What was Alfonso XII's full given name?

Alfonso XII's full given name was Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo de Borbón y Borbón.

What was Alfonso XII's notable nickname, and what does it mean?

Alfonso XII was known by the nickname El Pacificador, which translates from Spanish to the Peacemaker. This moniker reflects his role in bringing stability to Spain during his reign.

During what period did Alfonso XII reign as King of Spain?

Alfonso XII reigned as the King of Spain from December 29, 1874, until his death on November 25, 1885.

What event led to Alfonso XII's mother, Isabella II, being deposed from the Spanish throne?

Isabella II was deposed from the Spanish throne by the Glorious Revolution in 1868, which forced her and her husband to leave Spain.

Where did Alfonso XII pursue his education after his mother's deposition?

Following his mother's deposition, Alfonso XII studied in Austria at the Theresianum and also received education in France.

When did Alfonso XII's mother formally abdicate in his favor?

His mother, Isabella II, abdicated in his favor on June 25, 1870, in Paris, in the presence of Spanish nobles.

Why did Alfonso XII choose the regnal name Alfonso XII, despite no king of united Spain having previously used that name?

He chose the name Alfonso XII because the Spanish monarchy was considered a continuation of the ancient monarchies of Asturias, León, and Castile, which had eleven kings named Alfonso, thus linking him to a historical lineage.

What event marked Alfonso XII's return to the Spanish throne in 1874?

Alfonso XII returned to the Spanish throne in 1874 following a military coup led by General Arsenio Martínez Campos, which overthrew the First Spanish Republic and initiated the Bourbon Restoration.

What were the speculations surrounding Alfonso XII's biological paternity?

Due to his mother Isabella II's husband, Francisco de Asís, being widely viewed as effeminate or impotent, there was speculation that Alfonso XII's biological father was either Captain Enrique Puigmoltó y Mayans or Colonel Federico Puig Romero.

What nickname did the Carlists use for Alfonso XII, and what was the origin of this nickname?

The Carlists nicknamed Alfonso XII Puigmoltejo, referencing the public hearsay that Captain Enrique Puigmoltó y Mayans, a captain of the guard, was his biological father.

Besides the Carlist Wars, what other factors contributed to political instability in Spain during Isabella II's reign and the subsequent period?

Other factors contributing to instability included opposition to the new Napoleonic constitutional system by conservatives who favored traditional laws like the Fuero Juzgo, and the independence movements of most of Spain's American possessions.

What was the First Spanish Republic, and what territories did it initially encompass?

The First Spanish Republic was established after King Amadeo I abdicated in 1873. It initially included the territories of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Pacific Archipelagos.

What significant decree did President Estanislao Figueras issue early in the First Spanish Republic?

President Estanislao Figueras's first act was to extend the abolition of slavery to Puerto Rico, although slaves in Cuba had to wait until 1889 for similar emancipation.

In which regions did the Carlist party gain significant support during the period leading up to the Bourbon Restoration?

The Carlist party made itself strong in areas with strong regional identities and claims over their national and institutional specificity, such as Catalonia and the Basque Country.

What was the significance of the Sandhurst Manifesto issued by Alfonso XII in 1874?

The Sandhurst Manifesto, issued on December 1, 1874, outlined the ideological basis for the Bourbon Restoration and proclaimed Alfonso XII as the legitimate representative of the Spanish monarchy.

Which general's military action effectively restored Alfonso XII to the Spanish throne?

Brigadier Arsenio Martínez Campos led the pronunciamiento in Sagunto on December 29, 1874, which ended the First Spanish Republic and led to the rise of Prince Alfonso.

Who was Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, and what was his primary role in the Restoration period?

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo was a key moderate conservative leader and is considered the main architect of the Bourbon Restoration regime, aiming to establish a stable, civilian government.

What political system was implemented during Alfonso XII's reign to ensure governmental stability?

The system of turnismo, or political alternation, was implemented, where liberal and conservative prime ministers would succeed each other. This system was formalized in the Constitution of 1876 and the Pact of El Pardo.

What major internal and external conflicts were largely resolved or managed effectively during Alfonso XII's reign?

The Carlist revolts were decisively defeated, and victory was achieved over the Cuban revolutionaries, contributing to a period of relative peace and stability.

What was the broader socioeconomic impact of Alfonso XII's reign on Spain?

Alfonso XII's reign laid the groundwork for Spain's socioeconomic recovery by ending decades of political instability. This stability allowed for steady growth in both mainland Spain and its overseas colonies.

How did Spain's colonies, specifically Cuba and Puerto Rico, benefit from the stability during Alfonso XII's reign?

Colonies like Cuba and Puerto Rico experienced significant prosperity. Cuba saw the introduction of the first train in Spanish territories, and Puerto Rico established the first telegraph in Latin America.

Whom did Alfonso XII marry first, and what was the duration and outcome of this marriage?

Alfonso XII first married his first cousin, Princess María de las Mercedes of Orléans, on January 23, 1878. Their marriage was brief, lasting only five months and three days before her death from typhoid fever.

Whom did Alfonso XII marry for his second wife, and when did this marriage take place?

Alfonso XII married Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria on November 29, 1879, at the Basilica of Atocha in Madrid.

Was there an assassination attempt on Alfonso XII and his second wife?

Yes, during their honeymoon, a pastry cook named Otero fired at King Alfonso XII and Queen Maria Christina as they were traveling in Madrid.

Did Alfonso XII have any children outside of his marriages?

Yes, Alfonso XII had two sons with Elena Armanda Nicolasa Sanz y Martínez de Arizala: Alfonso Sanz y Martínez de Arizala and Fernando Sanz y Martínez de Arizala.

What were the causes of Alfonso XII's death?

Alfonso XII died at the age of 27 from a recurrence of dysentery, although he had been suffering from tuberculosis.

Who served as regent of Spain following Alfonso XII's death?

His pregnant widow, Maria Christina of Austria, served as regent of Spain after Alfonso XII's death until their son Alfonso XIII came of age in 1902.

How did Alfonso XII earn the affection of the Spanish people?

Alfonso XII won the affection of his people through his benevolent and sympathetic disposition, notably by fearlessly visiting areas affected by cholera or devastated by the 1884 Andalusian earthquake.

How did Alfonso XII manage political factions during his reign?

He demonstrated considerable skill in dealing with political figures and ensured he was not controlled by any single party, allowing for a stable alternation of liberal and conservative governments.

When was Alfonso XIII born, and why was his birth significant?

Alfonso XIII was born posthumously on May 17, 1886, nearly six months after his father's death. His birth ensured the continuation of the Bourbon monarchy in Spain.

What monument commemorates Alfonso XII, and where is it located?

A monument dedicated to Alfonso XII, designed by José Grases Riera, was constructed in an artificial lake within Madrid's Parque del Buen Retiro and completed in 1922.

What was the overall legacy of Alfonso XII's reign on Spain?

Alfonso XII's reign is credited with establishing the foundations for Spain's socioeconomic recovery and ending a long period of political instability, enabling the nation to withstand future crises without revolution.

Name one significant international honour bestowed upon Alfonso XII.

Alfonso XII received numerous honors from foreign states, including being appointed a Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter by the United Kingdom in 1881.

What were the primary sources of speculation regarding Alfonso XII's paternity?

Speculation about Alfonso XII's paternity arose from the perceived effeminacy and impotence of his mother's husband, Francisco de Asís, leading to rumors involving Captain Enrique Puigmoltó y Mayans or Colonel Federico Puig Romero.

How long did the First Spanish Republic last before Alfonso XII's restoration to the throne?

The First Spanish Republic, established in February 1873 after Amadeo I's abdication, lasted for less than two years, concluding with Alfonso XII's proclamation as king in December 1874.

What was the Pact of El Pardo, and what role did it play in Alfonso XII's reign?

The Pact of El Pardo, signed in 1885 between Cánovas del Castillo and Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, formalized the system of turnismo, ensuring a peaceful alternation of power between conservative and liberal governments, which underpinned the stability of the Restoration.

How did Alfonso XII's education differ from that of his mother, Isabella II?

Alfonso XII received a more comprehensive and cosmopolitan education than his mother, Isabella II. His tutors ensured he was exposed to various European cultures, languages, and governmental systems.

Where did Alfonso XII receive his military training?

Alfonso XII received his military training at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in England, which provided him with a rigorous and internationally-oriented education.

In which Spanish territory was the first train introduced?

The first train in Spanish territories was introduced not in mainland Spain, but between Havana and Güines in the colony of Cuba.

Where was the first telegraph line in Latin America established?

The first telegraph line in Latin America was established in Puerto Rico, a Spanish colony at the time.

At what age did Alfonso XII die?

Alfonso XII died at the young age of 27.

Where is the monument dedicated to Alfonso XII located?

The monument dedicated to Alfonso XII is situated in an artificial lake within Madrid's Parque del Buen Retiro.

What was the significance of the Spanish Constitution of 1876 in relation to the political system of the Restoration?

The Spanish Constitution of 1876 formally endorsed the system of turnismo, the peaceful alternation of power between conservative and liberal parties, which was crucial for maintaining stability during Alfonso XII's reign.

How long did Maria Christina serve as regent for her son, Alfonso XIII?

Maria Christina of Austria served as regent of Spain from the posthumous birth of Alfonso XIII in 1886 until he reached his majority in 1902.

What was the Third Carlist War, and how did it conclude during Alfonso XII's reign?

The Third Carlist War was a conflict initiated by supporters of Don Carlos for the Spanish throne. It was ultimately defeated during Alfonso XII's reign, contributing to the consolidation of his rule.

Who was Alfonso XII's official father?

Alfonso XII's official father was Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz, the husband of Queen Isabella II.

Who was Alfonso XII's mother?

Alfonso XII's mother was Queen Isabella II of Spain.

When was Alfonso XIII born?

Alfonso XIII was born posthumously on May 17, 1886.

How did Alfonso XII's first wife, María de las Mercedes, die?

María de las Mercedes, Alfonso XII's first wife, died of typhoid fever at the age of 18, only a few months after their marriage.

Alfonso Xii Wiki: Alfonso XII: The Peacemaker of Spain

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Paternity and Early Life

Questionable Paternity

Born on November 28, 1857, Alfonso was the eldest son of Queen Isabella II. However, persistent rumors questioned his biological paternity due to the perceived effeminacy and impotence of his official father, Francisco de Asís. Speculation pointed to Captain Enrique Puigmoltó y Mayans or Colonel Federico Puig Romero as potential biological fathers. These rumors were exploited by political opponents, leading to the nickname "Puigmoltejo."

Exile and Education

Following the Glorious Revolution of 1868, which deposed Isabella II, Alfonso and his family were exiled to Paris. He continued his education in Vienna at the Theresianum and later at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in England. This period was crucial in shaping his understanding of European governance and military affairs.

The Sandhurst Manifesto

On December 1, 1874, Alfonso issued the Sandhurst Manifesto, outlining the ideological framework for the Bourbon Restoration. This document articulated his vision for Spain, emphasizing constitutional monarchy and stability, and served as a declaration of his claim to the throne.

The First Spanish Republic

Political Instability

After Queen Isabella's abdication, Spain experimented with a new dynasty under Prince Amadeo of Savoy. His reign was tumultuous, marked by political fragmentation, Carlist revolts, and republican opposition. Amadeo eventually abdicated in 1873, leading to the establishment of the First Spanish Republic.

Challenges of the Republic

The First Spanish Republic faced significant challenges, including ongoing wars in Cuba and Morocco, internal divisions among republicans, and the continuation of the Third Carlist War. This period of instability created a vacuum that Antonio Cánovas del Castillo sought to fill with the Bourbon Restoration.

The Pronunciamiento

In December 1874, General Arsenio Martínez Campos led a military pronunciamiento in Sagunto, declaring Alfonso XII king. This coup effectively ended the First Spanish Republic and paved the way for Alfonso's return and the establishment of the Restoration period.

The Reign of Alfonso XII

Establishing Stability

Alfonso's reign, beginning in 1874, marked the period known as the Bourbon Restoration. Under the guidance of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, a new political system, "turnismo," was established, ensuring the alternation of power between Liberal and Conservative parties. This system brought an end to decades of political instability.

Domestic and Foreign Policy

Alfonso actively participated in suppressing the Carlist revolts, notably in 1876. His government also successfully concluded the Ten Years' War in Cuba. He demonstrated a capacity for pragmatic governance, refusing to sanction laws that would have unduly restricted ministerial terms, thereby fostering a more balanced political environment.

International Relations

Alfonso's reign saw Spain navigate complex international relations. He engaged with other European monarchs, as depicted in historical accounts of gatherings like the one at Homburg Castle. His government's stability contributed to Spain's position on the international stage during a period of significant global change.

Royal Marriages

First Marriage: María de las Mercedes

In January 1878, Alfonso married his first cousin, Princess María de las Mercedes of Orléans. Their union was brief, lasting only five months before she tragically died of typhoid fever at the age of 18. This loss deeply affected the young king.

Second Marriage: Maria Christina of Austria

In November 1879, Alfonso married Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria. This marriage proved more enduring and politically significant. Despite an assassination attempt during their honeymoon, the couple had three children, securing the Bourbon succession.

Issue and Succession

The marriage to Maria Christina produced three children: María de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias; María Teresa; and Alfonso XIII. Alfonso XIII was born posthumously, ensuring the continuation of the monarchy, with Queen Maria Christina serving as regent until his coming of age.

Death and Legacy

Passing of the Peacemaker

Alfonso XII died on November 25, 1885, at the age of 27, succumbing to tuberculosis and a recurrence of dysentery. His premature death left a void in Spanish politics, with his pregnant wife, Maria Christina, assuming the regency.

Impact on Spain

Alfonso's reign is credited with establishing the foundations for Spain's socioeconomic recovery after a period of intense political turmoil. His commitment to stability, his personal bravery during cholera outbreaks and earthquakes, and his balanced approach to governance earned him the moniker "El Pacificador" (The Peacemaker).

Memorialization

In recognition of his contributions, a national contest was initiated by his widow to erect a monument in his memory. The resulting monument, designed by José Grases Riera, was constructed in Madrid's Parque del Buen Retiro, serving as a lasting tribute to his legacy.

Distinguished Honours

Spanish Honours

Alfonso XII was a recipient of numerous Spanish honours, including being made a Knight of the Golden Fleece in 1857, signifying his early connection to the highest orders of Spanish chivalry.

International Accolades

His reign was marked by extensive international recognition. He received Grand Crosses from various European monarchies, including the Legion of Honour (France), Order of St. Hubert (Bavaria), Order of the Elephant (Denmark), Order of the Chrysanthemum (Japan), and the Order of the Garter (United Kingdom), reflecting Spain's diplomatic ties.

Diplomatic Recognition

The numerous honours bestowed upon Alfonso XII underscore the diplomatic relationships and respect Spain commanded during his reign. They highlight his role not just as a national leader but as a significant figure in the European monarchical system of the late 19th century.

Royal Lineage

Bourbon Heritage

Alfonso XII belonged to the House of Bourbon, a dynasty with a long and complex history in Spain and across Europe. His lineage traces back through significant European royal houses, including those of Austria, France, and the Two Sicilies.

Notable Ancestors

His ancestry includes prominent figures such as Charles IV of Spain, Francis I of the Two Sicilies, and Maria Luisa of Parma. This extensive royal pedigree highlights the intricate web of European royal connections that shaped his identity and Spain's political landscape.

Dynastic Connections

The detailed genealogical charts illustrate his descent from numerous European monarchs, underscoring the dynastic nature of power in the 19th century. Understanding his ancestry provides context for his reign and the political alliances of the era.

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References

"Death of the King of Spain", The Times (26 November 1885): 7.

Journal de Monaco

Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 62

A full list of references for this article are available at the Alfonso XII Wikipedia page

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Alfonso XII: The Peacemaker of Spain

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Paternity and Early Life 👑

🤔 Questionable Paternity

🌍 Exile and Education

📜 The Sandhurst Manifesto

The First Spanish Republic 🏛️

📉 Political Instability

⚔️ Challenges of the Republic

🗣️ The Pronunciamiento

The Reign of Alfonso XII 👑

🕊️ Establishing Stability

🛡️ Domestic and Foreign Policy

🤝 International Relations

Royal Marriages 💍

💔 First Marriage: María de las Mercedes

👑 Second Marriage: Maria Christina of Austria

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Issue and Succession

Death and Legacy ⏳

😔 Passing of the Peacemaker

🏛️ Impact on Spain

monument Memorialization

Distinguished Honours 🏅

🇪🇸 Spanish Honours

🌍 International Accolades

📜 Diplomatic Recognition

Royal Lineage 🌳

👑 Bourbon Heritage

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Notable Ancestors

🔗 Dynastic Connections

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Paternity and Early Life

Questionable Paternity

Exile and Education

The Sandhurst Manifesto

The First Spanish Republic

Political Instability

Challenges of the Republic

The Pronunciamiento

The Reign of Alfonso XII

Establishing Stability

Domestic and Foreign Policy

International Relations

Royal Marriages

First Marriage: María de las Mercedes

Second Marriage: Maria Christina of Austria

Issue and Succession

Death and Legacy

Passing of the Peacemaker

Impact on Spain

Memorialization

Distinguished Honours

Spanish Honours

International Accolades

Diplomatic Recognition

Royal Lineage

Bourbon Heritage

Notable Ancestors

Dynastic Connections

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Important Considerations

AI-Generated Content Disclaimer