Who was Alfred the Great and during what periods did he reign?

Alfred the Great was the King of the West Saxons from 871 to approximately 886, and then became the King of the Anglo-Saxons from around 886 until his death in 899. He was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex and his first wife, Osburh.

What significant changes did Alfred introduce during his rule?

During his reign, Alfred implemented considerable administrative and military reforms that brought about lasting changes in England. These reforms aimed to strengthen the kingdom's defenses, improve its legal system, and promote education and culture.

What was Alfred's primary challenge upon ascending the throne?

Upon ascending the throne, Alfred faced continuous Viking invasions, spending several years actively fighting against them. His reign was largely defined by this struggle to defend his kingdom from Viking conquest and settlement.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Edington in 878?

Alfred achieved a decisive victory at the Battle of Edington in 878 against the Viking forces led by Guthrum. This victory led to an agreement that established a boundary between Anglo-Saxon territory and the Viking-controlled Danelaw, effectively dividing England.

What agreement was made with the Viking leader Guthrum after the Battle of Edington?

Following the Battle of Edington, Alfred made an agreement with Guthrum, the Viking leader. This agreement included Guthrum's conversion to Christianity, and Alfred became his godfather, symbolizing a significant shift in the relationship between the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings.

How did Alfred's title change after reoccupying London?

After successfully reoccupying London from the Vikings, Alfred began to style himself as "King of the Anglo-Saxons." This change in title reflected his growing dominance and the expansion of his authority over a larger territory than just Wessex.

Who documented Alfred's life and reign?

Key details of Alfred's life and reign were documented by Asser, a Welsh scholar and bishop, in his work titled *Life of King Alfred*, written around 893.

What reputation did Alfred cultivate among his people?

Alfred was known as a learned, merciful, and level-headed ruler who actively encouraged education. He established a court school for nobles and commoners and worked to improve the legal system, military structure, and the overall quality of life for his people.

Why is Alfred the Great referred to as "the Great"?

Alfred earned the epithet "the Great" due to his significant achievements in military defense, legal reform, promotion of education, and his role in unifying the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. While the epithet dates back to the 13th century, it became widely popular from the 16th century onwards.

What was the political situation in England regarding Wessex and Mercia before Alfred's grandfather, Ecgberht?

Before Ecgberht's reign, the political landscape of England was unstable, with three families vying for the West Saxon throne over a 200-year period. Mercia had previously dominated southern England until Ecgberht's victory at the Battle of Ellendun in 825, after which Wessex and Mercia became allies.

How did Ecgberht establish a lasting dynasty in Wessex?

Ecgberht's succession to his father Æthelwulf marked a departure from the previous instability. While Ecgberht himself was an ætheling (prince eligible for the throne), his reign established a precedent where subsequent West Saxon kings were descendants of Ecgberht and Æthelwulf, ensuring a more stable dynastic succession.

What was the significance of the Battle of Ellendun in 825?

The Battle of Ellendun in 825 was a pivotal moment where Ecgberht of Wessex decisively defeated Mercia. This victory ended Mercia's supremacy over southern England and led to an alliance between Wessex and Mercia, which was crucial for resisting Viking attacks.

What role did Æthelwulf play in consolidating West Saxon power?

Æthelwulf, Alfred's father, played a key role in expanding West Saxon influence. He led campaigns to subdue Kent and other southeastern territories, appointing himself as king of Kent and later ensuring a more unified kingdom through his succession and marriage alliances.

What naval victory did Æthelstan of Kent achieve?

In 851, Alfred's elder brother, Æthelstan, who was sub-king of Kent, achieved a significant naval victory by defeating a Danish fleet off Sandwich. This is noted as the first recorded naval battle in English history.

What was Alfred's childhood like in terms of education and early life events?

According to Asser, Alfred was born around 849 and did not learn to read until he was 12. Despite this late start, he had a strong memory and a love for poetry. He was sent to Rome around age 4 or 5, where Pope Leo IV reportedly confirmed him, though this was likely a misinterpretation of his being made a 'consul' rather than an anticipatory coronation.

What happened during Æthelwulf's pilgrimage to Rome in 856?

Upon returning from his pilgrimage to Rome in 856 with Alfred, Æthelwulf was deposed by his son Æthelbald. A compromise was reached where Æthelbald ruled the western shires of Wessex, and Æthelwulf retained control of the eastern parts. Æthelwulf died in 858, leading to a succession of his sons ruling Wessex.

How did the Great Heathen Army impact England starting in 865?

The Great Heathen Army, composed of Danes, landed in East Anglia in 865 with the intention of conquering the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Their presence led to significant conflict and instability, forcing Alfred and his brothers to engage in numerous battles to defend their territories.

What was the role of Bishop Asser in Alfred's life and reign?

Bishop Asser was Alfred's biographer and a key figure in his court. He provided Alfred with personal instruction and documented many aspects of his life and reign in the *Life of King Alfred*. Asser also bestowed upon Alfred the title of *secundarius*, possibly indicating a role similar to a designated successor.

What were the key battles Alfred fought in 870-871?

In 870-871, Alfred and his brother Æthelred fought several battles against the Great Heathen Army. These included a victory at Englefield, defeats at Reading and Basing, and a victory at Ashdown, followed by another defeat at Merton. Æthelred died shortly after the Battle of Merton in April 871.

How did Alfred's accession to the throne in 871 differ from previous successions?

Alfred's accession in 871 likely went uncontested despite his nephews being underage, due to the ongoing Danish invasion and the agreement made with his brother Æthelred. This agreement stipulated that the surviving brother would inherit the throne, prioritizing stability during a time of crisis.

What was the immediate aftermath of Alfred's accession in 871?

Following his brother's death and burial, Alfred faced further Viking attacks and defeats at Wilton. These losses forced him to negotiate a peace treaty with the Danes, who then withdrew from Wessex to winter quarters in London, likely after receiving silver payment.

What was Alfred's strategy in dealing with Viking armies in 876 and 877?

In 876, Alfred blockaded the Danes at Wareham and later at Exeter. After the Danes broke their oaths and fled Exeter, Alfred pursued them, and with a relief fleet scattered by a storm, he forced their submission. The Danes then withdrew to Mercia.

What event in January 878 led Alfred to establish a fort at Athelney?

In January 878, the Danes launched a surprise attack on Chippenham, a royal stronghold where Alfred had been staying over Christmas. Alfred was forced to flee with a small band into the marshes of Somerset, where he established a fort at Athelney to mount a resistance campaign.

What is the legend of the burnt cakes associated with Alfred?

The legend of the burnt cakes tells of Alfred, while in hiding in the Somerset Levels, being given shelter by a peasant woman. Unaware of his identity, she asked him to watch her cakes baking, but Alfred, preoccupied with his kingdom's affairs, accidentally let them burn and was scolded by the woman.

What was the significance of Alfred's emergence from Athelney in May 878?

Alfred's emergence from his marshland stronghold at Athelney around Whitsuntide in 878 marked the beginning of a planned offensive. He rallied the militias from Somerset, Wiltshire, and Hampshire, demonstrating his continued leadership and the loyalty of his subjects despite the dire circumstances.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Edington for Guthrum?

Alfred achieved a decisive victory at the Battle of Edington, which led to Guthrum's surrender and subsequent conversion to Christianity. Alfred stood as Guthrum's godfather, a symbolic act that cemented the peace treaty and integrated Guthrum into the Christian fold.

What were the terms of the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum?

The Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum, likely negotiated around 879 or 880, divided Mercia between Alfred and Guthrum. The boundary ran along the River Thames and Lea, then to Bedford, and finally along the River Ouse to Watling Street. Guthrum was required to leave Wessex and establish his kingdom in East Anglia, known as the Danelaw.

How did Alfred's actions in the 880s contribute to his title change?

In 886, Alfred reoccupied and began restoring London, entrusting its care to his son-in-law, Æthelred. Soon after this significant achievement, Alfred began using the title "King of the Anglo-Saxons," signifying his recognized authority over a broader territory beyond just Wessex.

What were Alfred's naval activities in the 880s?

In 882, Alfred engaged in a small sea battle against four Danish ships, destroying two and capturing the others. This was one of several naval actions he undertook, demonstrating his early efforts to develop a naval force to counter Viking threats.

What was the nature of the Viking attacks in the 890s?

In the autumn of 892 or 893, the Danes launched renewed attacks on England, bringing their families and indicating a serious attempt at conquest and colonization. They established fortified bases in Kent, prompting Alfred to position his forces to observe and counter both divisions of the invading army.

How did Alfred's military reforms address the weaknesses of the traditional fyrd system?

Alfred recognized that the traditional system of calling up the fyrd (local militia) was too slow to counter rapid Viking raids. He implemented reforms, including a more organized system of taxation and conscription based on land productivity, to maintain a standing, mobile field army and a network of garrisons (burhs).

What was the 'burghal system' established by Alfred?

Alfred established a network of 'burhs' (fortified settlements) distributed strategically throughout the kingdom, approximately 30 kilometers apart. This system, detailed in the *Burghal Hidage*, allowed for rapid military response and defense against Viking incursions, with landowners responsible for supplying men to maintain the fortifications.

What was the purpose of the 'herepaths' created by Alfred?

The 'herepaths' were roads maintained specifically for army use, connecting the burhs. These roads facilitated the quick assembly of forces to confront Viking invaders and also served to disrupt Viking routes and communications, making their operations more perilous.

What innovations did Alfred introduce in naval design?

In 896, Alfred ordered the construction of a fleet of larger longships, possibly twice the size of Viking warships, with 60 oars. These ships were designed to be swifter, steadier, and ride higher in the water, possibly drawing inspiration from classical Greek and Roman warship designs for fighting rather than just navigation.

What was the primary goal of Alfred's legal reforms, as seen in his law code?

Alfred's law code, issued in the late 880s or early 890s, aimed to synthesize existing laws and introduce new ones based on Christian principles and his own judgment. He sought to create a just legal system that reflected his understanding of divine law and promoted social order and loyalty.

What was the significance of Alfred's introduction to his law code?

In the introduction to his law code, Alfred included translations of the Ten Commandments and excerpts from Exodus and Acts of the Apostles. This section served as his meditation on Christian law, linking Mosaic law to his own legislation and presenting his kingship as divinely sanctioned.

How did Alfred view the relationship between secular and spiritual authority?

Alfred did not see a strict distinction between secular and spiritual authority. He believed kings were responsible for both the temporal and spiritual welfare of their subjects and was comfortable using bishops as royal officials and judges, while also ensuring religious institutions supported the kingdom's defense.

What impact did the Danish raids have on learning in England, according to Alfred?

Alfred lamented that the Danish raids had devastatingly impacted learning in England, stating in his preface to *Pastoral Care* that literacy had declined so severely that few men could understand divine services in English or translate from Latin. While likely an exaggeration for effect, it highlights the severe disruption caused by the invasions.

What steps did Alfred take to revive learning and education?

Alfred established a court school for his children, nobility, and others, teaching them in both English and Latin. He also recruited scholars from Mercia, Wales, and the continent to enhance his court and clergy, and initiated a program to translate key Latin works into English.

Which four works are believed to have been translated by Alfred himself?

It is believed that Alfred personally translated four works: Gregory the Great's *Pastoral Care*, Boethius's *Consolation of Philosophy*, St. Augustine's *Soliloquies*, and the first fifty psalms of the Psalter.

What was the purpose of Alfred's translation program?

Alfred's translation program aimed to make essential knowledge accessible to all his people, believing that Christian wisdom was crucial for both prosperity and success in war. He wanted to ensure that learning, particularly in religious and philosophical texts, was available in the vernacular English language.

What is the significance of the Alfred Jewel?

The Alfred Jewel, discovered in Somerset, is associated with King Alfred due to its inscription "Alfred ordered me to be made." It is a finely crafted gold object enclosing quartz crystal and an enamel plaque, possibly serving as an 'astel' or pointer used for reading, which Alfred had ordered sent to bishoprics with copies of his *Pastoral Care* translation.

How did Alfred's foreign relations manifest during his reign?

Alfred corresponded with foreign leaders, including the patriarch of Jerusalem, and sent regular embassies with alms to Rome. He also collected details of journeys, such as Wulfstan's trip from Hedeby to Truso, and maintained relations with Welsh princes who commended themselves to his overlordship.

What was the legacy of Alfred's reign in terms of cultural and religious revival?

Alfred's reign marked a significant cultural and religious revival after the devastation of Viking raids. His efforts in promoting education, translating texts, reforming laws, and strengthening defenses laid the groundwork for the eventual unification of England and left a lasting impact on English identity and culture.

What is the historical significance of the statue in Southwark?

The statue of Alfred the Great in Southwark is notable for being considered London's oldest outdoor statue. Conservation work in 2021 revealed that its lower half is Roman, dating to the 2nd century and dedicated to the goddess Minerva, making it a hybrid of ancient and later artistry.

What is the chronology of Alfred's life and reign?

Alfred was born around 849, became King of the West Saxons in 871, won the Battle of Edington in 878, became King of the Anglo-Saxons around 886, and died on October 26, 899. His reign was marked by constant conflict with Vikings and significant reforms.

How was Alfred's body eventually laid to rest and what happened to his remains?

Alfred was initially buried in Winchester's Old Minster, then moved to the New Minster, and finally interred at Hyde Abbey. After the abbey's dissolution and demolition, his remains were disturbed during construction in 1788, and subsequent attempts to locate and verify them have been inconclusive, with radiocarbon dating ruling out the most recent findings as belonging to Alfred.

What is the significance of the epithet "the Great" applied to Alfred?

The epithet "the Great" was not used by Alfred's contemporaries but became popular from the 16th century onwards. It reflects his posthumous reputation for patriotism, his success against Viking invasions, his promotion of education, and his establishment of the rule of law, all of which contributed to his legacy as a foundational English monarch.

What role did Alfred's sister, Æthelswith, play?

Æthelswith, Alfred's only known sister, married Burgred, the King of Mercia, in 853. This alliance was important for resisting Viking attacks and demonstrated the political connections between Wessex and Mercia during that period.

What was the nature of Alfred's relationship with the Welsh princes?

Alfred had significant relations with the Celtic princes in western Britain. Early in his reign, the southern Welsh princes commended themselves to Alfred due to pressure from North Wales and Mercia. Later, the North Welsh followed suit, cooperating with the English in campaigns, such as the one in 893.

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Foundations of a King

Royal Lineage

Alfred, born circa 849 AD, was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex and his first wife, Osburh. His lineage traced back to Cerdic, the founder of the West Saxon dynasty, positioning him as an eligible prince, or 'ætheling'. The stability of the House of Wessex, though challenged by internal strife and external threats, was gradually consolidated through successive reigns, laying the groundwork for Alfred's eventual ascent.

England in the 9th Century

The England of Alfred's youth was a fractured landscape. While Wessex had emerged as a dominant power following Ecgberht's victory at Ellendun, the persistent threat of Viking invasions loomed large. The Great Heathen Army's arrival in 865 marked a critical turning point, destabilizing the established kingdoms and necessitating a unified defence.

Early Life and Education

Despite his royal birth, Alfred's early life was marked by the loss of his parents and the succession struggles of his elder brothers. Notably, he did not learn to read until the age of twelve, a fact his biographer Asser considered a significant oversight. However, his keen intellect and exceptional memory were evident from a young age, fostered by a mother who encouraged learning through competition.

Navigating the Viking Storm

Early Struggles and Resilience

Upon ascending the throne in 871, Alfred inherited a kingdom under siege. The early years of his reign were characterized by relentless Viking incursions and a series of difficult battles, including engagements at Reading, Ashdown, Basing, and Merton. Despite initial setbacks and the strategic withdrawal of Danish forces, Alfred demonstrated remarkable resilience, adapting his tactics to counter the formidable Viking war machine.

The Battle of Edington

The pivotal moment in Alfred's military career came in 878 with the Battle of Edington. After a period of retreat and regrouping in the Somerset Levels, Alfred rallied his forces. His decisive victory over Guthrum's Great Heathen Army led to the Treaty of Wedmore, which established a formal division of England into Anglo-Saxon territory and the Viking-controlled Danelaw.

The Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum

This landmark agreement, negotiated around 879-880, not only formalized the territorial division but also stipulated Guthrum's conversion to Christianity, with Alfred acting as his godfather. This treaty marked a significant shift, neutralizing the immediate threat of large-scale Viking conquest and allowing Alfred to consolidate his rule and begin rebuilding his kingdom.

Reorganizing for Defence

The Burghal System

Learning from the vulnerabilities exposed by Viking tactics, Alfred implemented a comprehensive military restructuring. Central to this was the establishment of a network of fortified settlements, known as 'burhs'. These strategically placed strongholds, connected by maintained roads ('herepaths'), provided defensive bases, facilitated rapid troop deployment, and served as centers for local administration and trade.

Naval Innovation

Recognizing the importance of controlling England's waterways and coastlines, Alfred initiated the construction of a royal fleet. These ships, larger and more robust than their Viking counterparts, were designed for both defence and offensive action. While not the genesis of the English Navy, this development represented a significant advancement in Anglo-Saxon naval capability.

Taxation and Conscription

To support his military reforms, Alfred expanded and refined the existing system of taxation and conscription. Based on landholding units ('hides'), this 'trinoda necessitas' ensured that landowners contributed resources and manpower for military service, fortress construction, and bridge repair, creating a more sustainable defence infrastructure.

Establishing Justice and Order

The Doom Book

In the late 880s or early 890s, Alfred promulgated a comprehensive law code, often referred to as the 'Doom Book'. This compilation integrated his own laws with those of earlier West Saxon and Mercian kings, including Ine and Æthelberht. The code emphasized oaths, loyalty, and fairness, reflecting a deep engagement with both secular and religious principles of justice.

Wisdom and Divine Law

Alfred's legal reforms were deeply intertwined with his promotion of education and Christian learning. The introduction to his law code included translations of biblical texts, such as the Ten Commandments and excerpts from Exodus, framing his legislation within a divine mandate. This approach underscored his belief that justice and wisdom were essential for both earthly prosperity and spiritual salvation.

Judicial Fairness

Alfred demonstrated a profound commitment to judicial integrity. He insisted on reviewing judgments made by his officials, ensuring fairness and consistency. His emphasis on the literacy of judges and his own meticulous attention to legal proceedings highlight his dedication to establishing a just and equitable legal system for his kingdom.

Engaging with the Wider World

Relations with Neighbours

Alfred maintained diplomatic relations with neighbouring powers. He received the submission of the southern Welsh princes and later the North Welsh, integrating them into his sphere of influence. His correspondence with Elias III, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, and his patronage of scholars from across Britain and the continent demonstrate a broad engagement with the wider Christian world.

Papal Connections

Alfred's interactions with the Papacy were significant. His pilgrimage to Rome, where he was possibly recognized as a consul by Pope Leo IV, and his subsequent arrangements for annual alms to Rome (potentially the origin of Peter's Pence) highlight the enduring connection between the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and the Holy See.

Exploration and Trade

Alfred's intellectual curiosity extended to geography and trade. He collected detailed accounts of journeys, such as Wulfstan of Hedeby's voyage along the Baltic Sea to Truso. This interest in the wider world reflects a sophisticated understanding of the importance of knowledge and commerce for his kingdom's development.

Reviving Learning and Culture

Patronage of Scholarship

Alfred recognized the devastating impact of Viking raids on learning and literacy. In response, he initiated an ambitious program to revive education and culture. He established a court school, attracting scholars from across Britain and Europe, fostering an environment where both nobles and commoners could pursue knowledge.

Translation Initiative

A cornerstone of Alfred's cultural revival was his translation project. He commissioned the rendering of essential Latin works into Old English, including Gregory the Great's 'Pastoral Care' and Boethius's 'Consolation of Philosophy'. These translations aimed to make knowledge accessible and to promote a shared cultural and intellectual foundation for his kingdom.

Religious Revival

Alfred viewed the revival of religion and learning as intrinsically linked to the defence and well-being of his kingdom. He supported the establishment of new monasteries and encouraged piety among his clergy and populace. His actions reflected a deep-seated belief in the divine mandate of kingship and the importance of spiritual governance.

An Enduring Influence

The Epithet 'the Great'

Alfred's achievements in military strategy, legal reform, education, and governance earned him the epithet "the Great," a distinction rarely bestowed upon English monarchs. Popularized from the 16th century, this title reflects his profound and lasting impact on the development of England as a unified nation.

Cultural Memory

Alfred's legacy is preserved through numerous cultural depictions, including statues, literary works, and commemorations. His image as a wise, just, and resilient ruler has endured through centuries, influencing national identity and inspiring subsequent generations.

Modern Recognition

Alfred's significance is recognized in various modern contexts. He is venerated in the Anglican Communion, canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, and has been honored with naval vessels and educational institutions bearing his name. His ranking among the '100 Greatest Britons' underscores his enduring place in British history.

The Royal Household

Marriage and Partnership

In 868, Alfred married Ealhswith, daughter of the Mercian nobleman Æthelred Mucel. Their union strengthened ties between Wessex and Mercia. Ealhswith was a capable partner, and together they had five children who played significant roles in shaping the future of England.

Progeny and Succession

Alfred's children included Edward the Elder, who succeeded him as King of the Anglo-Saxons; Æthelflæd, the formidable Lady of the Mercians; and Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders. His lineage ensured the continuation of the House of Wessex and the consolidation of royal authority.

Dynastic Records

Genealogical records and wills provide insights into Alfred's family structure and his careful planning for succession. The careful documentation of his lineage and the roles of his children underscore the importance he placed on dynastic continuity and the stability of the kingdom.

Final Chapter

Passing and Illness

Alfred died on October 26, 899, at the age of 50 or 51. While the exact cause of death remains unknown, historical accounts suggest he suffered from a chronic and painful illness, possibly Crohn's disease or hemorrhoids, throughout his life.

Burial and Rediscovery

Initially interred in Winchester's Old Minster, Alfred's remains were later moved to the New Minster and subsequently to Hyde Abbey. The abbey's eventual demolition led to the scattering of his remains, with fragments later discovered and subjected to archaeological analysis, though definitive identification remains elusive.

Attributes of a Leader

Intellectual Acumen

Alfred was renowned for his profound intellect and insatiable thirst for knowledge. Despite his late start in literacy, he became a dedicated scholar, actively promoting learning and commissioning translations. His personal library and his own writings reflect a deep engagement with philosophy, theology, and history.

Compassion and Mercy

Biographical accounts consistently portray Alfred as a compassionate and merciful ruler. His legal reforms emphasized fairness, and his personal conduct, as described by Asser, was marked by kindness and a level-headed nature. This character contributed significantly to his popularity and the loyalty he commanded.

Active Pursuits

Beyond his intellectual and administrative duties, Alfred was also noted for his prowess in more physical pursuits. He was an accomplished hunter and warrior, demonstrating a well-rounded character that balanced scholarly dedication with the practical demands of leadership in a turbulent era.

Monuments to a Monarch

Across the Realm

Numerous statues commemorate Alfred the Great across England and beyond, reflecting his enduring significance. Notable examples include monuments in Pewsey, Southwark (a unique hybrid of ancient and modern sculpture), Wantage (his birthplace), and Winchester, the historic capital of Wessex.

Transatlantic Recognition

Alfred's influence extends even to the United States, with statues at Alfred University in New York and on the Cuyahoga County Courthouse in Cleveland, Ohio, testifying to his international recognition as a pivotal historical figure.

Key Milestones

A Life of Significance

Alfred's life was marked by pivotal events that shaped the course of English history. From his birth around 849 AD to his death in 899, his reign was defined by the struggle against Viking invasions, the implementation of crucial reforms, and the flourishing of culture and learning.

Date	Event
c. 848	Alfred born in Wantage, Berkshire.
865	The Great Heathen Army lands in East Anglia.
871	Alfred becomes King of the West Saxons.
878	Decisive victory at the Battle of Edington; Treaty of Wedmore.
c. 886	Alfred reoccupies London, styles himself King of the Anglo-Saxons.
c. 890s	Promulgation of the 'Doom Book' (law code).
892-893	Renewed Viking attacks; Alfred implements new defence strategies.
899	Alfred dies; succeeded by his son, Edward the Elder.

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References

Since 1974, Wantage has been in Oxfordshire.[1]

Abels 2002, pp. 84â85; Dumville 1979, pp. 17â18; Yorke 1990, pp. 142â143, 148â149.

Keynes 1993, pp. 120â121; Kirby 2000, pp. 155â156.

Dumville 1996, p. 23; Huscroft 2019, p. xii.

Swanton 2000, p. 4; Dumville 1986, p. 25.

Wormald 2006; Keynes 2014, p. 51.

Abels 1998, pp. 26, 45â46; Wormald 2006.

Abels 1998, pp. 45â50, 55; Nelson 2003, p. 295; Wormald 2006; Miller 2004.

Attenborough 1922, pp. 98â101, Treaty of Alfred and Gunthrum.

Bradshaw 1999, which is referenced in Hull 2006, p. xx

"Alfred" Intro. 49.9, trans. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 164.

"Alfred" Intro, 49.7, trans. Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 164â165

The charter is Sawyer 1445 and is printed in Whitelock 1996, pp. 544â546.

Asser, chap. 106, in Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 109â110.

Bately 1970, pp. 433â460; Bately 1990, pp. 45â78.

Winchester Museums Service 2009, Hyde Community Archaeology Project.

British and Western European Diocese (ROCOR)

Keynes 1998, p. 7; Hunt 1889, p. 16.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Alfred the Great Wikipedia page

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Historical Context and AI Generation

Important Notice

This content has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence, drawing upon historical data and scholarly interpretations. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the provided source material, historical understanding is continually evolving. This page is intended for educational and informational purposes, offering a structured overview of Alfred the Great's life and reign.

This is not a definitive historical account. The information presented should be considered a starting point for further academic inquiry. Readers are encouraged to consult primary sources and peer-reviewed historical scholarship for a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the period and Alfred's complex legacy.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any interpretations or actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Alfred the Great

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Foundations of a King👑

lineage Royal Lineage

🌍 England in the 9th Century

📚 Early Life and Education

Navigating the Viking Storm⚔️

🛡️ Early Struggles and Resilience

🎯 The Battle of Edington

📜 The Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum

Reorganizing for Defence🛡️

🏰 The Burghal System

🚢 Naval Innovation

⚖️ Taxation and Conscription

Establishing Justice and Order⚖️

📜 The Doom Book

📖 Wisdom and Divine Law

🧐 Judicial Fairness

Engaging with the Wider World🤝

👑 Relations with Neighbours

🇻🇦 Papal Connections

🗺️ Exploration and Trade

Reviving Learning and Culture📚

💡 Patronage of Scholarship

📖 Translation Initiative

⛪ Religious Revival

An Enduring Influence🌟

👑 The Epithet 'the Great'

🏛️ Cultural Memory

🏅 Modern Recognition

The Royal Household👨‍👩‍👧‍👦

💍 Marriage and Partnership

👑 Progeny and Succession

📜 Dynastic Records

Final Chapter💀

⏳ Passing and Illness

🪦 Burial and Rediscovery

Attributes of a Leader🤔

🧠 Intellectual Acumen

❤️ Compassion and Mercy

🏹 Active Pursuits

Monuments to a Monarch🏛️

📍 Across the Realm

🇺🇸 Transatlantic Recognition

Key Milestones📅

🗓️ A Life of Significance

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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Historical Context and AI Generation⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Foundations of a King

Royal Lineage

England in the 9th Century

Early Life and Education

Navigating the Viking Storm

Early Struggles and Resilience

The Battle of Edington

The Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum

Reorganizing for Defence

The Burghal System

Naval Innovation

Taxation and Conscription

Establishing Justice and Order

The Doom Book

Wisdom and Divine Law

Judicial Fairness

Engaging with the Wider World

Relations with Neighbours

Papal Connections

Exploration and Trade

Reviving Learning and Culture

Patronage of Scholarship

Translation Initiative

Religious Revival

An Enduring Influence

The Epithet 'the Great'

Cultural Memory

Modern Recognition

The Royal Household

Marriage and Partnership

Progeny and Succession

Dynastic Records

Final Chapter

Passing and Illness

Burial and Rediscovery

Attributes of a Leader

Intellectual Acumen

Compassion and Mercy

Active Pursuits

Monuments to a Monarch

Across the Realm

Transatlantic Recognition

Key Milestones

A Life of Significance

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Historical Context and AI Generation

Important Notice