What were the two main missions assigned to the Air Transport Command?

The Air Transport Command had two main missions: first, the delivery of supplies and equipment from the United States to overseas combat theaters, and second, the ferrying of aircraft from their manufacturing sites to where they were needed for training or combat operations. It also managed the transportation of military personnel globally.

What is the historical lineage of the Air Transport Command in terms of successor organizations?

Air Transport Command was inactivated in 1948 and became the precursor to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) established that year. MATS was later redesignated as Military Airlift Command (MAC) in 1966. The mission was eventually transferred to the current Air Mobility Command (AMC) in 1992, providing a continuous history of long-range airlift.

When was the Air Transport Command officially established and when was it inactivated?

The Air Transport Command was officially established on July 1, 1942, when the Army Air Forces Ferry Command was renamed and given expanded responsibilities. It was inactivated on June 1, 1948.

What were the origins of the Air Transport Command's need for air transport capabilities?

The need for air transport capabilities for the Army Air Forces originated during World War I, with the necessity of moving aircraft supplies and materiel from manufacturers to maintenance facilities supporting training bases within the United States. This early need involved using railroads for transport between bases and to ports for shipment overseas.

What role did the Air Corps Materiel Division play in logistical responsibilities before World War II?

From 1926 until 1942, the Air Corps' logistical responsibilities were managed by the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps Materiel Division, headquartered at Wright Field, Ohio. This division oversaw four major depots distributed across the United States.

How did the Air Corps begin formally experimenting with air transport for supplies in the 1930s?

In 1932, the Air Corps Materiel Division established a provisional 1st Air Transport Group. This group was equipped with Bellanca Aircruisers and Douglas DC-2s and was intended to distribute spare parts to Army airbases from the four major air depots. It was later redesignated the 10th Transport Group in 1937.

What was the significance of the Lend-Lease Act in relation to aircraft supply during World War II?

The Lend-Lease Act, passed in March 1941, signaled the United States' intention to provide military aid to the United Kingdom and other allies fighting Nazi Germany. This act opened the door for larger numbers of aircraft to be sent to the Royal Air Force, necessitating an expansion of ferrying operations.

Why was it considered advantageous to fly aircraft to separate modification centers rather than modifying them on the production line?

It was advantageous to fly newly produced aircraft to separate modification centers because it allowed necessary changes for combat service to be made without interrupting the main production line. This approach helped maintain the flow of aircraft manufacturing.

How did the initial ferrying of bombers across the North Atlantic benefit the war effort?

By ferrying bombers under their own power across the North Atlantic, vital shipping space was saved, and the delivery time from factory to combat zones was drastically reduced from approximately three months to less than ten days. This was crucial for supplying Britain.

What diplomatic challenges did the United States face regarding aircraft shipments to Britain before its official entry into World War II?

Before officially entering the war, the United States maintained a neutral stance. To avoid violating this neutrality, aircraft purchased by the British were sometimes required to be "pushed" across the US-Canada border to circumvent direct US involvement in the transfer.

When was the Air Corps Ferrying Command established, and what was its initial purpose?

The Air Corps Ferrying Command was established on May 29, 1941, by Major General Henry H. Arnold. Its initial purpose was to deliver lend-lease aircraft overseas from the United States and to move aircraft by air from factories to designated terminals.

Who commanded and organized the Air Corps Ferrying Command upon its creation?

The Air Corps Ferrying Command was commanded and organized by Brigadier General Robert Olds.

How did the Air Corps Ferrying Command initially source its pilots and crew members?

Initially, Ferrying Command relied on pilots detailed from the Air Force Combat Command for temporary duty. More qualified four-engine pilots, navigators, and other crew members were also borrowed from the Combat Command. In the summer and fall of 1941, about 200 pilots were specifically trained for ferrying duty at Barksdale Field, Louisiana.

What additional responsibility did the Ferrying Command assume after the Pearl Harbor attack?

Following the Pearl Harbor attack, the Ferrying Command quickly took on the major function of ferrying aircraft within the United States. This included delivering AAF's own planes from factories to domestic stations.

Describe the role of Long Beach Municipal Airport in the ferrying operations.

Long Beach Municipal Airport in Southern California was leased by the War Department and served as a concentration point for aircraft, except for B-24s flown directly from the Consolidated plant. Manufacturers' civilian pilots delivered aircraft there, where they were inspected and turned over to Ferrying Command. This facility became Headquarters, Western Division, Air Corps Ferrying Command.

What were the initial ferrying routes established for heavy bombers capable of North Atlantic crossings?

Two primary routes were established for heavy bombers capable of crossing the North Atlantic by flight. Route One went from Boeing Field to Wayne County Airport (Romulus, Michigan) and then to Montreal, Quebec. Route Two went from Boeing Field to Salt Lake City, Utah, then via Omaha, Nebraska, and Wayne County to Montreal.

What was the purpose of the airfields constructed in Presque Isle and Houlton, Maine?

To replace and supplement Montreal as a transfer point for ferrying aircraft, ATC developed airfields in northern Maine at Presque Isle and Houlton. These airfields were located closer to the United Kingdom than Montreal, facilitating the ferrying operations.

What were the four major air routes developed by Ferrying Command during 1941?

The four major air routes developed during 1941 were: the North Atlantic route (connecting the Eastern US and Britain), the Northwest Staging Route (connecting the mainland US with Alaska and the Soviet Union via Siberia), the South Pacific air ferry route (connecting the US via Hawaii to Australia and Western Pacific islands), and the South Atlantic air ferry route (linking the US with West Africa via Natal, Brazil, the Middle East, India, and China).

How did the Air Transport Command's role evolve from its initial mission?

Initially focused on ferrying aircraft, ATC's role evolved significantly. As the war progressed, its air transport division became increasingly involved in the rapid movement of military personnel and cargo overseas, transforming into a major instrument of logistical support for combat operations.

Who was Harold L. George and what was his significance to the Air Transport Command?

Harold L. George, who eventually became a Lieutenant General, replaced Brigadier General Robert Olds as the commander of ATC in March 1942 after Olds suffered a heart attack. George remained ATC's wartime commander and oversaw its significant expansion and operations.

What were the three main responsibilities assigned to the newly designated Air Transport Command effective July 1, 1942?

Effective July 1, 1942, the Air Transport Command was given three main responsibilities: 1) ferrying all aircraft within the United States and to overseas destinations as directed by the Commanding General, Army Air Forces; 2) controlling, operating, and maintaining air route establishments and facilities outside the United States; and 3) transporting personnel, materiel, and mail by air for all War Department agencies, except those served by Troop Carrier units.

How did civilian airlines contribute to ATC's operations?

Civilian airlines played a crucial role by providing experienced flying personnel, administrative competence, and practical knowledge in conducting scheduled air transport operations. ATC contracted with these airlines and utilized their aircraft and crews, especially in the early stages and for specific emergency needs, to support its vast logistical network.

What was the primary transport aircraft used by ATC at the beginning of its operations?

The Douglas C-47 Skytrain was the primary transport plane in use at the beginning of ATC operations. While often fitted with long-range tanks initially, it was later redeployed for shorter routes as larger aircraft became available.

What was the role of C. R. Smith within the Air Transport Command?

C. R. Smith, formerly the president of American Airlines, was commissioned as a colonel in ATC in 1942 at the request of General 'Hap' Arnold. He served as its executive officer, Chief of Staff, and Deputy Commander, and was largely responsible for ATC's significant expansion in operations. He also proposed that ATC assume responsibility for the Hump airlift.

What challenges did ATC face in increasing tonnage levels for the Hump airlift operation?

Tonnage levels flown to China over The Hump did not significantly increase until late 1943 due to a lack of navigation aids, insufficient personnel, inadequate airfields and maintenance facilities, and a shortage of suitable multi-engine transport aircraft capable of handling the difficult flight conditions.

Which aircraft types, besides the C-47, became important for ATC's transport duties?

Besides the C-47 Skytrain, the Consolidated C-87 Liberator Express and the Douglas C-54 Skymaster became important for ATC's transport duties. The C-54, a militarized version of the DC-4, eventually took over long-distance, over-water transport flights and significantly increased cargo tonnage for Hump operations.

How did ATC's operations contribute to specific battles or campaigns during World War II?

ATC transports delivered critical high-value cargo, such as new engines to Libya for B-24s used in the Ploiești mission and artillery fuzes that aided in the battle of Tobruk. They also transported advance personnel for the first B-29 missions to China and later moved troops, such as the 11th Airborne Division from Okinawa to Japan.

What unique 'navy' did the Caribbean and South Atlantic Divisions of ATC operate?

The Caribbean and South Atlantic Divisions of ATC operated their own small navy, consisting of converted submarine chasers and Catalina seaplanes. This fleet primarily focused on the rescue of downed ATC pilots along the southern trans-Atlantic route to Europe and Southeast Asia in areas with no risk of armed encounter.

What was the total number of aircraft ferried by ATC in 1942, 1943, 1944, and 1945?

ATC ferried 30,000 aircraft in 1942, 72,000 in 1943, 108,000 in 1944, and 57,000 in 1945, totaling over 267,000 aircraft during the war.

Which aircraft type remained the workhorse transport for ATC throughout World War II?

Despite the introduction of newer aircraft like the C-46 Commando and C-54 Skymaster, the Douglas C-47 Skytrain remained the workhorse transport of ATC throughout the conflict. Its numbers increased significantly in the last 18 months of the war, reaching a total of 1,341.

What was the approximate passenger and cargo tonnage carried by ATC in July 1945?

In July 1945, its final full month of wartime operations, ATC carried 275,000 passengers (50,000 domestically) and 100,000 tons of mail and cargo, with 96.7% of this overseas traffic.

What was the perceived role of ATC by senior USAAF authorities after the end of World War II?

After the war ended, senior USAAF authorities viewed ATC as a wartime necessity that was no longer needed. They expected its civilian personnel, including former airline pilots, to return to their pre-war occupations.

What future role did senior ATC officers propose for the command post-war?

Senior ATC officers believed that ATC should be developed into a government-operated airline. However, this idea was strongly opposed by the airline industry.

When was the United States Air Force established as a separate service, and what was ATC's status?

The United States Air Force was established as a separate service in 1947. At that time, the Air Transport Command was not initially listed as one of its formal missions.

How did ATC advocate for its continued mission within the newly formed Department of Defense?

ATC's commander and staff convinced the new civilian leadership of the Department of Defense by seizing upon testimony that the Air Force should possess a long-range troop deployment capability. They began advocating that ATC transports could fulfill this role, leveraging previous statements by Major General Paul Williams.

What was the ultimate decision regarding ATC's future role and name in the post-war era?

The Department of Defense decided that ATC should become the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), supported by the USAF, even though it wasn't initially a formal military mission. The ATC commander inserted 'deployment of troops' into the mission statement for the proposed new command, which was subsequently approved.

What were the key redesignations and dates for the Air Corps Ferrying Command and Air Transport Command?

The command was established as the Air Corps Ferrying Command on May 29, 1941. It was redesignated Army Air Forces Ferry Command on March 9, 1942, then Army Air Forces Ferrying Command on March 31, 1942, and finally Air Transport Command on July 1, 1942. It was discontinued on June 1, 1948.

What were the primary assignments of the Air Transport Command during its operational period?

From its establishment on May 29, 1941, ATC was assigned to the Office of the Chief of Air Corps. Following the creation of the United States Army Air Forces, it was assigned to Headquarters, USAAF, from March 9, 1942. Upon the establishment of the United States Air Force, it was assigned to Headquarters, USAF, from September 18, 1947, until its discontinuation on June 1, 1948.

Where was the headquarters of the Air Transport Command located?

The headquarters of the Air Transport Command was initially located at Gravelly Point, Virginia, starting May 29, 1941. It later moved to The Pentagon in Virginia, where it remained from January 15, 1943, until its discontinuation on June 1, 1948.

What was the purpose of the Ferrying Division within ATC?

The Ferrying Division, established on July 1, 1942, was responsible for the transfer of combat aircraft to overseas bases and their replacements. It managed the ferrying of thousands of bombers, transport aircraft, and fighters, and also handled the preparation and movement of combat units overseas.

What role did Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) play in ATC's Ferrying Division?

The Ferrying Division operated primarily using civilian contract pilots, which included the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP). They were involved in moving aircraft and parts from manufacturing plants to training bases within the US and to Ports of Embarkation for overseas shipment.

When was the Air Transportation Division established, and what did it encompass?

The Air Transportation Division was established on December 28, 1941, as the Foreign Division, ACFC. It was later redesignated as the Air Transportation Division on July 1, 1942. This division managed overseas transport operations, including wings responsible for routes in North America, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the Pacific.

What was the significance of the Alaskan Wing and the ALSIB route?

The Alaskan Wing supported the Eleventh Air Force in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. It controlled the Alaska-Siberia Route (ALSIB), which was used to transport lend-lease aircraft and support materials from Minneapolis and Great Falls, Montana, through Canada to Ladd Field, Alaska. From there, Soviet pilots collected the aircraft for delivery to Siberia.

What was the primary responsibility of the South Atlantic Wing?

The South Atlantic Wing was responsible for operating the South Atlantic Route, which extended from Waller Field, Trinidad, along the northeastern coast of South America to Natal, Brazil. From Natal, it crossed the South Atlantic Ocean via Ascension Island to West Africa, also operating routes along the eastern coast of Brazil to Montevideo, Uruguay, and Asuncion, Paraguay.

Describe the operations of the European Wing.

The European Wing, initially a courier service at Prestwick Airport, Scotland, evolved to handle transport operations within Europe. It flew from the UK to Spain and Portugal, later expanding to French Morocco, and conducted clandestine operations into Occupied Europe and Scandinavia. By 1944, routes were established into France, and in 1945, into Occupied Germany, Italy, the Balkans, and Greece.

What was the role of the India-China Wing?

The India-China Wing was established on December 1, 1942, and was responsible for transport operations across the Himalayan Mountains, known as 'The Hump,' between India and China. It also managed a western Indian sector in Karachi and supported the Fourteenth Air Force in China and Tenth Air Force operations in India.

What was the purpose of the Mid-Atlantic Route?

The Mid-Atlantic Route was established in 1943 after Portugal allowed British leases in the Azores. It was flown by long-range C-54s from Florida, via Bermuda and the Azores, connecting to Casablanca, French Morocco, to ferry aircraft to England and provide connections with intra-European routes.

What was the function of the Central African Wing?

Established in June 1943, the Central African Wing, headquartered in Khartoum, Sudan, was responsible for moving aircraft, personnel, and cargo from West African hubs over the Trans-Africa Route to Cairo, Egypt, and Aden, South Arabia, continuing to Karachi, India. It also operated a route to Leopoldville (Belgian Congo) for the transport of uranium to the United States.

What was the primary function of Gore Field in Great Falls, Montana, for ATC?

Gore Field in Great Falls, Montana, served as an embarkation base for the Alaska Route. It was used for ferrying aircraft to Alaska from western US manufacturing plants, with a detachment also operating from nearby Great Falls Army Air Base.

What was the role of Morrison Field in West Palm Beach, Florida?

Morrison Field in West Palm Beach, Florida, served as the headquarters for ATC's Caribbean Wing. It was a key embarkation base for the South Atlantic Route, transporting aircraft, personnel, and cargo from South Florida airfields to Trinidad.

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Overview

Strategic Airlift

The Air Transport Command (ATC) was a pivotal command within the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) during World War II. It served as the strategic airlift component, responsible for the global movement of vital resources.

Dual Mission

ATC's primary missions were twofold: first, to deliver supplies and equipment between the United States and overseas combat theaters; second, to ferry aircraft from manufacturing plants to operational theaters, ensuring timely deployment.

Enduring Legacy

Inactivated in 1948, ATC laid the groundwork for subsequent military airlift organizations, evolving into the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), then Military Airlift Command (MAC), and ultimately the present-day Air Mobility Command (AMC), maintaining a continuous history of long-range airlift.

History

WWII Achievements

ATC's development of a worldwide air transport system was a monumental achievement of the Army Air Forces in World War II. This system enabled unprecedented logistical support, fundamentally changing military operations.

Early Roots

The command's origins trace back to World War I needs for transporting aircraft and materiel. By the 1920s and 1930s, the Air Corps began formally experimenting with air transport, establishing provisional units and routes for distributing spare parts.

Lend-Lease

Allied Needs

Following the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, Allied nations, particularly Britain, urgently sought military equipment from the United States. This created a demand for efficient delivery methods for aircraft.

Ferrying Innovation

The concept of ferrying aircraft by air emerged as a solution to save vital shipping space and drastically reduce delivery times. This allowed aircraft to reach combat zones in days rather than months.

Neutrality and Support

The Lend-Lease Act of March 1941 formalized U.S. support. Due to neutrality, aircraft purchased by Britain were often "pushed" across the US-Canada border to avoid direct U.S. involvement in transit.

Ferrying Command

Formation

Established on May 29, 1941, the Air Corps Ferrying Command (ACFC) was tasked with delivering lend-lease aircraft overseas. Commanded by Brig. Gen. Robert Olds, its mission expanded rapidly.

Domestic Operations

After Pearl Harbor, ACFC's domestic role grew, managing the ferrying of aircraft within the U.S. It was organized into geographic sectors, each responsible for specific factory deliveries and staging points.

Global Reach

As the war progressed, ACFC took on responsibility for delivering aircraft to global theaters. This necessitated establishing extensive air routes and support infrastructure worldwide.

Operations

Aircraft Fleet

ATC utilized a diverse fleet, including the workhorse C-47 Skytrain, the long-range C-87 Liberator Express, the C-46 Commando, and the powerful C-54 Skymaster, adapting aircraft to specific route requirements.

Scale of Operations

By war's end, ATC operated with nearly 210,000 personnel, including over 3,000 major transports. It ferried over 267,000 aircraft and transported hundreds of thousands of passengers and tons of cargo annually.

Key Leaders

Led by figures like Maj. Gen. Harold L. George and former American Airlines president C. R. Smith, ATC's leadership combined military strategy with civilian aviation expertise, driving its massive expansion.

Routes

Major Arteries

ATC established critical air routes: the North Atlantic Route to Britain, the Northwest Staging Route to Alaska and Siberia, the South Pacific Route to Australia, and the South Atlantic Route via Brazil to West Africa.

Global Network

These routes evolved to include the Mid-Atlantic Route via the Azores, connecting North Africa and Europe. ATC's network spanned continents, supporting operations in the Middle East, India, China, and the Pacific.

The Hump

A critical artery was the India-China Route, flying over the Himalayas ("The Hump"), which transported vital supplies to China. This operation, though challenging, was crucial for the China-Burma-India theater.

Installations

Domestic Hubs

Key domestic bases served as concentration and embarkation points. These included Hamilton Field, California (Pacific Route), Morrison Field, Florida (South Atlantic Route), and Presque Isle Field, Maine (North Atlantic Route).

Training Centers

ATC operated specialized training schools across the U.S. for pilots transitioning to various aircraft types (e.g., C-47, C-54) and for specialized missions like high-altitude flying for "The Hump" operations.

Overseas Stations

ATC maintained a vast network of overseas stations, including Prestwick, Scotland; bases in North Africa and the Middle East; airfields in India and China; and hubs across the Pacific, supporting continuous global operations.

Lineage

Evolution

ATC's lineage began as the Air Corps Ferrying Command in 1941, evolving through the Army Air Forces Ferry Command before becoming the Air Transport Command in July 1942, consolidating diverse air transport responsibilities.

Post-War Future

After World War II, ATC was inactivated in 1948. Its functions were absorbed by the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), continuing its legacy of strategic airlift and troop deployment.

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References

Part I, Organization & Its Responsibilities, Chapter 2, "The AAF": Craven, Wesley and Cate, James, The Army Air Forces In World War II, Volume Six: "Men and Planes". New Imprint by the Office of Air Force History Washington, D.C., 1983

Baugher, Douglas DB-7 in French Service

Baugher, Curtiss Hawk with Armee de l'Air

Curtiss P-40D (Kittyhawk I)

Administrative History of the Ferrying Command, 29 May 1941 â 30 June 1942. Army Air Forces Historical Studies: No. 33. Prepared by Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Intelligence, Historical Division, HQ USAAF, Washington, D.C., June 1945

Craven & Cate, Section Four: The Air Transport Command Responsibilities, Chapter 9: "The Early Development of Air Transport and Ferrying"

Serling, Robert J. "America's Airlines," Flying Magazine, September 1977, Vol. 63 No. 9, p. 229

Stanley M. Ulanoff, MATS: The Story of the Military Air Transport Service, 1964, The Moffa Press, Inc.

Shaw, Frederick J. (2014), Locating Air Force Base Sites Historyâs Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC, 2004. (Updated Edition, 2014)

AFHRA Search, Gore Field MT

AFHRA Document 00172675, Great Falls AAB MT

AFHRA Search, Hamilton Field CA

AFHRA Search, Morrison Field FL

AFHRA Search, Presque Isle ME

AFHRA Search, Houlton Field ME

AFHRA Document 00180405 Lunken Field OH

AFHRA Search New Castle DE

AFHRA Search Romulus Army Airfield MI

AFHRA Search Charleston SC

AFHRA Document 00172776 Greenwood Army Air Base MS

Part III Recruitment & Training, Chapter 20 Other Training Programs, "Ferry Pilots and Transport Crews"; Craven and Cate, The AAF in World War II

AFHRA Search Homestead FL

AFHRA Search Reno Nevada

AFHRA Search, Wold MN

Stanley, William R. (1994), Trans-South Atlantic air link in World War II, Professor, Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Geo Journal, Issue Volume 33, Number 4 / August, 1994 pp. 459â463 ISSN 0343-2521

Volume VII, Services Around the World. The Army Air Forces in World War II

Chapter 4, The North Atlantic Route. The Army Air Forces in World War II

A full list of references for this article are available at the Air Transport Command Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional historical research, aviation consultation, or military analysis. Always refer to official historical documents and consult with qualified professionals for specific needs.

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Wings of Victory

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

✈️ Strategic Airlift

📦 Dual Mission

🏛️ Enduring Legacy

History 📜

🌍 WWII Achievements

⏳ Early Roots

Lend-Lease 🤝

🇬🇧 Allied Needs

🚢 Ferrying Innovation

🇺🇸 Neutrality and Support

Ferrying Command 🛬

🚀 Formation

🗺️ Domestic Operations

🌐 Global Reach

Operations ⚙️

🛩️ Aircraft Fleet

📊 Scale of Operations

⭐ Key Leaders

Routes 🗺️

🧭 Major Arteries

🌍 Global Network

🔗 The Hump

Installations 📍

🏠 Domestic Hubs

🎓 Training Centers

🌐 Overseas Stations

Lineage ➡️

🔄 Evolution

🔮 Post-War Future

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Strategic Airlift

Dual Mission

Enduring Legacy

History

WWII Achievements

Early Roots

Lend-Lease

Allied Needs

Ferrying Innovation

Neutrality and Support

Ferrying Command

Formation

Domestic Operations

Global Reach

Operations

Aircraft Fleet

Scale of Operations

Key Leaders

Routes

Major Arteries

Global Network

The Hump

Installations

Domestic Hubs

Training Centers

Overseas Stations

Lineage

Evolution

Post-War Future

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice