What is the fundamental definition of Anti-Masonry?

Anti-Masonry is defined as the avowed opposition to Freemasonry. This opposition has historically resulted in various forms of religious discrimination, violent persecution, and suppression in different countries and by several organized religions, particularly within Abrahamic faiths.

Does Anti-Masonry represent a single, unified movement?

No, the provided text indicates that Anti-Masonry is not a homogeneous movement. Instead, it is characterized by criticisms stemming from diverse and often conflicting political institutions and organized religions that are themselves opposed to Freemasonry.

When and where did the earliest known anti-Masonic document appear, and what were its main accusations?

The earliest known anti-Masonic document was a leaflet printed in 1698 by a Presbyterian minister named Winter. This document warned the public against Freemasons, accusing them of practicing "Mischiefs and Evils," engaging in secret ceremonies and swearings, and being an "Anti Christ" leading people away from God.

What criticisms have been leveled against Freemasonry concerning loyalty to the state?

Critics have alleged that Freemasonry hinders its members' full commitment to their nation. The Catholic Encyclopedia suggested that Masonic disapproval of treachery was based on inconvenience to other Masons rather than moral grounds, and quoted Albert Mackey implying that Masonic principles could justify rebellion against civil authorities if it aligned with "loyalty to freedom."

How does Freemasonry's own doctrine address loyalty to the government?

Freemasonry's teachings instruct members to be "quiet and peaceful subject[s], true to your government and just to your country." It emphasizes not countenancing disloyalty or rebellion, but rather submitting patiently to legal authority and conforming cheerfully to the governing laws of their country.

What significant event in 1826 in the United States fueled political anti-Masonry?

The disappearance of William Morgan from Batavia, New York, in 1826 was a pivotal event that intensified political anti-Masonry. Morgan had allegedly threatened to expose Masonic secrets, leading to accusations that Freemasons kidnapped and murdered him, sparking widespread public suspicion and protests.

How did the William Morgan affair influence the political landscape in the United States?

The Morgan affair led to the formation of the Anti-Masonic Party, which was closely linked to anti-Jacksonian movements because Andrew Jackson was a Mason. This party fielded presidential candidates in the 1828 and 1832 elections and saw its platform contribute to the election of state governors in Vermont and Pennsylvania.

What were John Quincy Adams' specific objections to Freemasonry?

John Quincy Adams expressed strong objections to the oaths of secrecy taken by Freemasons, particularly concerning undefined secrets and the penalties for breaking them. He declared that Masonry should be abolished as an inherently wrong "seed of evil," although he showed leniency towards those who joined before the Morgan affair, believing they were misled.

What legislative actions were taken in the United States in response to anti-Masonic sentiment?

In response to anti-Masonic sentiment, some states passed laws to regulate and restrict organizations like Freemasonry. Vermont enacted antimasonic legislation in 1833, making the taking of unnecessary oaths a crime, while New York introduced a Benevolent Orders Law for similar regulatory purposes.

What was the Soviet Union's stance and actions regarding Freemasonry?

The Soviet Union officially outlawed Freemasonry in 1922. Freemasonry was also suppressed in other Marxist-Leninist states, with attempts to re-establish lodges in Czechoslovakia and Hungary being shut down in 1950.

How did Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini deal with Freemasonry?

Benito Mussolini decreed in 1924 that members of the Fascist Party had to choose between their party affiliation and their Masonic membership. In 1925, he dissolved Freemasonry in Italy, officially classifying it as a political organization.

What happened to Freemasonry in Hungary during the early 20th century?

Following Béla Kun's proclamation of the dictatorship of the proletariat in 1919, Masonic lodges were closed. After Kun's regime fell, Hungarian counter-revolutionaries, including Miklós Horthy, blamed Masons for the country's defeat in World War I and the revolution. Masonry was outlawed by decree in 1920, leading to raids on lodges and confiscation of property. Lodges were re-established after the war but were banned again in 1950.

What was the Nazi regime's ideological view of Freemasonry?

The Nazi regime considered Freemasons to be ideological enemies. They propagated the idea that high-ranking Masons were part of a Jewish conspiracy and that Freemasonry contributed to Germany's defeat in World War I. Adolf Hitler himself stated in *Mein Kampf* that Freemasonry had been co-opted by Jews to serve their agenda.

What specific measures did the Nazi regime implement against Freemasonry?

The Nazi regime ordered the disbandment of Freemasonry in Germany in 1934, confiscated the property of Masonic lodges, and prohibited former Masons from holding positions in the Nazi party or public service. Specialized units within the Security Service (SD) and the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) were established to deal with Freemasonry, and Masons in concentration camps were identified by a red triangle.

What is the estimated number of Freemasons murdered by the Nazi regime?

It is estimated that between 80,000 and 200,000 Freemasons from Nazi-occupied countries were murdered under the Nazi regime.

What was the fate of Freemasons in Francoist Spain?

Following the military coup in 1936, many Freemasons in areas controlled by the Nationalists were arrested and executed during the "White Terror." Freemasonry was officially outlawed in Spain in 1940, with membership carrying severe penalties, including jail time and, for higher degrees, the death penalty. Franco himself was a vocal opponent and author of anti-Masonic literature.

How did the Unlawful Societies Act of 1799 in the United Kingdom affect Freemasonry?

The Unlawful Societies Act of 1799 was initially intended to suppress societies with unauthorized oaths, which could have included Freemasonry. However, due to the intervention of prominent figures like the Duke of Atholl and the Earl of Moira, a specific exemption clause was included for Freemason lodges, provided they met certain registration requirements.

What caused a resurgence of anti-Masonic sentiment in the UK in the late 20th century?

A resurgence of anti-Masonic sentiment in the UK occurred after the publication of Martin Short's 1989 book, *Inside the Brotherhood (Further Secrets of the Freemasons)*. This led to proposals for legislation requiring members of the police and judiciary to publicly declare their Masonic affiliations, citing concerns about potential favoritism and mutual advancement.

What is the Roman Catholic Church's official position on Freemasonry?

The Roman Catholic Church has prohibited its members from joining Masonic organizations since 1738, citing both political and religious reasons. While the penalty for membership was excommunication until 1983, it is now an interdict that prevents offenders from receiving Holy Communion, though the prohibition itself remains.

What are some prevalent conspiracy theories associated with Freemasonry?

Common conspiracy theories suggest that Freemasonry aims for world domination or already exerts covert control over global politics. An early theory from 1786 alleged that Freemasons, alongside Jesuits, were plotting to instigate a world revolution.

What role did Muhammad Rashid Rida play in the development of Muslim anti-Masonry?

Muhammad Rashid Rida, an influential Islamic theologian, played a key role in spreading anti-Masonic ideas throughout the Muslim world via his journal *Al-Manar*. His writings, which often intertwined anti-Semitic and anti-Zionist themes, linked Freemasonry to Jewish subversion and conspiracy theories, influencing later radical Islamic movements.

How did the Japanese representative at the 1938 *Welt-Dienst* congress frame Japan's conflict with China in relation to Freemasonry?

The Japanese representative asserted that "Judeo-Masonry" was compelling China to attack Japan and that Japan's true adversary was Freemasonry, which he identified with Chinese leaders Chiang Kai-shek and Sun Yat-sen.

What was the objective of the "Universal Anti-Masonic Union" established in 1896?

The "Universal Anti-Masonic Union" was created by the International Anti-Masonic Congress in Trento with the aim of establishing a central hub for anti-Masonic groups. Its purpose was to bolster their collective resolve and capacity to oppose Freemasonry on a national and international level.

What specific actions were taken against Freemasons in Finland during the 1930s and 1940s?

During the 1930s and 1940s, far-right groups in Finland exerted political pressure to remove Freemasons from the armed forces. Organizations like the "Patriotic Citizens of Viitasaari" distributed anti-Masonic literature, and Member of Parliament Paavo Susitaival publicly accused Freemasons of ritual murders.

What symbol was used to identify Freemasons within Nazi concentration camps?

Freemasons held in Nazi concentration camps were classified as political prisoners and were marked with an inverted red triangle, indicating their status.

What was the purpose of the Nazi propaganda film *Forces occultes*?

The film *Forces occultes*, produced in occupied France under Nazi direction, served as virulent propaganda against Freemasonry, parliamentarianism, and Jews. It aimed to expose an alleged Jewish-Masonic plot intended to draw France into war with Germany.

What was the legal status of Freemasonry in Spain under Franco's regime?

Following General Francisco Franco's victory, Freemasonry was officially outlawed in Spain on March 2, 1940, through the Law for the Repression of Freemasonry and Communism. Membership was punishable by a minimum of 12 years in prison, with higher degrees potentially facing the death penalty.

What were the specific criticisms leveled against Freemasonry in the early anti-Masonic leaflet from 1698?

The 1698 leaflet accused Freemasons of practicing "Mischiefs and Evils," engaging in secret meetings and swearings, and being an "Anti Christ." It questioned the morality of their secret actions, implying they were inherently wrong and contrary to God's observation.

What was Adolf Hitler's public announcement in 1935 regarding Masonic lodges in Germany?

In 1935, Adolf Hitler announced the final dissolution of all Masonic Lodges in Germany through the Nazi Party newspaper, *Völkischer Beobachter*. He accused Freemasonry and "World Jewry" of conspiring to establish a World Republic.

How did the Catholic Church's penalties for Masonic membership evolve over time?

Initially, the Catholic Church imposed excommunication on members who joined Masonic organizations. This penalty was changed in 1983 to an interdict, which bars the offender from receiving Holy Communion, although the prohibition on membership itself remains in place.

What was the *Enthüllungen des Systems der Weltbürger-Politik* and its connection to anti-Masonic conspiracy theories?

Published in 1786, *Enthüllungen des Systems der Weltbürger-Politik* was an early pamphlet that accused Freemasons and Jesuits of plotting to incite a world revolution. This marked one of the first instances of Freemasonry being implicated in a conspiracy theory.

What specific accusations did the Hamas Charter make regarding Freemasonry?

Article 28 of the Hamas Charter states that Freemasonry, Rotary, and similar groups "work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions," linking these organizations to Zionist objectives.

What was the outcome of the UK's policy requiring judiciary candidates to declare Masonic membership?

Following a challenge in the European Court, Jack Straw, then Home Secretary, accepted that the policy was "disproportionate" and revoked it in 1999. This meant that judiciary candidates were no longer legally required to declare their Masonic status.

What specific accusation did Paavo Susitaival, a Finnish MP, make against Freemasons?

Paavo Susitaival, a prominent opponent of Freemasonry in Finland during the 1930s and 1940s, claimed that Freemasons were responsible for ritual murders.

What was the stated reason for Benito Mussolini dissolving Freemasonry in Italy in 1925?

Benito Mussolini dissolved Freemasonry in Italy in 1925, declaring it to be a political organization. This action followed a 1924 decree that required members of the Fascist Party to renounce either their party membership or their Masonic affiliation.

How did the Nazi regime's propaganda film *Forces occultes* portray Freemasonry?

The propaganda film *Forces occultes*, commissioned by Nazi Germany in occupied France, strongly denounced Freemasonry, parliamentarianism, and Jews. It alleged a conspiracy between Jews and Freemasons aimed at drawing France into war with Germany.

What was the legal status of Freemasonry in Spain under Franco's regime?

Freemasonry was officially outlawed in Spain on March 2, 1940, under Franco's regime through the Law for the Repression of Freemasonry and Communism. Membership was punishable by a minimum of 12 years in prison, with higher degrees potentially facing the death penalty.

What were the specific criticisms leveled against Freemasonry in the early anti-Masonic leaflet from 1698?

The 1698 leaflet accused Freemasons of practicing "Mischiefs and Evils," engaging in secret meetings and swearings, and being an "Anti Christ." It questioned the morality of their secret actions, implying they were inherently wrong and contrary to God's observation.

What was Adolf Hitler's public announcement in 1935 regarding Masonic lodges in Germany?

In 1935, Adolf Hitler announced the final dissolution of all Masonic Lodges in Germany through the Nazi Party newspaper, *Völkischer Beobachter*. He accused Freemasonry and "World Jewry" of conspiring to establish a World Republic.

How did the Catholic Church's penalties for Masonic membership evolve over time?

Initially, the Catholic Church imposed excommunication on members who joined Masonic organizations. This penalty was changed in 1983 to an interdict, which bars the offender from receiving Holy Communion, although the prohibition on membership itself remains.

What was the *Enthüllungen des Systems der Weltbürger-Politik* and its connection to anti-Masonic conspiracy theories?

Published in 1786, *Enthüllungen des Systems der Weltbürger-Politik* was an early pamphlet that accused Freemasons and Jesuits of plotting to incite a world revolution. This marked one of the first instances of Freemasonry being implicated in a conspiracy theory.

What specific accusations did the Hamas Charter make regarding Freemasonry?

Article 28 of the Hamas Charter states that Freemasonry, Rotary, and similar groups "work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions," linking these organizations to Zionist objectives.

What was the outcome of the UK's policy requiring judiciary candidates to declare Masonic membership?

Following a challenge in the European Court, Jack Straw, then Home Secretary, accepted that the policy was "disproportionate" and revoked it in 1999. This meant that judiciary candidates were no longer legally required to declare their Masonic status.

What specific accusation did Paavo Susitaival, a Finnish MP, make against Freemasons?

Paavo Susitaival, a prominent opponent of Freemasonry in Finland during the 1930s and 1940s, claimed that Freemasons were responsible for ritual murders.

What was the stated reason for Benito Mussolini dissolving Freemasonry in Italy in 1925?

Benito Mussolini dissolved Freemasonry in Italy in 1925, declaring it to be a political organization. This action followed a 1924 decree that required members of the Fascist Party to renounce either their party membership or their Masonic affiliation.

How did the Nazi regime's propaganda film *Forces occultes* portray Freemasonry?

The propaganda film *Forces occultes*, produced in occupied France under Nazi direction, strongly denounced Freemasonry, parliamentarianism, and Jews. It alleged a conspiracy between Jews and Freemasons aimed at drawing France into war with Germany.

What was the legal status of Freemasonry in Spain under Franco's regime?

Freemasonry was officially outlawed in Spain on March 2, 1940, under Franco's regime through the Law for the Repression of Freemasonry and Communism. Membership was punishable by a minimum of 12 years in prison, with higher degrees potentially facing the death penalty.

What was the significance of the International Anti-Masonic Congress in Trento in 1896?

The International Anti-Masonic Congress in Trento in 1896 was sponsored by Pope Leo XIII and Emperor Francis-Joseph. It gathered 1,500 delegates and 300 journalists, aiming to establish a permanent "Universal Anti-Masonic Union" to combat Freemasonry, though the union ultimately proved ineffective.

What specific legislative act in the UK in 1799 initially impacted societies like Freemasonry, and how was Freemasonry exempted?

The *Unlawful Societies Act 1799* targeted societies with unauthorized oaths. Freemasonry was exempted due to the intervention of the 4th Duke of Atholl and the Earl of Moira, who secured a clause specifically protecting societies "held under the Denomination of Lodges of Freemasons" provided they met registration requirements.

What was the nature of the anti-Masonic sentiment in the Muslim world, particularly concerning its connection to other ideologies?

In the Muslim world, anti-Masonic arguments frequently became intertwined with antisemitism and anti-Zionism. Freemasonry was also associated with conspiracy theories and Islamic eschatology, particularly the figure of the Dajjal, the Islamic Antichrist.

Anti-masonry Wiki: Anti-Masonry: A Historical Examination of Opposition

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Defining Anti-Masonry

Core Definition

Anti-Masonry denotes the avowed opposition to Freemasonry. Historically, this opposition has manifested in various forms, including religious condemnation, violent persecution, and state-sponsored suppression across different cultures and organized religions, particularly within Abrahamic faiths.

Diverse Criticisms

It is crucial to understand that Anti-Masonry is not a monolithic movement. It comprises a spectrum of criticisms originating from frequently incompatible political institutions and religious bodies, each holding distinct and often conflicting views hostile to Freemasonry in some capacity.

Early Manifestations

The 1698 Leaflet

The earliest documented instance of anti-Masonic sentiment appears in a leaflet circulated in London in 1698. Attributed to a Presbyterian minister named Winter, the document warned against Freemasons, characterizing their secret meetings and oaths as inherently evil and indicative of an anti-Christian agenda. It cautioned against mingling with this "corrupt people," suggesting their clandestine activities were contrary to divine observation and godly conduct.

Political Dimensions

Allegations of Disloyalty

Critics have historically alleged that Freemasonry hinders members' full commitment to their nation. Unlike the explicit denunciations of treachery found in Operative Masonry, Speculative Masonry (post-1723) is perceived by some as more ambiguous regarding loyalty. Some interpretations suggest that Masonic oaths, particularly concerning secrecy and penalties, could be seen as overriding civic duties, a stance criticized by figures like John Quincy Adams.

Communist and Fascist Regimes

Freemasonry faced systematic persecution in all communist states, being outlawed and considered a subversive element. Similarly, Fascist regimes viewed Freemasonry as a potential source of opposition. Adolf Hitler, in Mein Kampf, accused Freemasonry of being a tool of Jewish conspiracy, contributing to Germany's defeat in World War I and promoting a "pacifistic paralysis." Hermann Göring declared that "in National Socialist Germany, there is no place for Freemasonry," leading to the disbandment of lodges and persecution of members, often marked by the red triangle symbol.

Francoist Spain

Following the military coup of 1936, Freemasons in Nationalist-controlled areas of Spain faced severe repression, including arrests, torture, and executions. The Franco regime officially outlawed Freemasonry in 1940, making membership punishable by lengthy prison terms, with severe penalties, including the death penalty, for higher-ranking members. Franco himself was a fervent opponent, producing numerous anti-Masonic publications.

United Kingdom Context

In the UK, anti-Masonic sentiment intensified following Martin Short's 1989 book, Inside the Brotherhood. This led to proposals for laws requiring members in the police and judiciary to declare their affiliation, amid concerns about favoritism. While the Welsh Assembly implemented a legal requirement, subsequent challenges led to the policy's revocation, though voluntary disclosure is still encouraged in some sectors.

Religious Opposition

Muslim Anti-Masonry

Islamic criticism of Freemasonry dates back to the 18th century, often equating it with atheism and linking it to conspiracy theories, particularly concerning Jews and the figure of the Dajjal (Islamic Antichrist). Influential figures like Muhammad Rashid Rida spread anti-Masonic and anti-Semitic ideas, impacting movements like the Muslim Brotherhood and Hamas. Many Muslim-majority countries have banned Masonic establishments, citing concerns about subversion and foreign influence.

Christian Anti-Masonry

Various Christian denominations express varying degrees of concern regarding Freemasonry. Some Protestants and Eastern Orthodox churches advise against membership due to perceived incompatibility with Christian teachings. More extreme views, drawing from figures like Leo Taxil, accuse the fraternity of Satanic worship. The Roman Catholic Church has prohibited membership since 1738, initially through excommunication and later through interdict, maintaining this stance despite changes in canonical penalties.

Conspiracy Theories

Historical Narratives

Conspiracy theories surrounding Freemasonry have long alleged its covert control over world politics or its aim for global domination. Early theories, such as the 1786 publication Enthüllungen des Systems der Weltbürger-Politik, accused Freemasons and Jesuits of plotting world revolution. Throughout the 19th century, counter-revolutionaries frequently blamed Freemasons for attacks on established social orders.

Associated Concepts

Key Associations

The study of Anti-Masonry often intersects with several related concepts and historical movements:

Abel Clarin de la Rive
Anti-Catholicism
Anti-clericalism
Anti-Protestantism
Humanum Genus (Papal Encyclical)
Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory
Mormonism and Freemasonry
New World Order (conspiracy theory)
Propaganda Due
Secret society
Taxil hoax

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References

As quoted by Morris, S. Brent; The Complete Idiot's Guide to Freemasonry, Alpha Books, 2006, p. 204

"2nd â You shall be true liegemen to the King of England without any treason or falsehood, and if you know of any that you amend it privily, if you may, or else warn the King and his Council of it by declaring it to his officers."

RevÃ¡uger, CÃ©cile. Black Freemasonry: from Prince Hall to the Giants of Jazz. 2019, Inner Traditions International, The Limited.

"Such language would equally suit every anarchistic movement." Masonry (Freemasonry) in the Catholic Encyclopedia

Ridley, Jasper;The Freemasons: A History of the World's Most Powerful Secret Society, pp. 180â181 (Arcade Publishing 1999).

Finney, Charles Grandison; The Character, Claims, and Practical Workings of Freemasonry.

William Preston Vaughn, The Anti-Masonic Party in the United States, 1826â1843 (University Press of Kentucky. 1983).

Adams, John Quincy Letters on the Masonic Institution, pp. 68â71, 1847 Press of T.R. Marvin

Vermont Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911, Accessed June 26, 2008

L. J. NiinistÃ¶; "Paavo Susitaival 1896â1993. Aktivismi elÃ¤mÃ¤nasenteena", 1998.

Anttikoski, Riitta: Kun talonpojat marssivat. Helsingin Sanomat, 6.7.1980, s. 17. HS Aikakone (vain tilaajille)

Kirja-arvosteluja. L. J. NiinistÃ¶: Paavo Susitaival 1896â1993. Aktivismi elÃ¤mÃ¤nasenteena Genos

'The Truth Is Stranger Than Fiction', Alphonse Cerza, published by the Masonic Service Association, September 1967

L. Nagy Zsuzsa: SzabadkÅmÅ±vessÃ©g a XX. szÃ¡zadban, Budapest, 1977, Kossuth KÃ¶nyvkiadÃ³; L. Nagy Zsuzsa: SzabadkÅmÅ±vessÃ©g, Budapest, 1988, AkadÃ©miai kiadÃ³

The Enabling Act Accessed February 23, 2006.

Ruiz, Julius, Franco's justice: repression in Madrid after the Spanish Civil War, p. 25 Oxford Univ. Press

Pietre Stones The Unlawful Societies Act of 1799, Dr Andrew Prescott, retrieved 13th July 2012

"New judges must declare masonic membership", BBC, March 5, 1998, retrieved February 26, 2006

"Freemason policy review due", BBC, December 8, 2001, retrieved February 26, 2006

"Morgan criticised over job blocking", BBC, March 22, 2004, retrieved February 26, 2006

Layiktez, Cecil "Freemasonry in the Islamic World", Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry, 1996

Hamas Covenant of 1988. Wikisource. Accessed 2 October 2007.

"Saddam to be formally charged", The Washington Times, July 1, 2004. Retrieved 2011-10-09.

Leyiktez, Celil. "Freemasonry in the Islamic World". Accessed 2 October 2007.

Matthias PÃ¶hlmann: Verschwiegene MÃ¤nner, Protestant Centre for Religious and Ideological Issues of the Evangelical Church in Germany

Dr. Johannes Rogalla von Biberstein, historian and librarian of the University of Bielefeld: Die These von der VerschwÃ¶rung 1776â1945. Philosophen, Freimaurer, Juden, Liberale und Sozialisten gegen die Sozialordnung, Flensburg 1992

A full list of references for this article are available at the Anti-Masonry Wikipedia page

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Anti-Masonry: A Historical Examination of Opposition

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Defining Anti-Masonry ℹ️

🚫 Core Definition

⚖️ Diverse Criticisms

Early Manifestations 📜

📰 The 1698 Leaflet

Political Dimensions 🏛️

🚩 Allegations of Disloyalty

☭ Communist and Fascist Regimes

🇪🇸 Francoist Spain

🇬🇧 United Kingdom Context

Religious Opposition ✝️☪️

☪️ Muslim Anti-Masonry

✝️ Christian Anti-Masonry

Conspiracy Theories 🐍

🌐 Historical Narratives

Associated Concepts 🔗

💡 Key Associations

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Defining Anti-Masonry

Core Definition

Diverse Criticisms

Early Manifestations

The 1698 Leaflet

Political Dimensions

Allegations of Disloyalty

Communist and Fascist Regimes

Francoist Spain

United Kingdom Context

Religious Opposition

Muslim Anti-Masonry

Christian Anti-Masonry

Conspiracy Theories

Historical Narratives

Associated Concepts

Key Associations

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice