What was Adlai Stevenson II's familial connection to a former U.S. Vice President?

Adlai Stevenson II was the grandson of Adlai Stevenson I, who served as the 23rd Vice President of the United States under President Grover Cleveland from 1893 to 1897. This familial link placed him within a notable Illinois political dynasty.

Where was Adlai Stevenson II born and raised?

Adlai Stevenson II was born in Los Angeles, California, in a neighborhood now known as the North University Park Historic District. He was raised in Bloomington, Illinois, which remained his lifelong home base.

What was Stevenson's military service experience?

Stevenson enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve at the end of World War I. He served as a seaman apprentice but was discharged as a seaman second class in January 1919, as the Armistice had ended the war while he was still in training.

What were Stevenson's early government roles during the Roosevelt and Truman administrations?

During the presidencies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman, Stevenson held several positions in the federal government. These included roles in the Department of the Navy and the State Department, particularly during World War II.

How was Stevenson involved with the formation of the United Nations?

In 1945, Stevenson was part of the committee that created the United Nations. He also served as a member of the initial U.S. delegations to the UN, gaining early experience in international diplomacy.

What were some of Stevenson's key actions as Governor of Illinois?

As Governor of Illinois, Stevenson implemented significant reforms. These included reforming the state police with a merit system, cracking down on illegal gambling, improving state highways, and attempting to reduce corruption in state government.

What was Stevenson's stance on the loyalty oath bill passed by the Illinois legislature?

Stevenson vetoed a bill requiring loyalty oaths for public employees and candidates, arguing that it was an unnecessary suppression of ancient rights and characteristic of a police state. He believed that genuine security came from investigation, not from pieces of paper.

How did Stevenson handle the issue of 'cat versus bird' legislation?

Stevenson vetoed a bill declaring roaming cats a public nuisance, humorously noting that the state had more pressing issues than controlling feline delinquency. He suggested that legislating on such matters could lead to disputes over dogs versus cats or birds versus birds, and that local bodies were better suited for such concerns.

What was the context of Stevenson's deposition for Alger Hiss?

In 1949, Stevenson provided a sworn deposition as a character witness for Alger Hiss, a former State Department official later convicted of spying for the Soviet Union. Stevenson testified that Hiss had a good reputation for integrity and veracity, based on their limited professional interactions.

How did Stevenson's testimony in the Alger Hiss case affect his presidential campaign?

Stevenson's deposition for Alger Hiss was later used by political opponents, notably Senators Joseph McCarthy and Richard Nixon, during the 1952 presidential campaign. They used it to portray Stevenson as 'soft on communism' and to question his judgment and capacity to govern.

What led to Stevenson becoming the Democratic presidential nominee in 1952?

President Harry Truman encouraged Stevenson to run for president after deciding not to seek re-election. Despite Stevenson's initial reluctance and commitment to a second gubernatorial term, a 'draft Stevenson' movement gained momentum, and Stevenson ultimately emerged as the most viable candidate among several contenders with significant weaknesses.

What was the significance of Stevenson's speech at the 1952 Democratic National Convention?

Stevenson's welcoming speech at the convention, as governor of the host state, was so stirring and witty that it energized the movement to nominate him. He humorously critiqued the recent Republican convention and highlighted the achievements of the Democratic Party, captivating the delegates.

What was the origin and impact of the 'egghead' nickname applied to Stevenson?

The nickname 'egghead' was coined by Stewart Alsop and popularized by his brother Joe Alsop to describe Stevenson's intellectual and perceived aristocratic demeanor. While intended to highlight his perceived disconnect from working-class voters, Stevenson himself used the nickname humorously, famously quipping, 'eggheads of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your yolks!'

How did Stevenson campaign against McCarthyism and Richard Nixon in 1952?

Stevenson strongly criticized Senator Joseph McCarthy's anti-communist tactics, calling them a 'disgrace' and ridiculing those who hunted communists domestically while neglecting foreign threats. He also developed a profound dislike for Richard Nixon, viewing him as an ambitious and unprincipled politician, and often used wit to attack Nixon's perceived hypocrisy.

How effectively did Stevenson utilize television during his 1952 campaign?

Stevenson did not use television as effectively as his opponent, Dwight D. Eisenhower. He initially resisted the medium, viewing the selling of the presidency like 'breakfast cereal' as distasteful, which put him at a disadvantage against Eisenhower's pioneering use of TV advertising.

What was Stevenson's electoral performance in the 1952 presidential election?

Adlai Stevenson II lost the 1952 presidential election to Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower won the popular vote 55% to 45% and the Electoral College vote 442 to 89. Stevenson carried only nine states.

What was Stevenson's approach to civil rights during his 1956 presidential campaign?

During his 1956 presidential bid, Stevenson urged caution regarding the enforcement of the Supreme Court's 'Brown v. Board of Education' decision. He sought to gain Southern white support by advocating a gradual approach to school desegregation, which alienated some liberal Democrats and contributed to his lower support among Black voters.

What were Stevenson's key policy proposals regarding nuclear weapons and the draft in 1956?

Against advice, Stevenson called for an international ban on above-ground nuclear weapons tests and an end to the military draft. He argued this was necessary due to atmospheric contamination from hydrogen bombs and the potential harm to children, despite criticism that these proposals were naive and would benefit the Soviet Union.

What was the outcome of Stevenson's 1956 presidential campaign?

Adlai Stevenson II lost his second presidential bid to Dwight D. Eisenhower in a landslide. He secured only 42% of the popular vote and 73 electoral votes, winning just seven states, primarily in the Solid South.

What positions was Stevenson offered by President John F. Kennedy after the 1960 election?

After John F. Kennedy won the presidency in 1960, he offered Stevenson the positions of Ambassador to Britain, Attorney General, or United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Stevenson accepted the role as UN Ambassador.

What was Stevenson's most significant diplomatic humiliation during his tenure as UN Ambassador?

Stevenson experienced his most significant diplomatic humiliation during the Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961. He was kept on the fringes of the operation and was unwittingly misled by the CIA into repeating a cover story to the UN General Assembly, which was later proven false, compromising his credibility.

How did Stevenson handle the Cuban Missile Crisis at the United Nations?

During the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, Stevenson forcefully presented photographic evidence of Soviet missiles in Cuba to the UN Security Council. He famously demanded a 'yes or no' answer from Soviet representative Valerian Zorin regarding the missiles, stating he was 'prepared to wait for my answer until Hell freezes over.'

What proposal did Stevenson make regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis within the EXCOMM?

Within the EXCOMM meetings, Stevenson boldly proposed exchanging obsolete U.S. Jupiter missiles in Turkey for the Soviet missiles in Cuba. Although met with opposition and criticism from some members, President Kennedy acknowledged Stevenson's courage in making the suggestion.

What was the impact of the 'Alsop-Bartlett' article on Stevenson's role in the Kennedy administration?

An article in the 'Saturday Evening Post' by Stewart Alsop and Charles Bartlett, widely believed to be influenced by President Kennedy, portrayed Stevenson's actions during the Cuban Missile Crisis as weak and advocating for a 'Munich.' This article deeply angered Stevenson and led him to believe his influence on foreign policy was diminished, even after Kennedy issued a public letter praising his performance.

What challenges did Stevenson face when speaking around the country as UN Ambassador?

During his travels to promote the United Nations, Stevenson frequently encountered opposition and protests from groups like the John Birch Society, who were skeptical of the UN. In Dallas, Texas, in October 1963, he was heckled and spat upon by protestors.

How did Stevenson react to the assassination of President Kennedy?

Upon hearing the news of President Kennedy's assassination in Dallas, Stevenson expressed regret and self-blame, asking his aides, 'That Dallas! Why, why, didn't I insist that he not go there?'

What was Stevenson's stance on the Vietnam War?

Stevenson publicly and privately supported President Lyndon Johnson's containment policy in Vietnam, believing in stopping the spread of communism. However, he also privately advocated for initiating negotiations with North Vietnam through the United Nations, a proposal that Johnson rejected.

When and where did Adlai Stevenson II die?

Adlai Stevenson II died on July 14, 1965, at the age of 65 in London, England, from heart failure. He suffered a massive heart attack while walking with his aide, Marietta Tree.

What did biographers and journalists say about Stevenson's legacy?

Biographers like Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. and Jean H. Baker, and journalist David Halberstam, described Stevenson as a significant figure who revitalized the Democratic Party, brought a new generation into politics, and represented a more 'reasonable, civilized, and elevated America.' His legacy is often associated with his elegant language, wit, and a nobler, issue-oriented style of politics.

What is the significance of the hole in the sole of Stevenson's shoe?

A photograph revealing a hole in the sole of Stevenson's shoe during his 1952 campaign became a symbol of his frugality and earthiness. Stevenson himself humorously countered criticism by saying, 'Better a hole in the shoe than a hole in the head.'

What are some notable places or institutions named after Adlai Stevenson II?

Several places and institutions are named in honor of Adlai Stevenson II, including the Stevenson Expressway (Interstate 55) in Illinois, Stevenson Hall at Illinois State University and Northern Illinois University, Adlai E. Stevenson High School in Lincolnshire, Illinois, and Adlai E. Stevenson College at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

What was Stevenson's political affiliation?

Adlai Stevenson II was a member of the Democratic Party.

Who was Stevenson's running mate in the 1952 presidential election?

Stevenson's running mate in the 1952 presidential election was Senator John Sparkman of Alabama.

Who was Stevenson's running mate in the 1956 presidential election?

Stevenson's running mate in the 1956 presidential election was Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee.

What was Stevenson's religious affiliation?

Stevenson belonged to the Unitarian faith and was a longtime member of Bloomington's Unitarian church. He also occasionally attended Presbyterian services.

How did Stevenson's marriage end?

Adlai Stevenson II and Ellen Borden were married in 1928 and divorced on December 12, 1949. Biographers suggest his wife suffered from mental illness, which contributed to the marital difficulties.

Did Stevenson remarry after his divorce?

No, Adlai Stevenson II did not remarry after his divorce from Ellen Borden. He dated several prominent women throughout the remainder of his life.

What was Stevenson's role in the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)?

In July 1933, Stevenson took a position as a special attorney and assistant to Jerome Frank, the general counsel of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), which was part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program.

What was Stevenson's involvement with the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies?

From 1940 to 1941, Stevenson chaired the Chicago branch of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies. In this role, he worked to garner public support for military and economic aid to the United Kingdom and its allies fighting Nazi Germany.

How did Stevenson's governorship compare to President Truman's performance in Illinois in 1948?

Stevenson's victory in the 1948 Illinois gubernatorial election was a significant upset, with him defeating incumbent Dwight H. Green by a record margin. This occurred even though President Truman carried Illinois by a much smaller margin against Thomas E. Dewey, leading to the observation that Stevenson had 'carried the President in with him'.

What was Stevenson's view on the use of armed personnel to enforce school desegregation?

Stevenson expressed opposition to using armed personnel to enforce the Supreme Court's decision in 'Brown v. Board of Education,' advocating for a more gradual approach to school desegregation to respect Southern traditions.

What was the outcome of Eisenhower's health concerns on the 1956 election?

President Eisenhower suffered a serious heart attack in September 1955. While he recovered and decided to run for re-election, concerns about his health prompted other Democrats, like Estes Kefauver and Averell Harriman, to challenge Stevenson for the party's nomination.

How did Stevenson's campaign strategy differ from Eisenhower's in 1952?

Stevenson focused on eloquent oratory and intellectual discourse, aiming to persuade voters through reason. In contrast, Eisenhower, a war hero, leveraged his popular appeal and effectively used television advertising, which Stevenson initially viewed skeptically.

What was Stevenson's reaction to John F. Kennedy's presidential campaign in 1960?

Stevenson was critical of both John and Robert Kennedy during the 1960 campaign, describing them as 'cold and ruthless.' He believed John Kennedy was too young and inexperienced for the presidency and felt that Kennedy's ambition was being pursued too aggressively.

What role did Eleanor Roosevelt play in Stevenson's presidential campaigns?

Eleanor Roosevelt was a strong supporter of Adlai Stevenson II, enthusiastically backing his presidential bids in 1952 and 1956. She also championed his nomination at the 1960 Democratic National Convention.

What was the outcome of the 1960 Democratic National Convention for Stevenson?

At the 1960 Democratic National Convention, Stevenson was not an announced candidate, but his supporters vigorously promoted him. Ultimately, John F. Kennedy secured the nomination on the first ballot, with Stevenson finishing in fourth place.

What was Stevenson's relationship with Robert F. Kennedy?

Stevenson's relationship with Robert F. Kennedy was strained. Robert Kennedy reportedly threatened Stevenson during the 1960 convention, and Stevenson viewed both Kennedys as 'cold and ruthless.' This tension impacted Stevenson's role in the Kennedy administration.

How did Stevenson respond to the Soviet offer of assistance during the 1960 campaign?

Stevenson was approached by the Soviet ambassador with an offer of financial and public relations help for his potential presidential campaign. Stevenson flatly rejected the offer, deeming it improper and dangerous, and reported the incident directly to President Eisenhower.

What was Stevenson's position on the Suez and Hungarian crises in 1956?

Stevenson's hopes for victory in the 1956 election were dashed when the Suez and Hungarian crises erupted simultaneously in October. These international events, coupled with Eisenhower's doctors giving him a clean bill of health, led the public to believe a change in leadership was unnecessary.

What was the context of Stevenson's famous quote, 'Don't wait for the translation'?

Stevenson uttered the phrase 'Don't wait for the translation' during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962 while addressing the United Nations Security Council. He directed it at Soviet representative Valerian Zorin, demanding a direct answer to his question about Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Adlai Stevenson Ii Wiki: Adlai Stevenson II: The Intellectual Statesman of the Mid-20th Century

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Biographical Foundation

Personal Identity

Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was a prominent American politician and diplomat. He served as the 31st Governor of Illinois (1949–1953) and later as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations (1961–1965). He was the Democratic Party's nominee for President of the United States in 1952 and 1956.

Family Heritage

Born in Los Angeles, California, Stevenson hailed from a significant Illinois political family. His grandfather, Adlai Stevenson I, served as Vice President under Grover Cleveland. His father, Lewis Stevenson, held the appointed position of Illinois Secretary of State. His son, Adlai Stevenson III, later became a U.S. Senator from Illinois.

Education and Early Career

Stevenson attended Princeton University, where he earned a B.A. in literature and history, and Northwestern University School of Law, receiving his J.D. in 1926. He began his legal career in Chicago. His early public service included roles in the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) and the State Department during World War II, contributing to the formation of the United Nations.

Path to Prominence

United Nations Delegate

Stevenson's involvement with the nascent United Nations began in 1945. He served as a Deputy U.S. Delegate to the UN Preparatory Commission and later as a member of the U.S. delegations in 1946 and 1947. His adept handling of complex international relations, particularly with Soviet representatives, established his diplomatic credentials.

Legal and Civic Engagement

Returning to Chicago in 1935, Stevenson resumed his law practice and became actively involved in civic affairs. He chaired the Chicago branch of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies (1940–1941), advocating for support to the United Kingdom against Nazi Germany. This stance drew criticism from isolationist figures like Robert R. McCormick.

World War Service

During World War I, Stevenson enlisted in the U.S. Naval Reserve. He served as a seaman apprentice, but the armistice ended the war before he saw combat. This brief military service was part of his early life experiences before embarking on his extensive public career.

Governorship of Illinois

Election and Mandate

In 1948, Stevenson was elected Governor of Illinois in a notable upset against incumbent Dwight H. Green. His victory, achieved with a record margin, was seen as a significant endorsement of his progressive platform and a boost for the Democratic Party nationally.

Key Reforms

As governor, Stevenson implemented substantial reforms. He professionalized the state police through a merit system, initiated crackdowns on illegal gambling, and improved the state's highway infrastructure. He also championed efforts to reform the Illinois state constitution and combat corruption.

Vetoes and Principles

Stevenson demonstrated a commitment to civil liberties, notably vetoing a bill that would have mandated loyalty oaths for public employees during the Second Red Scare. His accompanying message emphasized the importance of protecting fundamental rights, stating, "we will win the contest of ideas... not by suppressing those rights, but by their triumph." He also famously vetoed a bill regulating cats, humorously noting the potential for governmental overreach into animal behavior.

Presidential Aspirations

The 1952 Campaign

Drafted into the 1952 presidential race by President Truman, Stevenson became the Democratic nominee. His eloquent, intellectual style, often characterized by wit and self-deprecation, resonated with intellectuals and reformers. However, his "egghead" persona, as labeled by critics, and his nuanced approach to issues like McCarthyism, presented challenges in connecting with broader segments of the electorate.

The 1956 Campaign

Stevenson again secured the Democratic nomination in 1956. His campaign focused on domestic policy, advocating for expanded social programs and a ban on above-ground nuclear weapons tests. Despite a vigorous campaign, he was defeated by incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower, losing both the popular and electoral votes.

Campaign Philosophy

Stevenson's campaigns were noted for their emphasis on reasoned discourse and intellectual engagement. He famously stated, "Let's talk sense to the American people!" His approach contrasted with the more populist or media-driven tactics of his opponents, reflecting a belief in the electorate's capacity for thoughtful consideration of policy.

Ambassador to the United Nations

Diplomatic Role

Appointed U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations by President John F. Kennedy in 1961, Stevenson became a key figure in American foreign policy during a critical period of the Cold War. He navigated complex international crises, often advocating for diplomacy and reasoned negotiation.

Cuban Crises

Stevenson played a crucial role during the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. During the latter, his forceful presentation at the UN Security Council, demanding answers from the Soviet representative and presenting photographic evidence of missile sites, was a pivotal moment in de-escalating the conflict. He also proposed the exchange of U.S. missiles in Turkey for Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Challenges and Humiliation

Despite his dedication, Stevenson faced challenges within the Kennedy administration, notably being kept on the fringes of the Bay of Pigs planning, which led to his public misrepresentation of U.S. involvement. This experience, coupled with perceived slights from the administration, marked a difficult period in his diplomatic career.

Enduring Influence

Historical Perspective

Biographers and historians often credit Stevenson with elevating political discourse and inspiring a generation of Americans to engage in public service. His intellectual rigor, eloquent oratory, and commitment to principled politics left a lasting impact on the Democratic Party and American political thought.

Cultural Resonance

Stevenson's persona and career have been referenced in various forms of popular culture, including film, television, and literature. His image as a thoughtful, albeit sometimes unsuccessful, presidential candidate and a principled diplomat continues to be a subject of discussion and analysis.

Honoring His Name

Numerous institutions, including schools, halls, and professorships, bear Stevenson's name, reflecting his enduring legacy in education and public service. His former home in Libertyville, Illinois, is recognized as a National Historic Landmark.

Electoral History

Gubernatorial Elections

Stevenson's successful bid for Governor of Illinois in 1948 marked a significant political achievement. He was re-nominated uncontested for the 1952 gubernatorial primary, demonstrating his continued strength within the state Democratic Party.

1948 Illinois Gubernatorial Election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Adlai E. Stevenson	2,250,074	57.11
	Republican	Dwight H. Green (incumbent)	1,678,007	42.59
	Prohibition	Willis Ray Wilson	9,491	0.24
Total votes		3,940,257	100

Presidential Elections

Stevenson's two presidential campaigns against Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 were significant national events. Despite losing both contests, his candidacies galvanized support among Democrats and highlighted his intellectual approach to governance.

1952 Presidential Election Results
Presidential candidate	Party	Popular vote		Electoral vote	Running mate
Presidential candidate	Party	Count	Percentage	Electoral vote	Vice-presidential candidate	Electoral vote
Dwight David Eisenhower	Republican	34,075,529	55.18%	442	Richard Milhous Nixon	442
Adlai Ewing Stevenson II	Democratic	27,375,090	44.33%	89	John Jackson Sparkman	89

1956 Presidential Election Results
Presidential candidate	Party	Popular vote		Electoral vote	Running mate
Presidential candidate	Party	Count	Percentage	Electoral vote	Vice-presidential candidate	Electoral vote
Dwight David Eisenhower (Incumbent)	Republican	35,579,180	57.37%	457	Richard Milhous Nixon	457
Adlai Ewing Stevenson II	Democratic	26,028,028	41.97%	73	Carey Estes Kefauver	73

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References

Robert E. Hartley, Battleground 1948: Truman, Stevenson, Douglas, and the Most Surprising Election in Illinois History (Southern Illinois University Press; 2013)

John Frederick Martin, "The Trappings of Democracy," Historically Speaking (2013) 14#4 p4 in Project MUSE

Adlai E. Stevenson Project, "Marietta Tree," Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, 1968, 92-93.

Seymour Maxwell Finger, Inside the World of Diplomacy: The U.S. Foreign Service in a Changing World (2001) p 63

The Not Making of a President at IMDb

A full list of references for this article are available at the Adlai Stevenson II Wikipedia page

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This content has been generated by an AI model for educational purposes, drawing upon publicly available data. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the source material, it may not be exhaustive or reflect the most current information. The tone and presentation are designed for an academic audience.

This is not professional political or historical advice. The information provided is intended for study and understanding, not as a substitute for consultation with qualified historians, political scientists, or legal professionals. Always consult primary sources and expert analysis for definitive conclusions.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Adlai Stevenson II: The Intellectual Statesman

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Biographical Foundation 🏛️

👤 Personal Identity

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Family Heritage

🎓 Education and Early Career

Path to Prominence 🚀

🇺🇳 United Nations Delegate

⚖️ Legal and Civic Engagement

🚢 World War Service

Governorship of Illinois ⚙️

🗳️ Election and Mandate

reform Key Reforms

veto Vetoes and Principles

Presidential Aspirations 🇺🇸

🗣️ The 1952 Campaign

🗳️ The 1956 Campaign

💡 Campaign Philosophy

Ambassador to the United Nations 🌍

🤝 Diplomatic Role

🇨🇺 Cuban Crises

🗣️ Challenges and Humiliation

Enduring Influence ⭐

📜 Historical Perspective

🏛️ Cultural Resonance

🏫 Honoring His Name

Electoral History 📊

🗳️ Gubernatorial Elections

🏆 Presidential Elections

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Biographical Foundation

Personal Identity

Family Heritage

Education and Early Career

Path to Prominence

United Nations Delegate

Legal and Civic Engagement

World War Service

Governorship of Illinois

Election and Mandate

Key Reforms

Vetoes and Principles

Presidential Aspirations

The 1952 Campaign

The 1956 Campaign

Campaign Philosophy

Ambassador to the United Nations

Diplomatic Role

Cuban Crises

Challenges and Humiliation

Enduring Influence

Historical Perspective

Cultural Resonance

Honoring His Name

Electoral History

Gubernatorial Elections

Presidential Elections

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice