When and where did the significant earthquake and tsunami event occur in 2018?

In 2018, a shallow, large earthquake struck on September 28th in the neck of the Minahasa Peninsula, Indonesia. The epicenter was located in the mountainous Donggala Regency of Central Sulawesi, impacting the region with both seismic activity and a subsequent tsunami.

What was the magnitude of the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake, and how far was its epicenter from Palu?

The earthquake had a magnitude ranging from 7.5 to 7.6 Mw. Its epicenter was approximately 70 kilometers (43 miles) away from Palu, the provincial capital of Central Sulawesi.

How widely were the seismic effects of the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake felt?

The earthquake's tremors were felt across a considerable distance. They were perceptible as far away as Samarinda in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, and even in Tawau, Malaysia.

What seismic activity preceded the main Sulawesi earthquake on September 28, 2018?

The main earthquake was preceded by a sequence of foreshocks. The largest of these foreshocks was a magnitude 6.1 tremor that occurred earlier on the same day, indicating increasing seismic stress in the region.

What was the immediate aftermath of the main Sulawesi earthquake regarding infrastructure?

Following the mainshock, blackouts occurred throughout the affected area, and telecommunications were disrupted. More than 500 wireless communication towers were reported damaged by the earthquake, severely hindering communication efforts.

What natural disasters combined to cause the high casualty count in Sulawesi in September 2018?

The combined effects of the magnitude 7.5-7.6 earthquake and the subsequent tsunami led to a high number of fatalities. The tsunami struck Palu, causing widespread destruction as it swept inland.

How did the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami compare in deadliness to other events in Indonesia and globally?

The event was the deadliest earthquake to strike Indonesia since the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake. It also became the deadliest earthquake worldwide in 2018, surpassing the Lombok earthquake that occurred nearly two months earlier.

What were the estimated heights of the tsunami waves that struck the coast?

The Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG) initially estimated tsunami wave heights between 4 to 7 meters (13 to 23 feet). However, other reports indicated waves reaching up to 10.7 meters (35 feet) in Donggala Regency.

How was the Palu-Koro fault described in terms of its geological characteristics and significance?

The Palu-Koro fault is a left-lateral strike-slip fault trending NNW-SSE, acting as a boundary between tectonic blocks in Sulawesi. It has an estimated slip rate of 30-40 mm per year and was identified in a 2017 study as representing the greatest seismic risk in eastern Indonesia.

What was the timing and magnitude of the first significant foreshock before the main Sulawesi earthquake?

The first major foreshock occurred at 15:00 WITA (Indonesia Central Standard Time) on September 28, 2018. This earthquake had a magnitude of 5.9 Mw according to BMKG and 6.1 Mw according to the USGS, striking at a shallow depth and causing initial casualties and damage.

What was the significance of the mainshock's timing in relation to local events?

The mainshock occurred at 18:02 WITA, during the evening rush hour. Coincidentally, it happened on the 40th anniversary of Palu city, a time when a festival (Palu Nomoni Festival) was being held, attracting many people to the coastal areas.

What were the different magnitude estimates for the main Sulawesi earthquake from various agencies?

Initial reports from both the USGS and BMKG stated the mainshock magnitude as 7.7 Mw. The USGS later revised this to 7.5 Mw, while the International Seismological Centre (ISC) reported it as 7.6 Mw.

What type of faulting mechanism was responsible for the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake?

The earthquake was caused by strike-slip faulting. Analysis of seismic waveforms suggested that movement along a north-south trending fault provided the best fit for the event's mechanism.

What was the estimated length of the fault rupture during the mainshock?

Geodetic evidence suggests that approximately 150 kilometers of the Palu-Koro fault ruptured during the main earthquake.

What unusual rupture characteristic was suggested for the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake?

Analysis of seismic data indicated that the rupture propagated at speeds exceeding the S-wave velocity. This suggests the possibility of a supershear rupture, a phenomenon where fault rupture propagates faster than the shear wave speed.

What challenges did rescuers face in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, particularly concerning Donggala?

In the immediate aftermath, Indonesian authorities reported being unable to contact anyone from Donggala, the closest town to the epicenter. Downed telecommunication lines significantly hampered contact and rescue efforts in the days following the disaster.

How many aftershocks were recorded in the first 24 hours following the main Sulawesi earthquake?

Following the main magnitude 7.5-7.6 earthquake, there were 14 aftershocks recorded with a magnitude of 5.0 or greater within the first 24 hours.

What was the highest intensity level recorded for the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake, and where was it felt?

The earthquake reached an intensity of MMI X (Extreme) in some parts of Palu City. In other areas of Palu, intensities ranged from MMI VII to IX, depending on the type and extent of damage to buildings and infrastructure like bridges.

What was the initial warning issued by Indonesian authorities after the earthquake, and how accurate were the predicted tsunami heights?

A tsunami warning was issued for the Makassar Strait and coastal areas like Palu and Donggala. While warnings predicted wave heights of less than 0.5 meters in Palu and 0.5-3 meters in Donggala, the actual tsunami waves were significantly higher, reaching over 2 meters in Palu and up to 7 meters in Donggala.

Why was the BMKG (Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics) criticized regarding the tsunami warning?

The BMKG faced criticism on social media because they lifted the tsunami warning after the waves had already struck. This timing led to confusion, with some believing the warning was lifted before the tsunami hit, partly due to time zone differences affecting perceptions of sunset times.

What critical infrastructure failed to function as intended during the tsunami warning?

The tsunami detectors in Palu were damaged by the earthquake and failed to send signals to alert residents. This critical failure meant that official tsunami alarms were not activated, leaving many, including festival attendees on the beach, unaware of the imminent danger.

How did Palu's geographical location potentially influence the tsunami's impact?

Palu is situated at the end of a narrow bay. This geographical feature likely intensified the tsunami's force as the waves funneled into the bay, increasing their destructive potential upon reaching the city.

Why did the tsunami's height surprise geologists, given the earthquake's mechanism?

Geologists were surprised because the earthquake was primarily a strike-slip event, which typically involves horizontal movement and does not generate large tsunamis due to limited vertical seafloor displacement. The significant tsunami height suggested other contributing factors, such as underwater landslides or a rapid rupture speed.

What was the estimated total economic damage caused by the earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction?

The overall damage from the combined disasters was estimated at Rp 24.6 trillion (approximately US$1.71 billion). The city of Palu alone accounted for Rp 23.9 trillion (US$1.66 billion) of this total.

What was the phenomenon of soil liquefaction, and where did it cause the most severe damage in the Sulawesi disaster?

Soil liquefaction is a process where saturated soil temporarily loses strength and behaves like a liquid during an earthquake. In the Sulawesi disaster, it caused immense destruction in areas like Petobo and Balaroa near Palu, where the ground essentially turned to mud, swallowing homes and structures.

How many houses were destroyed in total by the earthquake and tsunami?

More than 70,000 houses were reported to be damaged or destroyed as a result of the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami, displacing tens of thousands of people.

Which specific buildings in Palu collapsed due to the earthquake and tsunami?

Several key structures collapsed, including a mosque, the Antapura Hospital, the Tatura Mall, and the eight-story Roa-Roa Hotel. The hotel collapse trapped many guests, including participants of a paragliding festival.

What damage occurred at Mutiara SIS Al-Jufrie Airport, and how did it affect operations?

The airport's runway developed large cracks, its navigation system was damaged, and the control tower collapsed. This led to its closure, stranding hundreds of passengers, before it reopened for limited operations the following day.

Which iconic bridge in Palu was destroyed, and what was its significance?

Palu's iconic Kuning Ponulele Bridge, also known as Palu IV Bridge, was destroyed. This bridge held the distinction of being the first arch bridge built in Indonesia.

How were religious sites affected by the disaster in Palu?

Many religious sites suffered damage. Of the 24 mosques in Palu, 20 were severely damaged, although the Floating Mosque of Palu survived, albeit partially submerged. The Baiturrahman Mosque was particularly hard-hit, with reports of 300 worshippers killed during evening prayers.

What was the reported impact on the prison system in Donggala?

The Donggala Penitentiary suffered severe damage, with its walls collapsing. In the chaos following the earthquake, over half of its 560 inmates escaped, and a riot broke out as prisoners demanded to see their families.

What was the estimated number of people killed, injured, missing, and evacuated as a result of the disaster?

The disaster resulted in an estimated 4,340 deaths, with 10,679 injured (4,612 seriously). Additionally, 667 people were reported missing, and 70,821 were evacuated, with over 200,000 becoming refugees in the longer term.

What measures were taken by the Indonesian government regarding the deceased due to fears of disease spread?

Fearing the potential spread of diseases, the Indonesian government decided to bury identified victims in mass graves. They prepared at least one large grave site and planned for more as the scale of the tragedy became apparent.

What was the condition of the Petobo sub-district and Balaroa village following the liquefaction?

In Petobo, liquefaction caused mudflows that destroyed most of its 744 houses, with an estimated 6,000 inhabitants buried. Balaroa village was almost obliterated, with most of its 1,747 houses sinking into the mud, and hundreds of its residents confirmed dead or missing.

How did the Indonesian government coordinate the response to the disaster?

President Joko Widodo immediately ordered the Coordinating Minister of Politics, Legal, and Security Affairs to lead relief efforts. He also mobilized the Indonesian National Armed Forces and declared the event a major disaster, while also visiting the affected areas.

What was the duration of the initial emergency period declared in Central Sulawesi, and was it extended?

An initial 14-day emergency period was declared in Central Sulawesi starting September 28, 2018. This period was later extended to October 26, 2018, reflecting the ongoing need for disaster management and recovery efforts.

How did telecommunication companies contribute to the recovery efforts?

Several telecommunication companies provided crucial support. Telkom Indonesia offered free WiFi and telecommunication services, while Indosat Ooredoo allowed free SMS services in the affected areas to help people connect with loved ones and access information.

What was the government's initial stance on reports of looting, and how did it change?

Initially, authorities and the President refuted claims of widespread looting, with some officials even suggesting that taking essential items was permissible for 'emergency purposes'. However, as the situation became clearer, the government ordered the police to capture looters and later clarified that the government would compensate for essential items taken from stores.

Which countries and international organizations offered assistance to Indonesia following the Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami?

Numerous countries and organizations offered aid, including Australia, the UN, South Korea, Singapore, New Zealand, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, the European Union, the United States, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Venezuela, Spain, Turkey, Switzerland, the UK, and Russia. Private entities like Google, Apple, WhatsApp, and Facebook also contributed.

What challenges hindered the delivery of international aid to the affected areas?

Aid deliveries were significantly hampered by the extensive destruction of local infrastructure, including roads. Palu's airport also lacked the capacity to handle the large influx of materials, leading to severe delays in distributing essential supplies.

What was the long-term impact on housing and facilities a year after the disaster?

A month after the quake, over 200,000 people were still refugees. By April 2020, thousands remained without adequate housing or hospital facilities, a situation further complicated by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

What was the role of the Palu-Koro fault in the seismic activity of the region?

The Palu-Koro fault is the main active geological structure in western Central Sulawesi. It is a significant left-lateral strike-slip fault that accommodates tectonic plate movement and has been linked to several major earthquakes in the past.

How did the tsunami's interaction with Palu's bay shape its destructive power?

Palu's location at the end of a narrow bay acted like a funnel for the tsunami waves. This geographical feature amplified the force of the water as it entered the bay, leading to more severe inundation and destruction along the coastline.

What was the estimated number of people affected by the earthquake and tsunami in total?

According to Sutopo Purwo Nugroho of the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management, approximately 2.4 million people were affected by the earthquake and tsunami.

What specific agricultural damage was reported, and what was its estimated cost?

The earthquake, tsunami, and subsequent soil liquefaction damaged 9,718 hectares of crops across Palu, Sigi, and Donggala. The estimated cost of this agricultural damage was 36 billion Indonesian rupiah.

What was the total death toll reported for the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami?

The combined effects of the earthquake and tsunami led to an estimated death toll of 4,340 people.

What was the magnitude of the earthquake that struck near Palu, Indonesia, on September 28, 2018?

The earthquake that struck near Palu, Indonesia, on September 28, 2018, had a magnitude between 7.5 and 7.6 Mw (Moment Magnitude scale).

What specific type of geological fault is the Palu-Koro fault, and what is its estimated slip rate?

The Palu-Koro fault is characterized as a left-lateral strike-slip fault. Its estimated rate of slip is between 30 and 40 millimeters per year.

2018 Sulawesi Earthquake And Tsunami Wiki: Sulawesi 2018: A Geospatial and Societal Impact Analysis

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Event Overview

The Event

On 28 September 2018, a significant seismic event occurred: a shallow, powerful earthquake struck the Minahasa Peninsula in Indonesia. Its epicenter was located in the mountainous Donggala Regency of Central Sulawesi, impacting the provincial capital, Palu, approximately 70 km away.^[9]

Associated Hazards

The earthquake, with a magnitude of 7.5–7.6 Mw, was preceded by a series of foreshocks.^[24] Following the mainshock, a localized tsunami struck Palu, causing widespread destruction. Additionally, severe soil liquefaction occurred in several areas, leading to catastrophic mudflows.^[18]

Human Toll

The combined effects of the earthquake, tsunami, and subsequent geological phenomena resulted in a tragic loss of life, with an estimated 4,340 fatalities.^[6] Thousands more were injured, and a significant number were displaced, highlighting the profound human impact of the disaster.

Tectonic Setting

Plate Interactions

Sulawesi's location is geologically complex, situated within a zone where the Australian, Pacific, Philippine Sea, and Sunda plates interact.^[12] This intricate tectonic environment is characterized by numerous microplates and significant fault activity.

The Palu-Koro Fault

The primary onshore structure influencing this region is the Palu-Koro fault, a left-lateral strike-slip fault trending NNW-SSE.^[21] This fault system acts as a crucial boundary between tectonic blocks and exhibits a high slip rate, estimated between 30–40 mm per year, indicating substantial seismic potential.^[22]

Seismic Risk

Studies have identified the Palu-Koro fault as representing a significant seismic risk in eastern Indonesia.^[23] Its activity has been linked to several major earthquakes historically, and research in 2017 specifically highlighted its potential for catastrophic seismic events.

The Earthquake Event

Foreshocks

The seismic sequence began approximately three hours before the mainshock with a magnitude 6.1 foreshock, followed by several others.^[25] These initial tremors were concentrated south of the main event's epicenter, indicating precursory stress release.

Mainshock Details

The primary earthquake occurred at 18:02 WITA (10:02 UTC) on 28 September 2018. Initial magnitude estimates varied (Mw 7.7), but were later refined to Mw 7.5–7.6.^[9] The focal mechanism indicated strike-slip faulting, primarily along the Palu-Koro fault, with evidence suggesting a rupture length of about 150 km.^[12]

Aftershocks

The mainshock was followed by numerous aftershocks. Within the first 24 hours, 14 events of magnitude M≥5.0 were recorded.^[34] Over time, the region experienced a total of approximately 150 aftershocks, contributing to ongoing instability and damage.

Intensity

The earthquake generated intense shaking across a wide area. The maximum intensity (MMI X, Extreme) was felt in parts of Palu City.^[36] Other areas experienced MMI VII to IX, causing moderate to severe damage to buildings, including bridges and hotels.

The Tsunami

Warning and Impact

A tsunami warning was issued shortly after the mainshock.^[13] However, the tsunami's height, estimated between 4 to 7 meters (and potentially up to 10.7 meters in Donggala),^[3] exceeded initial predictions and the capacity of warning systems, which were damaged by the earthquake.

Causes and Amplification

While strike-slip earthquakes typically generate smaller tsunamis, the 2018 Sulawesi event was unusually large. Theories suggest this may have been due to triggered underwater landslides or rapid rupture speeds, potentially causing significant vertical seafloor displacement.^[47] The tsunami's force was further amplified as it entered the narrow bay of Palu.^[44]

Warning System Failure

Critically, tsunami detectors in Palu were damaged by the earthquake, preventing timely alerts.^[43] Communication failures and the continuation of a local festival meant many residents were caught unaware, exacerbating the devastating impact.

Widespread Damage

Residential and Infrastructure

The earthquake and tsunami caused extensive destruction. Over 70,000 houses were damaged, forcing tens of thousands into temporary shelters.^[49] Key infrastructure, including Palu's Mutiara SIS Al-Jufrie Airport, major bridges like the Kuning Ponulele Bridge, roads, and ports, suffered severe damage or were destroyed.^[59]

Public Buildings

Public facilities were also heavily impacted. Hospitals, including Antapura Hospital, collapsed or were severely damaged. Numerous mosques were affected, with some sustaining significant damage and others partially submerged. Educational institutions also suffered widespread damage, requiring extensive rebuilding efforts.^[50]

Economic Impact

The total estimated damage from the earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction reached approximately Rp 24.6 trillion (US$1.71 billion), with Palu alone accounting for Rp 23.9 trillion (US$1.66 billion).^[1] This reflects the immense scale of destruction across the affected region.

Soil Liquefaction & Mudflows

The Phenomenon

A particularly devastating consequence was widespread soil liquefaction, especially in areas like Petobo and Balaroa near Palu. This geological process occurs when saturated soil temporarily loses strength and behaves like a liquid during seismic shaking, leading to ground collapse and lateral spreading.^[18]

Catastrophic Mudflows

In Petobo and Balaroa, liquefaction triggered massive mudflows. Buildings and entire villages were submerged or swept away. Reports indicate that thousands of houses sank into the ground, and vast areas were dramatically reshaped, burying victims and destroying communities.^[19]

Scale of Liquefaction

The liquefaction events were described as unprecedented, with affected areas shifting significantly. Petobo saw an estimated 180 hectares affected, while Balaroa experienced a 47.8-hectare shift. Sigi Regency also reported extensive liquefaction, with one village reportedly disappearing entirely.^[78]

Human Cost

Fatalities and Injuries

The disaster resulted in a staggering number of casualties. Official figures indicate 4,340 confirmed deaths, with over 10,000 injured, many seriously. Additionally, 667 individuals were reported missing, presumed dead.^[6]

Displacement

The destruction of homes and infrastructure led to massive displacement. As of late October 2018, over 70,000 people were evacuated, and by April 2020, more than 200,000 individuals were still classified as refugees, highlighting the long-term housing crisis.^[8]

Long-Term Impact

The aftermath revealed the scale of the tragedy, with thousands still without adequate housing or access to essential services even a year later, compounded by the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic.^[169]

Response Efforts

National Coordination

The Indonesian government, led by President Joko Widodo, mobilized national resources, including the military and disaster management agencies. An emergency period was declared and extended, focusing on search and rescue, establishing temporary facilities, and coordinating aid distribution.^[99]

International Aid

Following an official request for assistance, numerous countries and international organizations provided humanitarian aid. This included financial contributions, medical supplies, food, water, tents, and specialized search and rescue teams, demonstrating global solidarity.^[147]

Private Sector and NGOs

Beyond government efforts, private companies like Google and Apple, along with NGOs such as the Tzu Chi Foundation and The Salvation Army, contributed significantly through donations, technological support (SOS alerts, free communication), and on-the-ground relief operations.^[167]

Challenges in Aid Delivery

Aid delivery faced significant hurdles due to the widespread destruction of roads and airport infrastructure. Fuel shortages and looting also complicated relief efforts, requiring robust security measures and logistical coordination to ensure aid reached those in need.^[49]

Aftermath and Recovery

Reconstruction

The long-term recovery involved extensive rebuilding of damaged homes, infrastructure, and public facilities. The government designated certain heavily impacted areas, like Petobo and Balaroa, as memorial parks due to the scale of loss.^[78]

Educational Impact

Thousands of schools were damaged, affecting hundreds of thousands of students and teachers. Rebuilding and repair efforts were projected to take at least a year, with universities offering temporary study opportunities for affected students.^[67]

Accountability and Lessons

The disaster prompted reviews of disaster preparedness, warning systems, and response protocols. The government faced criticism regarding the effectiveness of tsunami warnings and the subsequent management of aid distribution and security.^[41]

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References

ANSS: Sulawesi 2018, Finite fault (accessed 28 September 2018).

A full list of references for this article are available at the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Important Notice

This content has been generated by an AI model for educational purposes, drawing information from publicly available data. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and comprehensiveness, it is based on a snapshot of information and may not reflect the absolute latest developments or nuances.

This is not a substitute for professional geological, engineering, or disaster management advice. The information provided is intended for general understanding and should not be used for critical decision-making regarding safety, preparedness, or response without consulting qualified experts and official sources. Natural disasters are complex events, and specific circumstances require specialized knowledge.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein. Always consult official disaster management agencies and scientific bodies for authoritative information.

Sulawesi's Fury

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Event Overview ℹ️

⚡ The Event

🌊 Associated Hazards

📊 Human Toll

Tectonic Setting 🌍

🔗 Plate Interactions

⛰️ The Palu-Koro Fault

⚠️ Seismic Risk

The Earthquake Event 💥

⏳ Foreshocks

📍 Mainshock Details

📈 Aftershocks

🌡️ Intensity

The Tsunami 🌊

🚨 Warning and Impact

🌊 Causes and Amplification

❓ Warning System Failure

Widespread Damage 🏚️

🏠 Residential and Infrastructure

🏛️ Public Buildings

💰 Economic Impact

Soil Liquefaction & Mudflows 💧

🔄 The Phenomenon

🌪️ Catastrophic Mudflows

🌍 Scale of Liquefaction

Human Cost 👥

⚰️ Fatalities and Injuries

⛺ Displacement

📈 Long-Term Impact

Response Efforts 🚑

🇮🇩 National Coordination

🌍 International Aid

🤝 Private Sector and NGOs

🚧 Challenges in Aid Delivery

Aftermath and Recovery ⏳

🏗️ Reconstruction

📚 Educational Impact

⚖️ Accountability and Lessons

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

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❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

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References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Event Overview

The Event

Associated Hazards

Human Toll

Tectonic Setting

Plate Interactions

The Palu-Koro Fault

Seismic Risk

The Earthquake Event

Foreshocks

Mainshock Details

Aftershocks

Intensity

The Tsunami

Warning and Impact

Causes and Amplification

Warning System Failure

Widespread Damage

Residential and Infrastructure

Public Buildings

Economic Impact

Soil Liquefaction & Mudflows

The Phenomenon

Catastrophic Mudflows

Scale of Liquefaction

Human Cost

Fatalities and Injuries

Displacement

Long-Term Impact

Response Efforts

National Coordination

International Aid

Private Sector and NGOs

Challenges in Aid Delivery

Aftermath and Recovery

Reconstruction

Educational Impact

Accountability and Lessons

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice