced determined resistance from Hezbollah. Hezbollah's effective use of anti-tank missiles and guerrilla tactics demonstrated resilience, though its rocket arsenal was substantially degraded.

Political Ramifications

The Winograd Commission's findings indicated strategic and operational failures on the part of the Israeli leadership. The conflict bolstered Hezbollah's regional standing, portraying it as a formidable opponent capable of resisting the Israeli military. The war also intensified regional geopolitical dynamics, particularly concerning Iran's influence.

Long-Term Impact

The 2006 Lebanon War had lasting consequences, including increased regional instability, heightened tensions between Israel and Hezbollah, and a re-evaluation of military doctrines. The conflict underscored the complexities of modern warfare and the challenges of achieving decisive military outcomes against non-state actors.

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References

Uzi Rubin. The Rocket Campaign against Israel during the 2006 Lebanon War. p. 12. The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies Bar-Ilan University

Rolling Thunder: A Century of tank Warfare (Pen and Sword, 14 November 2013), by Philip Kaplan, page 172

Cordesman & Sullivan 2007, p. 110"Only 5â6 of all types represented a lasting vehicle kill"

Hizbullah shoots down helicopter in southern Lebanon Hanan Greenberg Published: 08.12.06, 23:01, ynetnews

Crash grounds Israel helicopters Page last updated at 09:04 GMT, Thursday, 11 September 2008

Exclusive: Photos of navy ship hit during war revealed. YnetNews. 10.11.07

"Striking Deep Into Israel, Hamas Employs an Upgraded Arsenal" by Mark Mazzetti, The New York Times, 31 December 2008.

BBC News Online (8 March 2007). "PM 'says Israel pre-planned war'". Retrieved 9 March 2007.

Israel/Lebanon: Out of all proportion â civilians bear the brunt of the war, Amnesty International, November 2006.

SIPRI Yearbook 2007: Armaments, Disarmament, And International Security, Oxford University Press, page 69.

Why They Died: Civilian Casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 War, Human Rights Watch, September 2007

"Lebanon Death Toll Hits 1,300", by Robert Fisk, 17 August 2006, The Independent

See, e.g., Yaakov Katz, "Halutz officers discuss war strategy," The Jerusalem Post, 5 September 2006, p. 2

Dudkevitch, "Paratrooper Sniper Becomes Hero", The Jerusalem Post Online Edition, 22 November 2005.

Amos Harel and Avi Issascharoff, Korey Akavish, Sipura shel Mmilchemet Levanon (Tel Aviv: Yediot Aharonot, 2008), pp. 179â81

Bengali, Shashank (9 August 2006), "Lebanese army saddled with several handicaps", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

Human Rights Watch (August 2006). "Fatal Strikes: Israel's Indiscriminate Attacks Against Civilians in Lebanon". Retrieved 5 April 2007.

Ynet News (3 August 2006). "Human rights group accuses Israel of war crimes". Retrieved 7 April 2007.

Haaretz (31 January 2008), "Winograd: Current use of cluster bombs not in line with int'l law"

Noe, Nicholas, Voice of Hezbollah, the statements of Sayed Hassan Nasrallah, Verso, London and New York, 2007, p. 398â99

Nicholas Noe, Voice of Hezbollah, The Statements of Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, Verso, 2007, pp. 394â95

Congressional Research Service, 2006 "Lebanon: The IsraelâHamasâHezbollah Conflict"

"Hunting for Hezbollah." Norman, Louise. This World. British Broadcasting Corp. 4 July 2007. Television.

Krauthammer, Charles. "Hezbollah's 'Victory'", The Washington Post 9 January 2006

Young, "Hoodwinked by Hezbollah", reason.com; 24 August 2006.

Brendan Simms, "Hezbollah have suffered a setback", Social Affairs Unit, 24 August 2006.

Ynet News (2 December 2006). "Annan finds 13 incidents of illicit arms in Lebanon". Retrieved 8 December 2006.

Greenberg, "Military Intelligence: Hizbullah lost its number one figure," ynetnews.com, 13 February 2008

Benhorin, UN official: Arms Cache that exploded in Lebanon was Hezbollah's, ynetnews.com, 23 July 2009

Nahmias, "Traces of chemical weapons found in Hezbollah warehouse," ynetnews.com, 9 September 2009, ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,l-3771736,00.html

A full list of references for this article are available at the 2006 Lebanon War Wikipedia page

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Conflict in the Levant

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Conflict Overview ℹ️

🗓️ Duration and Participants

🌍 Geographic Scope

⚖️ Outcome and Assessment

Historical Context 📜

🇨🇱 Pre-War Tensions

🇮🇱 Israeli Response

🇺🇳 International Dimension

Course of Hostilities ⚔️

💥 Initial Engagements

✈️ Air and Ground Operations

🕊️ Ceasefire and Resolution

Allegations of War Crimes ⚖️

📜 International Humanitarian Law

💣 Cluster Munitions and Phosphorus

🛡️ Human Shields and Civilian Areas

Human Cost 💔

🇱🇧 Lebanese Losses

🇮🇱 Israeli Losses

💪 Hezbollah and Militia Casualties

Strategic Assessment 📊

📈 Military Effectiveness

🏛️ Political Ramifications

🌐 Long-Term Impact

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Conflict Overview

Duration and Participants

Geographic Scope

Outcome and Assessment

Historical Context

Pre-War Tensions

Israeli Response

International Dimension

Course of Hostilities

Initial Engagements

Air and Ground Operations

Ceasefire and Resolution

Allegations of War Crimes

International Humanitarian Law

Cluster Munitions and Phosphorus

Human Shields and Civilian Areas

Human Cost

Lebanese Losses

Israeli Losses

Hezbollah and Militia Casualties

Strategic Assessment

Military Effectiveness

Political Ramifications

Long-Term Impact

Teacher's Corner

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References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

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