What is agroforestry?

Agroforestry is a land use management system that integrates trees with crops or pasture. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies, functioning as a polyculture system that can yield a variety of products including timber, fruits, nuts, edible plants, mushrooms, medicinal plants, ornamental plants, and animal products.

What are some of the economic, environmental, and social benefits associated with agroforestry practices?

Agroforestry can be practiced for economic, environmental, and social benefits, contributing to sustainable agriculture. These benefits include improved farm productivity, healthier environments, reduced risk for farmers, enhanced farm profits, reduced soil erosion, creation of wildlife habitats, less pollution, better management of animal waste, increased biodiversity, improved soil structure, and carbon sequestration.

Where are agroforestry practices most prevalent, and where have they been adopted due to their benefits?

Agroforestry practices are especially prevalent in the tropics, particularly in subsistence smallholdings and sub-Saharan Africa. Due to its multiple benefits, such as improved nutrient cycling and drought mitigation, it has also been adopted in the US and Europe.

What is the fundamental definition of an agroforestry system?

At its most basic, agroforestry is defined as any of various polyculture systems that intentionally integrate trees with crops or pasture on the same land. These systems are managed to optimize helpful interactions between the integrated plants and animals, often using the forest as a design model.

How does agroforestry relate to the concept of agroecology?

Agroforestry is considered an application of agroecology because the integration of tree species into farming systems initiates the development of an agroecological succession that mimics natural vegetation.

When and by whom was the term "agroforestry" coined?

The term "agroforestry" was coined in 1973 by Canadian forester John Bene.

How did the scientific study of agroforestry begin, and what is its relationship to indigenous practices?

Scientific agroforestry began in the 20th century with ethnobotanical studies by anthropologists. However, the practice itself is rooted in centuries-old informal methods used by indigenous communities who lived in close relationships with forest ecosystems.

Can you provide examples of historical agroforestry practices by indigenous peoples?

Yes, for instance, Indigenous peoples of California periodically used controlled burns to maintain habitats, improving tree health. Similarly, Native Americans in the eastern United States managed land as a "mosaic" of woodland areas, orchards, and forest gardens.

What are "tropical home gardens," and what are their characteristics?

Tropical home gardens are an ancient and widespread form of agroforestry in the tropics, often continuously cultivated for centuries. These traditional systems, developed by growers without formal research, are characterized by high complexity and diversity of useful plants, featuring a canopy of trees and palms for food and shade, a mid-story of fruit or spice shrubs, and an understory of root vegetables, herbs, and other non-woody crops.

What significant argument did J. Russel Smith make in his 1929 book "Tree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture"?

In his 1929 book, J. Russel Smith argued for two main changes in American agriculture: using non-arable land for tree agriculture and replacing grain inputs in livestock diets with tree-produced crops, highlighting the potential of trees like the honey locust for nutritious livestock feed.

How is modern scientific agroforestry derived from traditional practices?

Modern scientific agroforestry is derived from traditional indigenous and local practices that have been developed over many generations through close association with ecosystems.

What are the primary benefits of agroforestry systems compared to conventional farming methods?

Agroforestry systems can offer increased productivity, provide social, economic, and environmental benefits, and deliver a greater diversity of ecological goods and services compared to conventional agricultural and forest production methods. However, these benefits are conditional on good farm management, including selecting and pruning trees appropriately.

How does agroforestry contribute to biodiversity?

Biodiversity in agroforestry systems is typically higher than in conventional agricultural systems. The integration of two or more plant species creates a more complex habitat, supporting a wider variety of fauna. The tree component specifically creates ecological niches for numerous organisms, fostering functional agroecosystems.

In what ways can trees in agroforestry systems improve soil and plant growth?

Trees in agroforestry systems help protect depleted soil from erosion by providing ground cover, stabilize soil, and increase water infiltration. They can also reduce nutrient and soil runoff into waterways, leading to cleaner water, and potentially increase crop yields and stability.

What are some specific advantages for plant growth mentioned in relation to agroforestry?

Specific advantages for plant growth mentioned include bioremediation, improved drought tolerance, and increased crop stability.

How does agroforestry contribute to agricultural sustainability?

Agroforestry contributes to sustainable agriculture by diversifying farm products for income security, enhancing food security and nutrition through restored soil fertility and crop diversity, restoring land by reducing erosion and regulating water availability, allowing for multifunctional site use, reducing deforestation pressure by providing farm-grown fuelwood, potentially reducing chemical inputs, and providing space for medicinal plants.

What role does agroforestry play in climate change mitigation and adaptation?

Agroforestry can significantly contribute to climate change mitigation and provide adaptation benefits. For example, adopting agroforestry practices has been shown to drive carbon storage and improve livelihoods for small-scale farmers, with factors like tree species diversity and farm size being important. It also helps farmers adapt to climate change by diversifying crops and providing alternative income sources.

What specific leguminous tree has shown promise in improving maize yields in Zambia when used in agroforestry?

The leguminous tree *Faidherbia albida* has shown promise in improving maize yields in Zambia when intercropped with maize at densities of 25 to 100 trees per hectare, achieving yields of 4.0 tonnes per hectare, which is significantly higher than average yields in similar regions without this practice.

What is "Kuojtakiloyan," and where is it practiced?

Kuojtakiloyan is a Masehual term meaning "useful forest" or "forest that produces." It is an agroforestry system practiced by indigenous peoples in the Sierra Norte of Puebla, Mexico, characterized by a jungle-like polyculture that grows a wide variety of trees and crops, contributing to biodiversity and nature conservation.

What are the key components of the Kuojtakiloyan system in Mexico?

The Kuojtakiloyan system is a jungle-landscaped polyculture that includes avocados, sweet potatoes, cinnamon, black cherries, citrus fruits, gourds, macadamia, mangoes, bananas, and sapotes. It also incorporates wild edible mushrooms and herbs, the *jonote* tree for fiber, and bamboo for construction. Shade-grown coffee is also a significant component, requiring shade for high quality.

How does shade-grown coffee benefit from agroforestry systems?

Shade-grown coffee, a common practice in agroforestry, benefits from the tree canopies which reduce weeding costs and improve the quality and taste of the coffee itself.

How does alley cropping in temperate climates differ from strip cropping?

Alley cropping involves alternating strips of crops with rows of closely spaced trees or hedges, where trees are typically pruned before crop planting. Strip cropping is similar but uses wider strips of trees or shrubs, which can have a purely productive role (fruits, nuts) while also protecting nearby crops from erosion and wind.

What is "Inga alley cropping," and why is it promoted as an alternative to slash-and-burn cultivation?

Inga alley cropping involves planting agricultural crops between rows of Inga trees. It is promoted as a sustainable alternative to slash-and-burn cultivation because it allows continuous cultivation of the same plot, improving crop yields and soil fertility without the need for burning rainforests.

What are the key characteristics and benefits of the Inga tree in alley cropping systems?

Inga trees are leguminous, fixing nitrogen usable by plants, and grow well in the acid soils of tropical rainforests. Their fast growth and thick leaves provide a protective mulch that smothers weeds and enriches the soil. Pruning the trees also reduces root competition with crops, and their dense canopy helps control weeds.

What is forest farming, and how does it differ from simple harvesting of wild plants?

Forest farming involves growing high-value crops under a managed tree canopy, sometimes called multi-story cropping or home gardening. It differs from simple harvesting of wild plants because it includes intentional management of the canopy and understory to enhance the growth and marketability of specific crops.

What is the purpose of riparian forest buffers in agroforestry?

Riparian forest buffers are strips of permanent vegetation located near watercourses or in ditches to capture water runoff. Their primary purpose is to prevent nutrients and soil from contaminating water sources.

How can silvopasture systems benefit animals in hot climates?

In silvopasture systems, animals like cattle, goats, or sheep graze under trees. In hot climates, the shaded environment provided by the trees reduces heat stress on the animals, allowing them to gain weight faster, and the tree leaves or shrubs can also serve as fodder.

What is the *dehesa* or *montado* system, and where is it practiced?

The *dehesa* or *montado* system is a silvopasture practice found in Spain and Portugal, where animals like pigs and bulls are raised extensively within a managed woodland ecosystem.

How do windbreaks function in agroforestry systems?

Windbreaks are rows of trees or hedges planted to reduce wind velocity over and around crops. This protection increases crop yields by minimizing drying, preventing crops from toppling in strong winds, and reducing erosion.

What was the outcome of testing agroforestry with walnut and cherry trees in Switzerland?

In Switzerland, testing agroforestry with walnut and cherry trees at densities of 40-70 trees per hectare showed that while yields decreased slightly with increasing tree height and foliage, the total yield per area was up to 30 percent higher than in monocultural systems.

What types of crops were tested in the Swiss agroforestry experiments involving modern apple and sour cherry cultivars?

The Swiss experiments involved growing *Populus tremula* for biofuel and alternating grazing pasture with maize or sorghum, wheat, strawberries, and fallowing between rows of modern apple cultivars ('Boskoop', 'Spartan') and sour cherry cultivars ('Morina', 'Coraline', 'Achat'), with bushes like dogrose and sea buckthorn intercropped with vegetables.

How did Robert Hart adapt forest gardening principles to temperate climates?

In the 1980s, Robert Hart adapted forest gardening principles, originally from tropical areas, to temperate climates in the United Kingdom. He transitioned from conventional smallholding practices, including livestock, to a plant-focused system after finding perennial vegetables easier to manage, eventually creating a model forest garden and adopting similar terminology to existing global systems.

What were the key inspirations for Robert Hart's adaptation of forest gardening?

Robert Hart was inspired by the forest farming methods of Toyohiko Kagawa and James Sholto Douglas, as well as the high productivity of Keralan home gardens in India, which he described as having an extraordinary intensity of cultivation.

What is the "seven-layer system" in forest gardening?

The seven-layer system refers to the vertical structure of a forest garden, encompassing a canopy of trees, a shrub layer, a herbaceous layer, a ground cover layer, a root layer, a vine layer, and potentially an underground layer, all designed to maximize productivity and biodiversity within a given space.

How did Ken Fern contribute to the development of temperate forest gardening?

Ken Fern believed that a wider range of edible, shade-tolerant plants was needed for successful temperate forest gardens. To address this, he compiled a plant database suitable for such systems and used the term "woodland gardening" in his book *Plants for a Future*.

What is the significance of the "seven-layer system" in permaculture design?

Robert Hart's seven-layer system has been adopted as a common design element within permaculture, providing a structured approach to creating diverse and productive food-producing ecosystems.

How are forest gardens common in the tropics, and what examples exist?

Forest gardens, or home gardens, are common in the tropics, utilizing intercropping to cultivate trees, crops, and livestock together. Examples include Kandyan forest gardens in Sri Lanka, *huertos familiares* in Mexico, and diverse gardens in Kerala, South India, which combine crops like coconut, black pepper, cocoa, and pineapple, conserving significant genetic diversity and heirloom plants.

What evidence suggests the Amazon rainforest was shaped by human practices like forest gardening?

Evidence suggests the Amazon rainforest was shaped by humans for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and the creation of *terra preta* (Amazonian dark earth). The discovery of pre-Columbian geoglyphs on deforested land further supports the influence of ancient civilizations.

What were the "orchard gardens" known as *pet kot* on the Yucatán Peninsula?

*Pet kot* were traditional "orchard gardens" on the Yucatán Peninsula, used by the Maya civilization to grow much of their food supply. They are named after the characteristic low stone walls (*pet* meaning 'circular' and *kot*, 'wall of loose stones') that typically surround them.

What argument did William Cronon make about indigenous North Americans and their interaction with the environment?

In his book *Changes in the Land*, William Cronon argued that indigenous North Americans used controlled burning to shape the natural environment into a mosaic of habitats ideal for wild game, effectively "harvesting a foodstuff which they had consciously been instrumental in creating."

What are some examples of plants used in forest gardens that function as both root plants and vines?

Wild yam is mentioned as a plant that can work as both a root plant and a vine in forest gardens. Ground covers are also utilized for their ability to control weeds and utilize otherwise unused areas.

List some of the medicinal herbs commonly found in forest farming systems.

Medicinal herbs commonly found in forest farming include Ginseng (*Panax quinquefolius*), Black Cohosh (*Actaea racemosa*), Goldenseal (*Hydrastis canadensis*), Bloodroot (*Sanguinaria canadensis*), Pacific yew (*Taxus brevifolia*), Mayapple (*Podophyllum peltatum*), Saw palmetto (*Serenoa repens*), and American Pokeweed (*Phytolacca americana*).

What are some examples of nuts cultivated in forest farming systems?

Forest farming systems cultivate nuts such as Black walnut (*Juglans nigra*), Hazelnut (*Corylus avellana*), Shagbark hickory (*Carya ovata*), and Beechnut (*Fagus sylvatica*).

Name some fruit crops commonly grown in forest farming.

Common fruit crops in forest farming include Pawpaw (*Asimina triloba*), Currants (*Ribes* spp.), Elderberry (*Sambucus* spp.), Serviceberry (*Amelanchier* spp.), Blackberry (*Rubus* spp.), and Huckleberry (*Gaylussacia brachycera*).

What are some "other food crops" mentioned in forest farming examples?

Other food crops mentioned include Ramps (wild leeks) (*Allium tricoccum*), maple syrups, honey, and mushrooms.

What are some examples of "other products" derived from forest farming besides food?

Other products from forest farming include mulch, materials for crafts, dyes, pine straw, willow twigs, and vines.

List some native ornamental plants used in forest farming.

Native ornamental plants used in forest farming include Rhododendron (*Rhododendron catawbiense*), Highbush cranberry (*Viburnum trilobum*), and Flowering dogwood (*Cornus florida*).

What is Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR)?

FMNR is a low-cost, sustainable land restoration technique used in developing countries to combat poverty and hunger. It involves the systematic regeneration and management of trees and shrubs from existing stumps, roots, and seeds, thereby increasing food and timber production and enhancing resilience to climate extremes.

Agroforestry Wiki: Agroforestry: Cultivating Symbiosis

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Definition

Integrated Land Use

Agroforestry, also known as agro-sylviculture or forest farming, is a sophisticated land use management system that intentionally integrates trees with crops or pasture. It represents a convergence of agricultural and forestry technologies, creating a polyculture system designed to yield a diverse array of products and benefits.

Multifaceted Outputs

These integrated systems can produce a wide spectrum of outputs, including timber, wood products, fruits, nuts, edible plant products, edible mushrooms, medicinal plants, ornamental plants, and animal products. This diversity stems from the intentional combination of domesticated and wild species within a managed framework.

Pillars of Sustainability

Agroforestry is fundamentally linked to sustainable agriculture, offering economic, environmental, and social advantages. Its practices enhance farm productivity, foster healthier environments, mitigate risks for farmers, and contribute significantly to ecological goals such as carbon sequestration and improved soil structure.

History and Study

Ancient Roots, Modern Terminology

While the term "agroforestry" was formally coined in 1973 by John Bene, the underlying practices are ancient, dating back millennia. Indigenous communities worldwide have long cultivated complex forest ecosystems for sustenance, demonstrating an intuitive understanding of integrated land management.

Scientific Evolution

Formal scientific study began in the 20th century, building upon ethnobotanical research. Key figures like J. Russel Smith, with his seminal work "Tree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture" (1929), advocated for tree-based farming systems, influencing concepts like permaculture and laying groundwork for modern agroforestry research.

Global Adoption

Initially focused on tropical regions, particularly in subsistence smallholdings, agroforestry's proven benefits in nutrient cycling, drought mitigation, and overall sustainability have led to its increasing adoption in temperate climates, including Europe and North America. This expansion highlights its adaptability and broad applicability.

Benefits

Enhanced Productivity

Agroforestry systems often outperform conventional monocultures by increasing overall farm productivity and profitability. The synergistic interactions between trees, crops, and potentially livestock lead to greater yields and improved resource utilization.

Environmental Stewardship

Key environmental advantages include reduced soil erosion, improved soil structure, enhanced water retention, and regulation of water availability. These systems contribute to cleaner water through reduced nutrient and sediment runoff, fostering healthier ecosystems.

Risk Mitigation

By diversifying agricultural outputs and improving resilience to environmental stressors like drought, agroforestry enhances economic security for farmers. The integrated nature of these systems provides a buffer against market fluctuations and climate variability.

Biodiversity

Habitat Complexity

Agroforestry systems typically exhibit higher biodiversity than conventional agricultural landscapes. The presence of multiple interacting plant species, including trees, creates complex habitats that support a wider array of fauna, both above and below ground.

Ecosystem Services

These diverse agroecosystems foster functional ecological niches, supporting intricate food chains and contributing to biodiversity conservation. In tropical regions, agroforests can host bird and bat diversity comparable to natural forests, while also providing essential food and nesting resources.

Germplasm Preservation

Beyond supporting current biodiversity, agroforestry practices can serve as vital corridors between habitats and contribute to the preservation of genetic diversity (germplasm) of sensitive plant species, ensuring their long-term survival.

Soil and Growth

Erosion Control

Groundcover plants and tree roots within agroforestry systems are crucial for stabilizing soil and preventing erosion. This increased soil cover, compared to row-cropped fields, significantly reduces the impact of wind and water runoff.

Water Management

Trees play a vital role in water management by reducing evaporation, increasing soil infiltration, and regulating water flow. This leads to improved water retention and can mitigate drought effects, while also reducing nutrient loss into waterways.

Nutrient Cycling

Many agroforestry practices incorporate nitrogen-fixing plants (legumes) and utilize pruned biomass as mulch. This process enhances soil fertility, improves nutrient uptake by crops, and can reduce the reliance on synthetic fertilizers.

Sustainability

Economic Resilience

Diversification of agricultural products, such as fuelwood, medicinal plants, and multiple food crops, enhances income security. This resilience is further bolstered by improved soil fertility and crop diversity, which increase resistance to weather shocks.

Food Security

By restoring soil fertility and promoting crop diversity, agroforestry directly contributes to enhanced food security and improved nutrition. These systems ensure more reliable food production, even in challenging environmental conditions.

Resource Management

Agroforestry practices can reduce pressure on natural forests by providing farm-grown fuelwood and other forest products. They also play a critical role in land restoration, regulating water cycles, and potentially reducing the need for chemical inputs through natural pest control and weed suppression.

Tropical Systems

Traditional Home Gardens

Agroforestry is most prevalent in the tropics, often manifesting as complex "tropical home gardens" cultivated for centuries. These systems integrate a high diversity of useful plants, creating multi-layered habitats that provide food, fuel, and other essential resources.

Alley Cropping and Intercropping

Practices like alley cropping, where crops are grown between rows of trees (e.g., using *Inga* species), and intercropping with nitrogen-fixing trees (e.g., *Faidherbia albida*, *Gliricidia sepium*), significantly improve crop yields and soil fertility in regions like sub-Saharan Africa.

Hillside Management

In regions prone to erosion, such as Honduras, agroforestry systems like the Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System integrate trees, pruning, and crop rotation (maize, beans, pumpkins) with livestock grazing to stabilize slopes, retain moisture, and build soil fertility.

Temperate Adaptations

USDA Classification

The United States Department of Agriculture identifies five key agroforestry applications for temperate climates: alley cropping, forest farming, riparian forest buffers, silvopasture, and windbreaks, each tailored to specific environmental and productive goals.

Alley Cropping and Strip Cropping

In temperate zones, alley cropping involves planting crops between single rows of trees, while strip cropping uses wider strips. These methods provide nutrients via pruned biomass, act as windbreaks, and protect against soil erosion, often utilizing species like walnuts and cherries.

Silvopasture

Silvopasture integrates trees with livestock grazing. In hot climates, the shade provided by trees reduces heat stress on animals, improving weight gain. Tree leaves can also serve as valuable fodder, enhancing the overall productivity and welfare of the livestock.

Forest Gardens

Low-Maintenance Systems

Forest gardening is a sustainable, plant-based food production system mimicking woodland ecosystems. It involves layering fruit and nut trees, shrubs, herbs, vines, and perennial vegetables, creating a low-maintenance, highly productive habitat.

Temperate Adaptation

Pioneered in temperate climates by figures like Robert Hart in the UK, forest gardening adapts traditional tropical home garden principles. This involves selecting shade-tolerant species suitable for cooler climates, building a diverse, resilient food system.

Permaculture Integration

Forest gardening is a core element within permaculture design. It emphasizes ecological principles, companion planting, and creating self-sustaining systems that provide food, medicine, and other resources with minimal external inputs.

Forest Farming

High-Value Crops

Forest farming involves cultivating high-value specialty crops under a managed forest canopy. This practice optimizes shade levels and habitat to enhance the growth and marketability of products like ginseng, shiitake mushrooms, and decorative ferns.

Four I's Principle

Characterized by being intentional, integrated, intensive, and interactive, forest farming is a land management system focused on increasing landowner benefits while preserving forest integrity and environmental health. It often involves cultivating non-timber forest products (NTFPs).

Historical Precedent

The practice has historical roots, with figures like Toyohiko Kagawa in Japan adapting these methods in the 1930s to combat soil erosion and provide income for farmers. This approach combines ecological stability with productive agriculture.

Regeneration

Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR)

FMNR is a cost-effective technique for land restoration, particularly in developing countries. It focuses on systematically regenerating trees and shrubs from existing stumps, roots, and seeds, combating poverty and enhancing resilience to climate extremes.

Sustainable Practices

Developed by Tony Rinaudo in West Africa, FMNR adapts traditional coppicing and pollarding methods. It involves selecting and pruning resprouting stems from stumps, protecting the environment, increasing soil fertility, and improving crop yields without costly replanting.

Community Empowerment

FMNR fosters community empowerment through shared land management practices, clarification of tree ownership laws, and the development of micro-enterprises. Its low cost and farmer-led approach facilitate widespread adoption and significant environmental transformation.

Key Plants

Medicinal Herbs

Agroforestry systems can cultivate a variety of medicinal herbs, including Ginseng (*Panax quinquefolius*), Black Cohosh (*Actaea racemosa*), and Goldenseal (*Hydrastis canadensis*), often under forest canopies, providing valuable non-timber forest products.

Nut and Fruit Trees

Essential components include nut trees like Black Walnut (*Juglans nigra*) and Shagbark Hickory (*Carya ovata*), and fruit-bearing species such as Pawpaw (*Asimina triloba*) and Elderberry (*Sambucus spp.*), contributing to both food security and ecosystem diversity.

Other Food Crops

Beyond trees, systems incorporate perennial vegetables like Ramps (*Allium tricoccum*), groundcovers, and various herbs. Maple for syrups and honey production are also integral parts of many forest garden and agroforestry models.

Global Projects

Mesoamerican Gardens

In the Yucatán Peninsula, the Maya practiced agroforestry through "pet kot" systems. Projects like El Pilar and K'an'an K'aax in Belize demonstrate traditional Maya agricultural practices, showcasing forest gardens as vital resources.

North American Initiatives

In the United States, significant projects include the Beacon Food Forest in Seattle and various initiatives in Colorado and Massachusetts. These efforts focus on community engagement and demonstrating the viability of forest gardening in temperate climates.

Canadian Developments

Richard Walker in British Columbia has cultivated food forests for decades, while The Living Centre in Ontario promotes various forest garden projects. These initiatives highlight the adaptability of agroforestry across different North American landscapes.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Agroforestry" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about agroforestry while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

united states attorney

twin pagodas of baisikou

rotary printing press

References

Leakey, R.R.B. 2014. The role of trees in agroecology and sustainable agriculture in the tropics. Annual Review of Phytopathology 52: 113-133.

Reij, C. and R. Winterbottom (2015). Scaling up Regreening: Six Steps to Success. World Resources Institute, World Resources Institute: 1-72.

David Adam, Earthshakers: the top 100 green campaigners of all time The Guardian, 28 November 2006

Elkan, Daniel. Slash-and-burn farming has become a major threat to the world's rainforest The Guardian 21 April 2004

Guinness, Bunny. A "miracle cure" The Sunday Telegraph 5 December 2004

Tougiani, A, Guero, C and Rinaudo, T 2008, Community mobilisation for improved livelihoods through tree crop management in Niger, GeoJournal (2009) 74:377â389.

Weston, P. and Hong, R., 2012, "End-of-Phase Evaluation Report: Talensi FMNR Project", World Vision Australia / World Vision Ghana.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Agroforestry Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Notice

This content has been generated by Artificial Intelligence, drawing upon publicly available data from Wikipedia. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and clarity, the information is presented for educational and informational purposes only and may not be exhaustive or entirely up-to-date.

This is not professional advice. The information provided herein does not constitute agricultural, environmental, or land management consultation. Readers are advised to consult official documentation and qualified professionals for specific applications and guidance related to agroforestry practices.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided.

Agroforestry: Cultivating Symbiosis

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Definition ℹ️

🌳 Integrated Land Use

🌱 Multifaceted Outputs

🌍 Pillars of Sustainability

History and Study 📜

⏳ Ancient Roots, Modern Terminology

💡 Scientific Evolution

🌐 Global Adoption

Benefits 🌿

📈 Enhanced Productivity

💧 Environmental Stewardship

🛡️ Risk Mitigation

Biodiversity 🦋

🌳 Habitat Complexity

🐦 Ecosystem Services

🌱 Germplasm Preservation

Soil and Growth 🌍

🛡️ Erosion Control

💧 Water Management

🌿 Nutrient Cycling

Sustainability ✅

💰 Economic Resilience

🍽️ Food Security

🌳 Resource Management

Tropical Systems ☀️

🏡 Traditional Home Gardens

🌽 Alley Cropping and Intercropping

⛰️ Hillside Management

Temperate Adaptations 🍂

🌳 USDA Classification

🍎 Alley Cropping and Strip Cropping

🐄 Silvopasture

Forest Gardens 🏡

🌿 Low-Maintenance Systems

🇬🇧 Temperate Adaptation

🌱 Permaculture Integration

Forest Farming 🌲

💎 High-Value Crops

💡 Four I's Principle

👴 Historical Precedent

Regeneration 🌱

🌍 Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR)

🔄 Sustainable Practices

🤝 Community Empowerment

Key Plants 🌿

💊 Medicinal Herbs

🌰 Nut and Fruit Trees

🥕 Other Food Crops

Global Projects 🌍

🇲🇽 Mesoamerican Gardens

🇺🇸 North American Initiatives

🇨🇦 Canadian Developments

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Definition

Integrated Land Use

Multifaceted Outputs

Pillars of Sustainability

History and Study

Ancient Roots, Modern Terminology

Scientific Evolution

Global Adoption

Benefits

Enhanced Productivity

Environmental Stewardship

Risk Mitigation

Biodiversity

Habitat Complexity

Ecosystem Services

Germplasm Preservation

Soil and Growth

Erosion Control

Water Management

Nutrient Cycling

Sustainability

Economic Resilience

Food Security

Resource Management

Tropical Systems

Traditional Home Gardens

Alley Cropping and Intercropping

Hillside Management

Temperate Adaptations

USDA Classification

Alley Cropping and Strip Cropping

Silvopasture

Forest Gardens

Low-Maintenance Systems

Temperate Adaptation

Permaculture Integration

Forest Farming

High-Value Crops

Four I's Principle

Historical Precedent

Regeneration

Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR)

Sustainable Practices

Community Empowerment

Key Plants

Medicinal Herbs

Nut and Fruit Trees

Other Food Crops

Global Projects

Mesoamerican Gardens

North American Initiatives

Canadian Developments

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice