What is Adyghe Xabze?

Adyghe Xabze, also known as Circassian Xabze or Khabzism, is the worldview and moral code of the Circassian people. It encompasses a comprehensive set of social rules, norms, and moral principles that traditionally guide an individual's behavior in all aspects of life.

What is the literal meaning of the word "Khabze"?

The word "Khabze" is a Circassian compound word. It is formed from "khy," meaning "vast" or "universe," and "bze," meaning "language." Therefore, its literal translation is "language of the universe" or "word of the cosmos."

How has the meaning of "Khabze" evolved over time?

While its literal meaning relates to the "language of the universe," the term "Khabze" has evolved in the Circassian language to encompass broader concepts such as "rule," "custom," and "tradition." It represents a system of social conduct and moral principles.

What are some of the core tenets and values promoted by Adyghe Xabze?

Adyghe Xabze promotes values such as truthfulness, honor, and bravery. It emphasizes profound respect for elders and women, encourages helping and protecting the weak, doing good deeds, and standing up for those who are degraded or insulted. It also advocates for living by honest work and respecting the opinions of others.

What behaviors or attitudes does Adyghe Xabze discourage?

Adyghe Xabze discourages deception, interference in the affairs of others, subservience, and genuflection towards powerful individuals. Greed, the excessive desire for possessions, wealth, and ostentation are also considered disgraceful under the Khabze code.

What is the traditional sanction for individuals who act against the principles of Khabze?

The simplest and most traditional sanction for violating the principles of Khabze is shunning. This can include not attending important life events like funerals or weddings and generally ignoring the existence of the individual who has transgressed the code.

What is the ultimate goal for a person practicing Adyghe Xabze?

The primary goal for an individual practicing Khabze is to live as honorably as possible. Those who consistently adhere to Khabze principles gain respect within Circassian society and may eventually attain the status of a "themade."

What aspects of Circassian life are traditionally influenced or described by Khabze?

Khabze traditionally influences and describes various aspects of Circassian life, including traditional dress and its creation, household utensils, methods for managing a household, the selection of the esteemed Kabarda horse (known as "Adygesh" in Adyghe), and the observance of national holidays.

How does Adyghe Xabze relate to ancient Circassian beliefs?

Before the widespread adoption of Islam, Adyghe Xabze was closely associated with the pagan beliefs of the Circassian people. Circassia was notable for retaining its native religious traditions for an extended period, and many of these elements syncretized with later religions, maintaining their influence on the modern worldview.

What is the historical origin and age of Adyghe Xabze?

Adyghe Xabze is considered one of the oldest cultural products of Circassian history, with traditions dating back to at least 3000 BC. It represents a long-standing system of social and moral conduct.

How did the Circassian genocide affect the practice of Adyghe Xabze?

The Circassian genocide, perpetrated by the Russian Empire in the 19th century, nearly caused the cessation of Adyghe Xabze in Circassia. This period of conflict and displacement severely impacted the cultural and social fabric, threatening the continuity of traditional practices.

What is the role of the "Khase" in Circassian communities?

In every Circassian community, a local advisory council known as the Khase serves as a central point for cultural preservation. These councils provide a space for Circassians to speak their language, engage in cultural activities, learn about the laws of Xabze, and seek traditional advice.

How do local Khase councils connect on a larger scale?

Local and regional Khase advisory councils coordinate their efforts and communicate internationally through the International Circassian Association. This association is itself a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO), based in Belgium.

What is the significance of the term "th'amaté" (or "themade") in relation to Khabze?

The "th'amaté" (or "themade") is a key figure in Circassian culture, often an elder, who carries significant responsibilities, such as organizing weddings. Individuals attain this status by reaching a certain age and consistently adhering to all the rules of Khabze throughout their lives. It signifies a respected position within the community.

What does the Adyghe "hammer cross" symbol represent?

The Adyghe "hammer cross" is a symbol often associated with Khabze. This symbol bears a resemblance to the Tau cross, which is similar in form to the Greek letter 'Tau,' although the direct connection and confirmation of this resemblance are still under discussion.

How is hospitality practiced according to Adyghe Xabze?

Hospitality is a highly pronounced virtue in Adyghe Xabze. A guest is considered a guest not just of the host family but of the entire village and clan. This duty extends even to enemies if they enter a home, and hosts are expected to attend to every need of their guests, considering it a sacred obligation.

What is the expected behavior of a host towards a guest under Khabze?

Under Adyghe Xabze, a host is expected to serve their guest diligently, almost like a slave to the guest's needs and wants. It is considered a disgrace to the host if a guest is permitted to perform any form of labor.

What specific traditions related to social conduct are part of Khabze?

One significant tradition within Khabze requires individuals to stand when someone enters a room, offer them a seat, and allow the newcomer to speak before others in a conversation. This demonstrates respect for newcomers and maintains a courteous social order.

How does Khabze address the issue of disputes, particularly in the presence of women?

Khabze mandates that respectful conversation and conduct are essential in the presence of elders and women. Disputes are typically stopped immediately if women are present, to avoid disturbing them. Furthermore, a woman has the authority to demand reconciliation between disputing parties, and her request must be obeyed.

What is the connection between Adyghe Xabze and Circassian nationalism?

Adyghe Xabze is frequently associated with Circassian nationalism. The revival and promotion of the Khabzeist worldview, particularly in the 1990s after the fall of the Soviet Union, were supported by Circassian intellectuals as a means to strengthen cultural identity and national consciousness.

How did the Soviet era influence the practice of Khabze?

The Soviet Union's policies led to a significant weakening of religious practices and traditional customs, including Khabze, especially among the Circassians. However, this period also inadvertently set the stage for a later revival of Khabze as a cultural identifier.

What role has Khabze played in countering religious extremism?

In recent times, Khabze has served as a force to counter the influence of Wahhabism and other forms of Islamic extremism. Its traditional values and pre-Islamic roots are seen by some as a bulwark against more fundamentalist interpretations of Islam.

What happened to Arsen Tsipinov, and why was he targeted?

Arsen Tsipinov, a Kabardian Circassian ethnographer and advocate for Khabze, was murdered by radical Islamist terrorists on December 29, 2010. They accused him of being a "mushrik" (an idolater who disbelieves in Islamic monotheism) and had previously threatened him and others for promoting pre-Islamic Circassian traditions.

What is the linguistic origin of the Circassian word "bze"?

The Circassian word "bze" means "language." It is combined with "khy" (meaning "vast" or "universe") to form "Khabze."

What is the significance of the Nart saga in relation to Khabze?

The Nart saga, a collection of epic tales traditionally transmitted orally, has significantly contributed to shaping Circassian values over centuries. The laws and principles found within the Nart saga were foundational in the initial formation of the Adyghe Xabze system.

How is Adyghe Xabze described in terms of its structure and definition?

Adyghe Xabze is described as a set of laws that includes norms and moral principles determining individual behavior, representing social rules across all areas of life. However, the text notes that these rules and regulations were not static and were not officially codified in the past.

What is the meaning of the Adyghe Xabze poster mentioned in the article?

The article includes a reference to an Adyghe Xabze poster, which is presented as an illustration. While the specific content of the poster is not detailed, its existence highlights the visual representation and promotion of Khabze.

What is the significance of the Adyghe "hammer cross" as depicted in the article?

The image caption describes the Adyghe "hammer cross" as a symbol representing Khabze. This symbol is noted for its resemblance to the Tau cross, a form similar to the Greek letter 'Tau.'

What are the alternative spellings for "Khabze" mentioned in the source?

According to the notes section, alternative spellings for Khabze include Xabze, Khabza, and Habze.

What is the Adyghe and Turkish translation for Adyghe Xabze?

In Adyghe, the term is "Adyge Khabze," and in Turkish, it is "Adige Habze." The Arabic transliteration provided is "Adīga Khābza."

What is the role of the International Circassian Cultural Academy (ICCA) concerning Khabze?

The International Circassian Cultural Academy (ICCA) plays a role in promoting Khabze. For instance, a book focusing on the code of conduct, honor, and traditions of the Circassian people, titled 'Adyghe Xabze,' was published in Jordan by an ICCA teacher and a senior ICCA member.

How is Khabze described as evolving?

Khabze is described as an evolving and ever-changing system that is reformed to fit the needs of the Circassian community. This adaptation is typically guided by figures known as "th'amaté" or regional elders.

What is the relationship between Khabze and Circassian identity?

Khabze is deeply intertwined with Circassian identity, serving as a core moral code and worldview. Its revival and promotion are seen as integral to maintaining and strengthening Circassian cultural identity, particularly in the context of nationalism and resistance against external cultural influences.

What does Adyghe Xabze teach regarding courage, reliability, and generosity?

The Adyghe Xabze code mandates that all Circassians be taught courage, reliability, and generosity. These virtues are considered essential components of a well-lived life according to the Khabze principles.

How does Khabze view wealth and material possessions?

According to the Khabze code, greed, the desire for possessions, wealth, and ostentation are considered disgraceful. The emphasis is placed on honorable conduct and virtues rather than material accumulation.

What is the significance of the "Khabze cross"?

The Khabze cross is a symbol often associated with the Adyghe Xabze. It is noted for its resemblance to the Tau cross, suggesting a potential connection or shared symbolism, though this link is not definitively confirmed in the text.

What role do Circassian elders play within the framework of Khabze?

Elders are highly respected within the framework of Adyghe Xabze. The code emphasizes showing particular respect towards elders, and the status of 'th'amaté,' often held by elders, signifies a person who embodies and upholds the principles of Khabze.

How does Khabze encourage interaction and understanding between people?

Adyghe Xabze encourages respecting the opinions of others and understanding their situations. This fosters a sense of empathy and mutual respect within the community, contributing to social harmony.

What is the historical context of the term 'Khabzeism'?

The term 'Khabzeism' is mentioned as an alternative name for Adyghe Xabze. While traditionally associated with Circassian paganism, the text clarifies that this paganism is no longer dominant, but Khabze itself persists as a moral code and worldview.

What is the significance of endogamous marriage within the context of Khabze?

Adyghe Xabze traditionally promotes endogamous marriage as a policy to protect and preserve Circassian culture. By marrying within the community, the cultural heritage and identity are intended to be maintained across generations.

How does Khabze promote bravery?

Khabze mandates that courage be taught to all Circassians. This emphasis on bravery is a core tenet, reflecting the historical context and values of the Circassian people.

What is the meaning of "Khabze" in the context of Circassian language evolution?

Over time, the word "Khabze" has evolved in the Circassian language to mean "rule," "custom," and "tradition." This reflects its function as a comprehensive guide for social behavior and cultural practices.

What is the role of Circassian intellectuals in the revival of Khabze?

Circassian intellectuals played a significant role in supporting the revival of the Khabzeist worldview, particularly in the 1990s following the collapse of the Soviet Union. This revival was part of a broader resurgence of Circassian nationalism and cultural identity.

What does the article suggest about the relationship between Khabze and honesty?

Adyghe Xabze actively discourages deception and promotes living by honest work. Truthfulness is highlighted as a core value within the Khabze code.

How does Khabze influence the selection of horses?

Khabze traditionally influences the selection of the Kabarda horse, referred to in Adyghe as "Adygesh." This indicates that the code extends to practical aspects of life, including the choice of important animals.

What is the significance of Khabze in relation to the concept of Dharma?

The meaning of Khabze, translating roughly to "language of the universe" or "word of the cosmos," is suggested to be comparable to the concept of Dharma. Dharma, in various Indian religions, refers to cosmic law and order, as well as individual duty and righteousness.

What is the stance of Khabze on interfering in others' affairs?

Adyghe Xabze discourages interference in the affairs of other people. This principle promotes respect for individual autonomy and privacy within the community.

What is the purpose of the advisory councils known as Khase?

The purpose of the Khase councils is to provide Circassians with a dedicated space to practice their language, engage in cultural activities, learn the laws of Xabze, and seek traditional guidance. These councils act as centers for cultural continuity and education.

How does Khabze address the concept of honor?

Honor is a central tenet of Adyghe Xabze. The code emphasizes living honorably as the primary goal for individuals and considers actions like greed and ostentation as disgraceful, directly contrasting with the value of honor.

Adyghe Xabze Wiki: Adyghe Xabze: The Circassian Moral Compass

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Overview

Defining Adyghe Xabze

Adyghe Xabze, also known as Circassian Xabze or Khabzism, represents the comprehensive worldview and moral code of the Circassian people. Traditionally intertwined with ancient Circassian paganism, it serves as a foundational ethical framework, guiding behavior with minimal exceptions. Adherence to Xabze is paramount, dictating a life lived with truthfulness, honor, and bravery.

Historical Significance

With roots tracing back millennia, Xabze is a product of Circassian history, evolving over time. While not formally codified in the past, its principles have shaped Circassian society. The code faced near extinction following the Circassian genocide in the 19th century but has seen a resurgence as a vital element of cultural identity and revival.

Cultural Framework

Xabze encompasses social rules across all aspects of life, influencing personal conduct, household management, traditions, and even the selection of horses and the observance of national holidays. It promotes respect, honesty, and courage, while condemning greed and ostentation, fostering a society where honor and integrity are highly valued.

Etymology

The Meaning of "Khabze"

The term "Khabze" (Adyghe: Adyge Khabze) is a compound word derived from khy, signifying "vast" or "universe," and bze, meaning "language." Thus, its literal translation suggests "language of the universe" or "word of the cosmos," potentially comparable to concepts like Dharma. Over time, "Khabze" has evolved to encompass broader meanings of "rule," "custom," and "tradition" within the Circassian language.

Symbolic Representation

A symbol often associated with Adyghe Xabze is the "hammer cross," which bears resemblance to the Greek Tau cross. While the precise historical connection is subject to ongoing discussion, this symbol visually represents the enduring nature and foundational importance of the Xabze code within Circassian culture.

Core Traditions

Pillars of Conduct

Adyghe Xabze emphasizes virtues such as truthfulness, honor, bravery, and profound respect, particularly towards elders and women. It discourages deception, interference in others' affairs, and subservience to power. Instead, it champions respecting diverse opinions, understanding others' circumstances, aiding the vulnerable, and upholding integrity through honest labor.

Social Sanctions

The primary sanction for acting against Xabze is social shunning. This can manifest as exclusion from significant life events like weddings or funerals, and a general disregard for the individual's existence within the community. The ultimate aim is to live honorably, earning societal respect and becoming a trusted advisor.

The Role of the 'Themade'

A key figure embodying Xabze principles is the themade (Adyghe: thəmaté), often an elder responsible for cultural functions like weddings. This individual must meticulously adhere to Xabze in all aspects of life. Attaining themade status is typically linked to age and a consistent record of upholding Xabze, making it an achievable aspiration for most Circassians who avoid major transgressions.

Hospitality and Respect

Hospitality is a deeply ingrained tradition within Xabze. A guest is considered a responsibility not just of the host family but of the entire community. Even enemies entering a home are afforded guest status and treated with sacred duty. Hosts are expected to cater to every need, viewing service to the guest as an honor, not a burden.

Specific customs include standing when someone enters a room, offering them a seat, and allowing them to speak first. Respectful discourse is maintained, especially in the presence of elders and women, whose comfort is prioritized, with women holding the authority to demand reconciliation between disputing parties.

Ancient Beliefs

Pre-Islamic Roots

Historically, Adyghe Xabze was closely associated with the indigenous pagan beliefs of the Circassian people. Circassia maintained its native religious traditions for an extended period, demonstrating a continuity between ancient practices and modern cultural expressions. Following Islamization, many native elements were syncretized, preserving aspects of the original worldview within the evolving religious landscape.

Nationalist Movement

Revival and Identity

Adyghe Xabze is frequently linked with Circassian nationalism. Initially shaped by the oral traditions of the Nart saga, Xabze has been central to Circassian values for centuries. Following the decline of traditional religions during the Soviet era, intellectuals championed the revival of the Xabzeist worldview in the 1990s as a means to bolster Circassian nationalism and cultural identity. It has also served as a cultural bulwark against the influence of Wahhabism and Islamic extremism.

Challenges and Resilience

The commitment to reviving Xabze has faced significant challenges. Tragically, Arsen Tsipinov, a prominent Kabardian ethnographer and advocate for Xabze, was murdered in 2010 by radical Islamists who accused him of heresy for promoting pre-Islamic Circassian traditions. Despite such persecution, the movement persists, with efforts like the publication of books on Xabze in Jordan by the International Circassian Cultural Academy demonstrating its continued vitality.

Historical Context

Ancient Origins

The origins of Adyghe Xabze are ancient, with some traditions suggesting a lineage dating back to at least 3000 BC. Its development is deeply rooted in the history and cultural evolution of the Circassian people.

Medieval Period

During the medieval era, Circassia experienced significant historical events, including the Mongol invasions. The region of Zichia emerged, and figures like Inal the Great played roles in shaping Circassian society and its traditions.

Modern Era and Genocide

The modern period saw the rise of Circassian nationalism and significant geopolitical events, including the Russo-Circassian War. The Circassian Revolution and the establishment of the Circassian Majlis were key developments. However, this era was tragically marked by the Circassian genocide perpetrated by the Russian Empire, which severely impacted the continuity of Xabze.

Contemporary Influence

In contemporary times, Xabze continues to influence Circassian communities globally. Efforts to preserve and promote the code are coordinated through organizations like the International Circassian Association. The Republic of Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, and Karachay-Cherkessia in Russia are key regions where Circassian culture, including Xabze, is maintained.

Tribal Structure

Surviving Tribes

The Circassian people are historically composed of numerous tribes, each with distinct characteristics. While many have been lost or assimilated due to historical events, several major tribes continue to thrive and preserve their heritage:

Abzakhs
Besleney
Bzhedug
Chemirgoy
Hatuqway
Kabardian
Natukhaj
Shapsug
Ubykh

Historical Tribes

The historical landscape included numerous other tribes, many of which were significantly impacted or ceased to exist as distinct entities due to the Circassian genocide and subsequent diaspora. These include:

Ademey
Chebsin
Guaye
Hakuchey
Khatuq
Khegayk
Makhosh
Mamkhegh
Yegeruqway
Zhaney

Cultural Expressions

Symbols and Identity

Key cultural elements include the Circassian flag, symbolizing their aspirations and heritage. The concept of "Circassian beauty" is also notable, reflecting traditional aesthetic ideals. The Nart saga forms the bedrock of Circassian mythology, providing epic narratives that inform cultural values.

Arts and Sustenance

Circassian culture is rich in music, with traditional melodies and performances playing a significant role in social gatherings. Circassian cuisine offers distinct flavors and dishes, reflecting the region's agricultural and culinary heritage. The selection and care of the Kabarda horse, a breed renowned for its strength and endurance, is also an important aspect of traditional life.

Commemoration

The Circassian Day of Mourning serves as an important annual occasion for remembrance and reflection on the historical struggles and resilience of the Circassian people.

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References

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Khabze.info. What is Khabze?

Paul Golbe. Window on Eurasia: Circassians Caught Between Two Globalizing "Mill Stones", Russian Commentator Says. On Windows on Eurasia, January 2013.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Adyghe Xabze Wikipedia page

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This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional cultural, historical, or sociological consultation. Always refer to primary sources and consult with qualified experts for specific needs. Never disregard professional advice because of something you have read on this website.

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Adyghe Xabze: The Circassian Moral Compass

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

⚖️ Defining Adyghe Xabze

📜 Historical Significance

🌐 Cultural Framework

Etymology 🗣️

🌌 The Meaning of "Khabze"

💡 Symbolic Representation

Core Traditions 🤝

⭐ Pillars of Conduct

🚫 Social Sanctions

👑 The Role of the 'Themade'

🏠 Hospitality and Respect

Ancient Beliefs 🌿

🏛️ Pre-Islamic Roots

Nationalist Movement 🚩

✊ Revival and Identity

🕊️ Challenges and Resilience

Historical Context ⏳

🕰️ Ancient Origins

⚔️ Medieval Period

🔥 Modern Era and Genocide

🌍 Contemporary Influence

Tribal Structure 👥

🌳 Surviving Tribes

🥀 Historical Tribes

Cultural Expressions 🎨

🚩 Symbols and Identity

🎶 Arts and Sustenance

📅 Commemoration

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

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References

📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Defining Adyghe Xabze

Historical Significance

Cultural Framework

Etymology

The Meaning of "Khabze"

Symbolic Representation

Core Traditions

Pillars of Conduct

Social Sanctions

The Role of the 'Themade'

Hospitality and Respect

Ancient Beliefs

Pre-Islamic Roots

Nationalist Movement

Revival and Identity

Challenges and Resilience

Historical Context

Ancient Origins

Medieval Period

Modern Era and Genocide

Contemporary Influence

Tribal Structure

Surviving Tribes

Historical Tribes

Cultural Expressions

Symbols and Identity

Arts and Sustenance

Commemoration

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice