Who was Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov, and what was his primary field of research?

Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov, originally born Alexander Michael Prochoroff, was an Australian-born Soviet-Russian physicist and researcher. His primary field of work focused on quantum electronics, with significant contributions to optics and electromagnetic research.

What significant award did Alexander Prokhorov receive in 1964, and for what achievement?

In 1964, Alexander Prokhorov was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. He received this prestigious award along with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov for their fundamental work that led to the development of the laser and the maser, which are devices that produce coherent light or microwave radiation.

When and where was Alexander Prokhorov born?

Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916, at Russell Road, Peeramon, Queensland, Australia. This location is now known as 322 Gadaloff Road, Butchers Creek, situated approximately 30 km from Atherton.

What were the circumstances of Alexander Prokhorov's parents' emigration to Australia?

Alexander Prokhorov's parents, Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna (née Mikhailova), were Russian revolutionaries. They emigrated from Russia to Australia to escape repression by the Tsarist regime.

When did Prokhorov's family return to Russia, and what historical events influenced this decision?

Prokhorov's family returned to Russia in 1923. Their return occurred after the culmination of the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War, significant historical events that reshaped Russia's political landscape.

Where did Alexander Prokhorov pursue his higher education in physics?

In 1934, Alexander Prokhorov entered Saint Petersburg State University to study physics, a field that explores the fundamental constituents of the universe and their interactions.

What was Alexander Prokhorov's initial research focus at the Lebedev Physical Institute?

After graduating with honors in 1939, Prokhorov moved to Moscow to work at the Lebedev Physical Institute in the oscillations laboratory, which was headed by academician N. D. Papaleksi. His initial research there was dedicated to the propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere, a region of Earth's upper atmosphere that is ionized by solar and cosmic radiation.

What was Alexander Prokhorov's involvement in World War II?

At the onset of World War II in June 1941, Alexander Prokhorov joined the Red Army. He served in the infantry, was wounded twice in battles, and was awarded three medals, including the Medal For Courage in 1946. He was demobilized in 1944, a year before the war's end.

What was the subject of Alexander Prokhorov's Ph.D. thesis?

In 1946, after returning to the Lebedev Institute, Alexander Prokhorov defended his Ph.D. thesis, which was titled 'Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter'.

What was Prokhorov's research focus in 1947, and what did he demonstrate?

In 1947, Prokhorov began research on coherent radiation emitted by electrons orbiting in a cyclic particle accelerator known as a synchrotron. He demonstrated that this emission was primarily concentrated in the microwave spectral range, which is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

What was the topic of Alexander Prokhorov's habilitation, and when was it defended?

Alexander Prokhorov's habilitation, a qualification required in some European countries for teaching at university level, was titled 'Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator'. It was defended in 1951, building upon his earlier research.

How did Prokhorov's role at the Lebedev Institute evolve in the early 1950s?

By 1950, Prokhorov became assistant chief of the oscillation laboratory at the Lebedev Institute. He then formed a group of young scientists to focus on radiospectroscopy of molecular rotations and vibrations, and later on quantum electronics. By 1954, he became the head of the laboratory.

What significant device did Prokhorov and Nikolay Basov develop, and what method did they propose?

Together with Nikolay Basov, Alexander Prokhorov developed the theoretical foundations for creating a molecular oscillator. They also constructed such a device using ammonia and proposed a method for producing population inversion, a key principle in laser operation, by using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields.

When were the results of Prokhorov and Basov's work on molecular oscillators first presented and published?

The results of Prokhorov and Basov's work on molecular oscillators were first presented at a national conference in 1952, but they were not formally published until 1954–1955.

What new research area did Prokhorov delve into in 1955?

In 1955, Alexander Prokhorov initiated his research in the field of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), a spectroscopic technique used to study materials with unpaired electrons.

What specific materials and phenomena did Prokhorov investigate in his EPR research?

In his electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) research, Prokhorov focused on the relaxation times of ions belonging to the iron group elements when embedded in a lattice of aluminium oxide. He also explored other, 'non-optical' subjects, such as magnetic phase transitions in DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), a stable free radical.

What material did Prokhorov identify as a potential active medium for lasers in 1957?

In 1957, while conducting studies on ruby, which is a variation of aluminium oxide doped with chromium, Alexander Prokhorov conceived the idea of utilizing this material as an active medium for a laser.

What innovative laser design did Prokhorov propose in 1958?

In 1958, Alexander Prokhorov proposed an 'open type' cavity design for lasers, which is a resonator configuration that is widely adopted in modern laser technology.

What type of laser did Prokhorov suggest in 1963, and with whom did he collaborate on this idea?

In 1963, Alexander Prokhorov, in collaboration with A. S. Selivanenko, suggested the concept of a laser that would operate using two-quantum transitions, a more complex light emission process.

What was Alexander Prokhorov's academic appointment at Moscow State University in 1959?

In 1959, Alexander Prokhorov became a professor at Moscow State University, which is recognized as the most prestigious university in the Soviet Union.

What significant Soviet award did Prokhorov receive in 1959?

In 1959, Alexander Prokhorov was awarded the Lenin Prize, one of the highest awards in the Soviet Union for achievements in science, technology, literature, arts, and architecture.

When was Alexander Prokhorov elected as a member and then an Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences?

Alexander Prokhorov became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1960 and was subsequently elected as an Academician in 1966, signifying a high level of scientific recognition.

How many Orders of Lenin did Alexander Prokhorov receive throughout his life, and in what years?

Alexander Prokhorov received five Orders of Lenin during his lifetime, which were awarded in 1967, 1969, 1975, 1981, and 1986. This was a high civilian decoration bestowed by the Soviet Union.

What leadership positions did Prokhorov hold at the Lebedev Institute and the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology?

In 1968, Alexander Prokhorov became the vice-director of the Lebedev Institute. In 1971, he assumed the position of Head of Laboratory at another esteemed Soviet institution, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.

What international academic recognition did Prokhorov receive in 1971 and 1983?

In 1971, Alexander Prokhorov was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Later, in 1983, he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, further highlighting his international scientific standing.

What role did Alexander Prokhorov play at the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences?

Between 1982 and 1998, Alexander Prokhorov served as the acting director of the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. After 1998, he held the position of honorary director. Following his death in 2002, the institute was renamed the A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute in his honor.

What was Alexander Prokhorov's involvement with the International Academy of Science?

Alexander Prokhorov was a Member and one of the Honorary Presidents of the International Academy of Science, located in Munich. He also provided support for the foundation and development of the Russian Section of the International Academy of Science in Moscow in 1993.

What was the highest degree of distinction Alexander Prokhorov received in the Soviet Union for his achievements?

In 1969, Alexander Prokhorov was recognized as a Hero of Socialist Labour, which was the highest degree of distinction awarded in the Soviet Union for outstanding achievements in the national economy and culture. He received this award a second time in 1986.

What significant editorial role did Prokhorov undertake starting in 1969?

Starting in 1969, Alexander Prokhorov served as the chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, a comprehensive multi-volume encyclopedia published in the Soviet Union.

What major awards did Alexander Prokhorov receive in the early 2000s?

In 2000, Alexander Prokhorov was awarded the Frederic Ives Medal, which is the highest distinction presented by the Optical Society of America (OSA). In 2001, he became an Honorary OSA Member and also received the Demidov Prize from the government of the Russian Federation.

When and where did Alexander Prokhorov pass away and where was he buried?

Alexander Prokhorov died on 8 January 2002, in Moscow, Russia. He was subsequently buried at Novodevichy Cemetery, also located in Moscow.

What was Alexander Prokhorov's political affiliation in the Soviet Union?

Alexander Prokhorov became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1950, which was the ruling political party in the Soviet Union.

What notable political action did Prokhorov take in 1983 concerning Andrey Sakharov?

In 1983, Alexander Prokhorov, along with three other academicians—Andrey Tychonoff, Anatoly Dorodnitsyn, and Georgy Skryabin—signed a prominent open letter titled 'when they lose honor and conscience'. This letter denounced an article written by Andrey Sakharov that appeared in the journal *Foreign Affairs*.

Who was Alexander Prokhorov's wife, and when did they marry?

Alexander Prokhorov married Galina Shelepina, a geographer, in 1941.

Did Alexander Prokhorov have children, and what is known about his son's career?

Yes, Alexander Prokhorov had a son named Kiril, who was born in 1945. Following in his father's footsteps, Kiril Prokhorov became a physicist specializing in optics and currently leads a laser-related laboratory at the A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute.

What is the significance of the image depicting Prokhorov in 1964?

The source material includes an image of Prokhorov taken in 1964, the same year he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, capturing him at a significant point in his career.

What event is depicted in the image of Prokhorov with King Gustaf VI Adolf?

The source material includes an image showing Prokhorov with King Gustaf VI Adolf and the wife of Charles Hard Townes at the Nobel Prize banquet in 1964, commemorating the award ceremony.

What is depicted on the 2016 postage stamp of Russia related to Alexander Prokhorov?

The source material references a 2016 postage stamp of Russia that features Alexander Prokhorov, indicating his recognition and importance in his home country.

What was the Mandelstam Prize, and when did Prokhorov receive it?

Alexander Prokhorov received the Mandelstam Prize in 1948, which is an award for scientific achievement.

When did Alexander Prokhorov receive the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class?

Alexander Prokhorov was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class, in 1985, a military decoration of the Soviet Union given for heroic deeds during World War II.

When was Alexander Prokhorov awarded the USSR State Prize?

Alexander Prokhorov received the USSR State Prize in 1980, which was a state award of the Soviet Union.

What class of the Order of Merit for the Fatherland did Prokhorov receive, and in what year?

Alexander Prokhorov was awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 2nd class, in 1996, a state decoration of the Russian Federation.

When did Alexander Prokhorov receive the State Prize of the Russian Federation?

Alexander Prokhorov received the State Prize of the Russian Federation in 1998.

What was the specific achievement for which Prokhorov posthumously received the State Prize of the Russian Federation in science and technology?

In 2003, Alexander Prokhorov was posthumously awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation in science and technology. This award recognized his work on the development of scientific and technological foundations for metrological support of length measurements in the microwave and nanometer ranges, and their application in microelectronics and nanotechnology.

When was Alexander Prokhorov elected as a Foreign Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences?

Alexander Prokhorov was elected as a Foreign Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in 1982.

What are some of the jubilee medals Alexander Prokhorov received related to military and labor achievements?

Alexander Prokhorov received several jubilee medals, including the Jubilee Medal 'In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin', the Medal 'For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945', and the Medal 'For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945'. He also received jubilee medals commemorating 20, 30, and 40 years of victory in the Great Patriotic War, and the Medal 'Veteran of Labour'.

What medals did Prokhorov receive commemorating Moscow's anniversaries?

Alexander Prokhorov received the Medal 'In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow' and the Medal 'In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow'.

What was the title of the book edited by A. M. Prokhorov, J. M. Buzzi, P. Sprangle, and K. Wille, published in 1992?

In 1992, A. M. Prokhorov, along with J. M. Buzzi, P. Sprangle, and K. Wille, edited the book titled *Coherent Radiation Generation and Particle Acceleration*, which was part of the *Research Trends in Physics* series.

What were the titles of the two volumes on Diamond Science and Technology edited by V. Stefan and A. M. Prokhorov?

V. Stefan and A. M. Prokhorov edited two volumes on the subject of Diamond Science and Technology, both published in 1999. Volume 1 was titled *Laser Diamond Interaction. Plasma Diamond Reactors*, and Volume 2 was simply *Diamond Science and Technology Vol 2*.

Alexander Prokhorov Wiki: Prokhorov's Legacy: Illuminating the Quantum World of Lasers and Masers

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Introduction

A Luminary in Physics

Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov, born Alexander Michael Prochoroff, was an Australian-born Soviet-Russian physicist whose seminal work in quantum electronics fundamentally advanced our understanding of light and matter interaction. His most celebrated achievements lie in the fields of optics and electromagnetic research, culminating in the development of the laser and maser.^[1]

Nobel Laureate

In recognition of his profound contributions, Prokhorov was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964. He shared this prestigious honor with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov, acknowledging their fundamental work that paved the way for the creation of both the laser and the maser, technologies that have since revolutionized numerous scientific and industrial domains.^[1]

Early Life

Australian Roots

Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on July 11, 1916, in Peeramon, Queensland, Australia, specifically on Russell Road (now 322 Gadaloff Road, Butchers Creek, near Atherton). His parents, Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna (née Mikhailova), were Russian revolutionaries who had sought refuge in Australia to escape the Tsarist regime's repression. He attended Butchers Creek State School during his early childhood.^[2]^[3]

Return to Russia & Education

In 1923, following the conclusion of the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War, his family returned to Russia. In 1934, Prokhorov commenced his studies in physics at Saint Petersburg State University, graduating with honors in 1939. He then relocated to Moscow to join the oscillations laboratory at the Lebedev Physical Institute, under the guidance of academician N. D. Papaleksi. His initial research focused on the propagation of radio waves within the ionosphere.^[1]^[5]

Wartime Service

With the outbreak of World War II in June 1941, Prokhorov enlisted in the Red Army. He served in the infantry, enduring two battle wounds, and was decorated with three medals, including the Medal For Courage in 1946. He was demobilized in 1944, a year prior to the Allied victory. Upon his return to the Lebedev Institute in 1946, he successfully defended his Ph.D. thesis, titled "Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter."^[1]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Groundbreaking Research

Coherent Radiation & Masers

In 1947, Prokhorov initiated research into coherent radiation produced by electrons orbiting in a cyclic particle accelerator, specifically a synchrotron. He demonstrated that this emission was predominantly concentrated in the microwave spectral range, forming the basis of his habilitation thesis in 1951. By 1950, as assistant chief of the oscillation laboratory, he established a research group dedicated to radiospectroscopy of molecular rotations and vibrations, which later evolved into quantum electronics.^[1]^[6]

In collaboration with Nikolay Basov, Prokhorov developed the theoretical framework for a molecular oscillator. They successfully constructed such a device utilizing ammonia, and crucially, proposed a novel method for achieving population inversion using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields. These pivotal findings were first presented in 1952, with publications following in 1954–1955.^[1]^[6]

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance & Lasers

Prokhorov's research expanded into electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in 1955, where he investigated relaxation times of iron group element ions within an aluminum oxide lattice, among other topics. A pivotal moment occurred in 1957, during his study of ruby (chromium-doped aluminum oxide), when he conceived the idea of employing this material as the active medium for a laser. In 1958, he further innovated by proposing an "open type" cavity design for lasers, a configuration widely adopted today.^[1]^[6]^[7]

In 1963, in collaboration with A. S. Selivanenko, Prokhorov put forth the concept of a laser operating via two-quantum transitions. This continuous pursuit of understanding and manipulating coherent radiation ultimately led to his shared Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964, recognizing his foundational work on both lasers and masers.^[1]^[6]

Career & Leadership

Academic Ascendancy

Prokhorov's academic career flourished. In 1959, he was appointed professor at Moscow State University, a testament to his growing influence. The same year, he received the prestigious Lenin Prize. His contributions to science were further recognized in 1960 when he became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and subsequently an Academician in 1966.^[5]

Institutional Leadership

His leadership roles expanded significantly. In 1968, he assumed the position of vice-director at the Lebedev Institute. By 1971, he became the Head of Laboratory at another esteemed Soviet institution, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. His international recognition grew, leading to his election as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1971, and the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 1983.^[5]^[8]

Enduring Influence

From 1982 to 1998, Prokhorov served as the acting director of the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, transitioning to honorary director after 1998. In a lasting tribute to his monumental impact, the institute was renamed the A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute following his passing in 2002. He also played a significant role in international scientific collaboration, supporting the foundation and development of the Russian Section of the International Academy of Science, Moscow, in 1993.^[5]^[6]^[9]^[10]

Distinguished Awards

A Decorated Career

Alexander Prokhorov's exceptional contributions to physics and his service to the Soviet Union and Russia were recognized with numerous prestigious awards and honors throughout his lifetime and posthumously. These accolades span scientific, state, and military distinctions, highlighting the breadth of his impact.

A comprehensive list of his honors and awards includes:

Mandelstam Prize (1948)
Lenin Prize (1959)
Five Orders of Lenin (1967, 1969, 1975, 1981, 1986)
Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class (1985)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1964)
Hero of Socialist Labour, twice (1969, 1986)
Medal For Courage
USSR State Prize (1980)
Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 2nd class (1996)
State Prize of the Russian Federation (1998)
Frederic Ives Medal (2000)
Demidov Prize (2001)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (Moscow State University, 1987)
Award of the Council of Ministers
State Prize of the Russian Federation in science and technology (2003, posthumously)
Foreign Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (1982)
Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
Medal "Veteran of Labour"
Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"
Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"
Honorary membership of the Optical Society of America

Political Affiliations

Party Membership

Alexander Prokhorov was actively involved in the political landscape of the Soviet Union. He was a member of the Komsomol, the youth wing of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), from 1930 to 1944. Subsequently, he became a full member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1950.^[14]

The Open Letter

In 1983, Prokhorov, alongside three other academicians—Andrey Tychonoff, Anatoly Dorodnitsyn, and Georgy Skryabin—signed a notable open letter. This letter, titled "When they lose honor and conscience" (Когда теряют честь и совесть), publicly denounced an article by Andrey Sakharov published in the journal Foreign Affairs.^[15]^[16]^[17]

Personal Life

Family Life

Prokhorov's personal life was marked by both joy and loss. Both of his parents tragically passed away during World War II. In 1941, he married Galina Shelepina, a geographer. Their son, Kiril, was born in 1945. Following in his father's footsteps, Kiril Prokhorov pursued a career in physics, specializing in optics, and currently leads a laser-related laboratory at the A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, continuing the family's scientific legacy.^[4]^[18]

Published Works

Editorial Contributions

Beyond his extensive research, Alexander Prokhorov also made significant contributions as an editor of scientific literature. He served as the chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia starting in 1969. His editorial work extended to specialized physics publications, reflecting his commitment to disseminating scientific knowledge.

Notable books he edited include:

A. M. Prokhorov (Editor in Chief), J. M. Buzzi, P. Sprangle, K. Wille. Coherent Radiation Generation and Particle Acceleration, 1992.
V. Stefan and A. M. Prokhorov (Editors) Diamond Science and Technology Vol 1: Laser Diamond Interaction. Plasma Diamond Reactors (Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology) 1999.
V. Stefan and A. M. Prokhorov (Editors). Diamond Science and Technology Vol 2 (Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology) 1999.

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Prokhorov's Legacy

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Introduction 💡

🌟 A Luminary in Physics

🏆 Nobel Laureate

Early Life 👶

🇦🇺 Australian Roots

🇷🇺 Return to Russia & Education

🎖️ Wartime Service

Groundbreaking Research 🔬

📡 Coherent Radiation & Masers

💎 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance & Lasers

Career & Leadership 🏛️

🎓 Academic Ascendancy

🏢 Institutional Leadership

Legacy Enduring Influence

Distinguished Awards 🏅

🎖️ A Decorated Career

Political Affiliations 🗳️

🚩 Party Membership

✍️ The Open Letter

Personal Life 👨‍👩‍👦

❤️ Family Life

Published Works 📚

📖 Editorial Contributions

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction

A Luminary in Physics

Nobel Laureate

Early Life

Australian Roots

Return to Russia & Education

Wartime Service

Groundbreaking Research

Coherent Radiation & Masers

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance & Lasers

Career & Leadership

Academic Ascendancy

Institutional Leadership

Enduring Influence

Distinguished Awards

A Decorated Career

Political Affiliations

Party Membership

The Open Letter

Personal Life

Family Life

Published Works

Editorial Contributions

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice