What is antimilitarism, and how does it differ from pacifism?

Antimilitarism is an ideology and set of activities aimed at reducing the civil power of the military and preventing international war. While pacifism disputes should always be settled without violence, antimilitarism does not reject war in all circumstances but rather rejects the belief or desire to maintain a large and strong military organization in aggressive preparedness for war. It can also oppose military rule, high military expenditures, or the imposition of foreign bases.

What were the explicit goals of the First and Second International regarding antimilitarism?

The First and Second International explicitly aimed for antimilitarism as a core goal of their movements. This indicates a historical commitment within these socialist organizations to opposing militarism and war.

How does Paul B. Miller define antimilitarism?

Paul B. Miller defines antimilitarism as an ideology and set of activities that are directed towards diminishing the influence of the military within civil society and, ultimately, preventing international conflict.

According to Cynthia Cockburn, what constitutes an anti-militarist movement?

Cynthia Cockburn defines an anti-militarist movement as one that actively opposes military rule, excessive military spending, or the presence of foreign military bases within a country's borders.

What is the fundamental principle of pacifism?

Pacifism is the doctrine that disputes between nations can and should be resolved peacefully, advocating against the use of war and violence as means of settling disagreements. It can also involve a personal refusal to participate in military actions.

What specific aspect does antimilitarism focus on opposing, as distinct from pacifism's broader rejection of war?

Antimilitarism specifically targets the ideology and practice of militarism, which involves maintaining a large, aggressive military force. While pacifism rejects war outright, antimilitarism focuses on dismantling the structures and beliefs that promote military power and preparedness for conflict.

What did Georges Sorel advocate regarding violence in his writings?

Georges Sorel, a syndicalist thinker, advocated for the use of violence, which he termed "revolutionary violence," as a form of direct action. However, he distinguished this from the violence inherent in class struggle, exploring these concepts in his work *Reflections on Violence*.

What distinctions did Walter Benjamin draw between different types of violence in his *Critique of Violence*?

Walter Benjamin distinguished between 'violence that founds the law' and 'violence that conserves the law' on one hand, and 'divine violence' on the other. The former are instrumental, operating within a means-ends logic of state power, while 'divine violence' is a unique, potentially bloodless force that aims to destroy the law itself by breaking the established legal and state structures.

What example does Walter Benjamin use to illustrate the concept of 'divine violence'?

Walter Benjamin uses the example of a General Strike to illustrate 'divine violence.' This concept, also discussed by Georges Sorel, represents a force that operates outside the established legal framework and seeks to dismantle the state's monopoly on violence and its instrumental use of law.

How did Giorgio Agamben connect the ideas of Carl Schmitt to the concept of sovereignty?

Giorgio Agamben highlighted the theoretical link between law and violence, as articulated by Carl Schmitt, to explain how the "state of exception" became a characteristic of sovereignty. This connection suggests that sovereignty is fundamentally tied to the ability to suspend the law, which can only be challenged by breaking the link between violence and legal authority.

What are the general characteristics of the effects of war mentioned in the provided text?

The effects of war are described as widespread and can be either long-term or short-term. Both soldiers and civilians suffer during wartime, with women and children often experiencing particular atrocities, leading to widespread trauma and psychological stress.

How do internal wars differ from state wars in their impact on civilians?

Present-day internal wars generally inflict a greater toll on civilians than traditional state wars. This is largely because combatants in internal conflicts increasingly target civilians as a strategic objective.

What are the three key problems identified concerning state conflict and the United Nations?

The three problems posed by state conflict are: the willingness of UN member states, particularly the most powerful ones, to intervene; the structural capacity of the UN to respond effectively; and whether traditional peacekeeping principles should be applied to intra-state conflicts.

Beyond direct conflict, what are some indirect negative consequences of armed conflict?

Armed conflict has significant indirect negative consequences, including the mass destruction of cities, long-lasting detrimental effects on a country's economy, damage to infrastructure, disruption of public health services, and the breakdown of social order.

What contrast is drawn between military spending and sustainable development?

The text contrasts the vast sums spent on military expenditures with the failure to meet global development goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals. It suggests that resources allocated to weapons could instead address root causes of conflict and promote human security.

What does research suggest about the effectiveness of building larger armies for national security?

Research on the causes of violent conflicts indicates that building bigger armies is not necessarily the key to keeping a country safe from warfare. In fact, funds spent on military build-up may divert resources from social, political, and economic development initiatives that could address the underlying causes of conflict.

What is the estimated daily global military spending, and how does it relate to achieving the Millennium Development Goals?

The estimated daily global military spending is approximately $4.7 billion, or $249 per person. According to the World Bank and the Office of Disarmament Affairs, only about 5% of this amount annually would be sufficient to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015.

What are the broader negative effects of high militarization mentioned?

High militarization leads to negative consequences beyond the direct financial cost. These include the diversion of funds from essential human development areas like infrastructure, education, and health, as well as the health consequences associated with the research, development, testing, and decommissioning of weapons, particularly nuclear, biological, and chemical ones.

Which of Henry David Thoreau's essays is considered a significant antimilitarist work?

Henry David Thoreau's 1849 essay, originally titled "Resistance to Civil Government" and later known as "Civil Disobedience," is considered a key text presenting an antimilitarist viewpoint.

What specific government actions did Thoreau protest through his tax refusal?

Thoreau justified his refusal to pay taxes as an act of protest against the institution of slavery and the Mexican-American War, which he viewed as unjust.

What principle did Thoreau articulate regarding an individual's moral obligation?

Thoreau argued that an individual is not bound by the majority's will or the state's dictates if the law requires them to act unjustly towards others. He believed individuals have a moral duty to "break the law" when it compels them to be agents of injustice.

How has capitalism been linked to the causes of war in antimilitarist literature?

Antimilitarist literature, particularly influenced by thinkers like Vladimir Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg, has often identified capitalism as a major driver of wars through the mechanism of imperialism. This theory suggests that capitalist economies inherently seek expansion and resources, leading to international conflict.

What is the military-industrial complex accused of?

The military-industrial complex, a term often associated with the intertwined relationship between a nation's military, its arms industry, and political decision-makers, has been accused of actively promoting war to serve private economic or financial interests.

What was the Second International's perspective on working-class participation in war?

The Second International opposed the participation of the working classes in war, analyzing such conflicts as competitions between different national bourgeois classes and their respective imperialist ambitions. They believed war primarily served the interests of the ruling capitalist class, not the workers.

How did Alain critique militarism in his work *Mars; or, The Truth About War*?

In *Mars; or, The Truth About War* (1921), Alain criticized the destructive nature of militarism. He argued that soldiers fought not out of patriotism, but due to coercion, symbolized by the 'bayonets behind them,' suggesting that military force, not genuine conviction, compelled participation in war.

What significant warning did President Dwight D. Eisenhower issue regarding the military-industrial complex?

In 1961, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued a notable warning about the growing influence of the "military-industrial complex," highlighting the potential dangers of the close relationship between the military establishment and the arms industry.

What historical figures and ideas influence right-wing antimilitarism in the United States?

American right-wing antimilitarists often draw upon the views of Founding Fathers like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who expressed skepticism towards standing armies and advocated for citizen militias and non-interventionist foreign policies.

What was Thomas Jefferson's specific concern regarding standing armies?

Thomas Jefferson viewed standing armies as potentially dangerous instruments that could threaten the rights of the nation and place citizens at the mercy of their government. He believed that governments should be restricted from maintaining such forces except in narrowly defined circumstances.

How did James Madison describe the ideal defense for a free country?

James Madison stated that 'A well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the best and most natural defense of a free country.' This highlights a preference for a citizen militia over a professional standing army.

How do some right-wing antimilitarists interpret the term 'well regulated' in relation to the Second Amendment?

Some right-wing antimilitarists interpret the phrase 'well regulated' in the Second Amendment not as state control, but as meaning 'well equipped' and 'in good working order.' This interpretation aligns with their view of a capable militia as essential for national defense.

What argument did David Starr Jordan use against war, based on eugenics?

David Starr Jordan, an ichthyologist and university president, argued against war using eugenic principles. He believed that warfare resulted in the loss of the fittest individuals from the population's gene pool, thereby weakening the human race.

What key provision in Japan's postwar constitution reflects an antimilitarist stance?

Article 9 of Japan's postwar constitution explicitly renounces war as a sovereign right of the nation and prohibits the threat or use of force to settle international disputes. This article embodies a strong antimilitarist principle.

What was the perceived reason for Japan's adoption of an antimilitarist constitution after World War II?

The postwar constitution with its antimilitarist Article 9 was adopted based on the belief that Japan's own military actions were responsible for plunging the country into the devastation of World War II. The aim was to prevent such a catastrophe from recurring.

What is the Yoshida Doctrine, and how does it relate to Japanese antimilitarism?

The Yoshida Doctrine, adopted after World War II, emphasized Japan's focus on economic development and its reliance on the security umbrella provided by the United States. This doctrine is seen as evidence supporting the existence of a strong antimilitarist norm in post-war Japan, prioritizing economic recovery over military strength.

What are the 'Three Non-Nuclear Principles' of Japan?

Japan's 'Three Non-Nuclear Principles' signify its commitment to not possessing, producing, or permitting the introduction of nuclear weapons into the country. These principles are also cited as evidence of Japan's post-war antimilitarism.

What challenges have arisen regarding Article 9 of Japan's constitution?

Japan's antimilitarist constitution, particularly Article 9, has faced proposed amendments, notably by the Liberal Democratic Party. Recent legislation has also reinterpreted constitutional restrictions, allowing Japan's Self-Defense Forces to operate more like a conventional army, which has drawn strong opposition from parties like the Japanese Communist Party.

What was the fate of the Second International concerning antimilitarism?

Until its dissolution, the Second International maintained an antimilitarist stance. However, the assassination of socialist leader Jean Jaurès just before World War I is seen as marking a failure of antimilitarism within the socialist movement, as massive participation in the war followed.

What significant US antimilitarist organization emerged during World War I?

The American Union Against Militarism was founded in the United States during World War I. Notably, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) was formed from this organization after the war concluded.

What actions did Benjamin Spock take in protest against the Vietnam War?

Benjamin Spock was involved in anti-war protests against the Vietnam War. He signed the 'Writers and Editors War Tax Protest' pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments, and was arrested for his participation in protests against the war, including signing the anti-war manifesto 'A Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority'.

Who were the 'Boston Five'?

The 'Boston Five' were individuals arrested for their involvement in anti-war protests related to the Vietnam War. This group included Benjamin Spock and others who signed the manifesto 'A Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority'.

What is War Resisters' International?

War Resisters' International is a global network established in 1921 that connects pacifist and antimilitarist groups. It currently comprises 90 affiliated organizations across more than 40 countries.

What is the significance of the painting 'The Victory of the Genius of Destruction'?

Mihály Zichy's painting 'The Victory of the Genius of Destruction,' created for the 1878 Paris Exposition, was banned by French authorities because of its strong antimilitarist message, highlighting its controversial nature at the time.

How did the opera *The Chocolate Soldier* and George Bernard Shaw's *Arms and the Man* relate to antimilitarism?

Both the light opera *The Chocolate Soldier* and George Bernard Shaw's play *Arms and the Man* satirize militaristic virtues. They positively portray a deserter who chooses to carry chocolate instead of ammunition, offering a critique of traditional military values.

What is the core tenet of antimilitarism as defined by Paul B. Miller?

Paul B. Miller defines antimilitarism as an ideology and set of activities focused on reducing the military's influence in civilian life and ultimately preventing international war.

What does antimilitarism reject, according to Martin Ceadel?

Martin Ceadel points out that antimilitarism is sometimes equated with pacifism, but it specifically rejects the belief or desire to maintain a large and aggressively prepared military organization.

What is the primary difference between antimilitarism and pacifism regarding the use of force?

Pacifism fundamentally disputes the use of violence to settle disputes, while antimilitarism, though opposing militarism, does not necessarily reject the use of force in all circumstances. Antimilitarism's focus is on challenging the dominance and preparedness of military institutions.

What connection did Giorgio Agamben draw between sovereignty and the state of exception?

Giorgio Agamben showed that the theoretical link between law and violence, as understood by thinkers like Carl Schmitt, allowed for the justification of the 'state of exception' as a defining characteristic of sovereignty. This implies that sovereignty is intrinsically tied to the power to suspend normal legal processes.

What is the impact of targeting civilians in modern internal wars?

In contemporary internal wars, the deliberate targeting of civilians has become a strategic objective for combatants, leading to a greater toll on the civilian population compared to state wars.

What is the relationship between military spending and human development, according to Dwight D. Eisenhower?

Dwight D. Eisenhower famously articulated that military spending comes at the expense of human needs, stating that 'Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies... a theft from those who hunger and are not fed.'

What is the historical basis for right-wing antimilitarism in the United States?

Right-wing antimilitarism in the United States is largely based on the principles and writings of figures like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who cautioned against large standing armies and foreign entanglements, favoring instead a well-regulated citizen militia.

Antimilitarism Wiki: The Antimilitarism Compass: Navigating Peace and Policy

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The Core Concept

Defining Antimilitarism

Antimilitarism is a doctrine fundamentally opposed to war and the pervasive influence of military institutions within society. It critiques the glorification of military power and advocates for the reduction of military expenditure and the prevention of international conflict. Paul B. Miller defines it as "ideology and activities...aimed at reducing the civil power of the military and ultimately, preventing international war."¹ Cynthia Cockburn further characterizes antimilitarist movements as those opposing "military rule, high military expenditure or the imposition of foreign bases in their country."²

Distinguishing from Pacifism

While often associated, antimilitarism is distinct from pacifism. Pacifism is the absolute rejection of violence and war as means to settle disputes. Antimilitarism, however, does not necessarily reject the use of force in all circumstances but rather opposes the pervasive societal belief in and maintenance of a large, powerful military organization, particularly when it is geared towards aggressive preparedness. Martin Ceadel notes that antimilitarism can sometimes be equated with pacifism, especially when force is seen as a necessary, albeit regrettable, tool to advance the cause of peace.³

Historical Roots

The principles of antimilitarism were explicit goals of early international socialist organizations like the First and Second International, often framed within a critical theory of imperialism. This historical context highlights its deep roots in critiques of economic exploitation and state power that often fuel conflict.

Antimilitarism vs. Pacifism

Core Tenets

Pacifism is grounded in the ethical conviction that disputes should be resolved peacefully, advocating for the complete avoidance of war and violence. It often involves a personal commitment to non-participation in military actions.⁴

Antimilitarism, conversely, focuses its critique on the societal structures and ideologies that promote and sustain military power. It challenges the notion that a strong military is inherently necessary for national security or that military solutions are the most effective means to resolve international issues. It targets the "belief or desire to maintain a large and strong military organization in aggressive preparedness for war."⁵⁶

Focus of Opposition

The primary distinction lies in the target of opposition. Pacifism opposes war and violence directly. Antimilitarism opposes the societal structures, political doctrines, and economic systems that foster militarism—the belief in maintaining a strong military and aggressive preparedness. This includes challenging high military spending, the influence of the military-industrial complex, and the normalization of military solutions to political problems.

Critiques of Violence and Law

Revolutionary Violence and Law

Philosophers like Georges Sorel, in his work "Reflections on Violence," explored the role of violence in social change. Sorel advocated for "revolutionary violence" as a form of direct action, though his views on its relationship to class struggle were complex.⁷

Walter Benjamin, in his seminal "Critique of Violence," further delineated types of violence. He distinguished between "violence that founds the law" (the original act of establishing a state or legal system) and "violence that conserves the law" (the state's monopoly on legitimate force). Benjamin contrasted these with a concept of "divine violence"—a "pure means" that could shatter the legal framework itself, exemplified by a General Strike.⁸ Giorgio Agamben later analyzed the theoretical link between law and violence, particularly through Carl Schmitt's concept of the "state of exception," suggesting that breaking this link is crucial to challenging state-sanctioned violence.

Artistic Critiques

Cultural expressions often reflect antimilitarist sentiments. The light opera The Chocolate Soldier, based on George Bernard Shaw's Arms and the Man, satirizes military virtues and presents a deserter who prioritizes chocolate over ammunition, subtly critiquing the absurdity and misplaced priorities of militarism.¹ Similarly, Mihály Zichy's painting "The Victory of the Genius of Destruction" was banned for its overt antimilitarist message, highlighting the perceived threat such art posed to established powers.²

The Pervasive Effects of Conflict

Human and Societal Toll

The consequences of war extend far beyond the battlefield, impacting civilians, soldiers, and particularly vulnerable populations like women and children. Millions have been killed or displaced in armed conflicts, leading to widespread trauma, psychological distress, and the breakdown of social order.¹⁰¹¹ Internal conflicts often disproportionately affect civilians, with combatants sometimes targeting them strategically. The indirect consequences on infrastructure, public health, and economic stability are profound and long-lasting.¹⁵

Economic Opportunity Costs

Antimilitarism critically examines the vast sums allocated to military spending, arguing that these resources could be better utilized for human development. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute estimated global military spending at $1.738 trillion in 2011.¹⁶ This expenditure is contrasted with the failure to meet pledges for initiatives like the Millennium Development Goals.¹⁶

Research suggests that substantial military investment does not necessarily enhance safety; instead, funds diverted to defense could address the root causes of conflict through social, political, and economic development.¹⁷ As President Dwight D. Eisenhower famously stated, "Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed."²⁰ The opportunity cost of militarization is immense, diverting funds from essential services like infrastructure, education, and healthcare.¹⁹

Influential Thinkers and Ideas

Thoreau's Civil Disobedience

Henry David Thoreau's 1849 essay "Civil Disobedience" (originally "Resistance to Civil Government") offers a foundational perspective on antimilitarism through the lens of individual conscience. Thoreau advocated for civil disobedience as a moral imperative, famously refusing to pay taxes to protest slavery and the Mexican-American War. He argued that individuals have a duty to break unjust laws, stating, "the law is of such a nature that it requires you to be the agent of injustice to another."²² This stance emphasizes the primacy of individual moral judgment over state authority, particularly in matters of war and oppression.²¹

Capitalism, Imperialism, and the MIC

Antimilitarist thought has often linked capitalism to the perpetuation of war, a concept articulated by Vladimir Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg as "imperialism." They theorized that capitalist competition and the drive for resources and markets inherently lead to international conflict.²³

The "military-industrial complex"—a term popularized by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in his 1961 farewell address—has been accused of actively promoting war for economic gain.²⁷ The assassination of French socialist leader Jean Jaurès shortly before World War I underscored the tragic consequences when antimilitarist voices are silenced amidst rising nationalism and militarism.²⁴²⁵ Émile Chartier (Alain) critiqued militarism's coercive nature, suggesting soldiers fight not out of patriotism but under duress.²⁶

Diverse Ideological Currents

Right-Wing Antimilitarism in the US

American right-wing antimilitarism draws heavily from the Founding Fathers, particularly Thomas Jefferson, who warned against standing armies as instruments of potential tyranny. Jefferson stated, "There are instruments so dangerous to the rights of the nation... that those governors... should be restrained from keeping such instruments on foot but in well-defined cases. Such an instrument is a standing army."²⁹

This perspective often emphasizes the importance of a "well regulated Militia" as the natural defense of a free country, as articulated by James Madison.³⁰ Some interpretations view "well regulated" as meaning "well equipped" rather than state-controlled.²⁸ Early proponents like David Starr Jordan also voiced concerns, albeit through a flawed eugenics lens, about war depleting the gene pool.³¹

Japan's Post-War Stance

Following World War II, Japan adopted a constitution that renounces war as a sovereign right. Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution explicitly states, "The Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes." This antimilitarist stance was rooted in the belief that Japan's military actions had led it into the devastating conflict.³²

The Yoshida Doctrine, emphasizing economic development and reliance on the U.S. security umbrella, along with the Three Non-Nuclear Principles, are seen as evidence of this antimilitarism. However, debates persist regarding the interpretation and potential amendments to Article 9, with some legislative changes allowing Japan's Self-Defense Forces greater operational scope, drawing opposition from parties like the Japanese Communist Party.³²

Organized Antimilitarist Efforts

Historical Movements

The Second International, prior to World War I, was a significant antimilitarist force within the socialist movement, though its effectiveness was ultimately undermined by the outbreak of war.²⁴²⁵ In the United States, the American Union Against Militarism emerged during World War I, later contributing to the formation of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).³³

Figures like Benjamin Spock became prominent in anti-war activism, notably signing the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge against the Vietnam War and facing arrest for his involvement in protests.³³³⁴³⁵

International Networks

War Resisters' International, founded in 1921, serves as a global network connecting pacifist and antimilitarist groups across numerous countries. This organization exemplifies the enduring international dimension of the movement, fostering collaboration and shared strategies for peace advocacy.³

Individuals who refuse military conscription, such as Refuseniks in Israel and draft resisters in the US, are often considered part of the broader antimilitarist or pacifist spectrum.

Antimilitarism Across Nations

National Manifestations

Antimilitarist sentiments and policies manifest differently across various nations, shaped by unique historical experiences and political contexts. Costa Rica, for instance, constitutionally abolished its army in 1949, establishing a strong national identity centered on peace and diplomacy. Switzerland maintains a policy of neutrality, underpinned by a long tradition of non-interventionism.

The Navbox below provides a broader overview of countries with significant pacifist or antimilitarist traditions and movements, illustrating the global reach of these ideals.

Related Movements and Concepts

Antimilitarism is closely intertwined with various other social and political movements and concepts, including anti-war activism, pacifism, non-violence, disarmament, and critiques of imperialism and the military-industrial complex. Understanding these connections reveals the multifaceted nature of the pursuit of peace.

Anti-war and peace movements
Advocates	Anti-nuclear organizations Anti-war movement Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Code Pink Conscientious objectors Culture of Peace Peace camps Peace churches Peaceworkers War resisters Women in Black
Ideologies	Ahimsa Anarcho-pacifism Anti-imperialism Antimilitarism Christian pacifism Green politics Nonviolence Pacifism Satyagraha World peace
Media & Culture	Anti-war art Books with anti-war themes Films with anti-war themes Peace journalism Peace symbols Songs with anti-war themes
Tactics	Bed-in Civil disobedience Conflict resolution Counter-recruitment Demilitarisation Desertion Draft evasion Die-in Flower power Nonviolent resistance Peace walks Teach-ins War tax resisters
Opposition to Wars	World War I Vietnam War Iraq War Nuclear disarmament
Countries	Costa Rica Japan Switzerland United Kingdom United States

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References

Walter Benjamin, ZÃ¼r Kritik der Gewalt (1920) in Gesammelte Schriften, vol. II, 1 (1977) ("Criticisms on Violence")

Hill, Stephen M. "United Nations Peacekeeeieiei Disarmament and Conflict Resolution". United Nations Disarmament Processes in Intra-State Conflict (2005): 1â26. Web.

PlÃ¼mper, Thomas, and Eric Neumayer. "The Unequal Burden of War: The Effect of Armed Conflict on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy". International Organization 60.3 (2006): 723. ProQuest. Web. 2 December 2016.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Antimilitarism Wikipedia page

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The Antimilitarism Compass

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

The Core Concept 🕊️

🚫⚔️ Defining Antimilitarism

⚖️ Distinguishing from Pacifism

🌍 Historical Roots

Antimilitarism vs. Pacifism ↔️

📜 Core Tenets

🎯 Focus of Opposition

Critiques of Violence and Law 💥

🗣️ Revolutionary Violence and Law

🎭 Artistic Critiques

The Pervasive Effects of Conflict 🌍

💔 Human and Societal Toll

💰 Economic Opportunity Costs

Influential Thinkers and Ideas ✍️

📜 Thoreau's Civil Disobedience

🏭 Capitalism, Imperialism, and the MIC

Diverse Ideological Currents 🇺🇸

🇺🇸 Right-Wing Antimilitarism in the US

🇯🇵 Japan's Post-War Stance

Organized Antimilitarist Efforts 🤝

✊ Historical Movements

🌐 International Networks

Antimilitarism Across Nations 🗺️

📍 National Manifestations

🔗 Related Movements and Concepts

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

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References

📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Core Concept

Defining Antimilitarism

Distinguishing from Pacifism

Historical Roots

Antimilitarism vs. Pacifism

Core Tenets

Focus of Opposition

Critiques of Violence and Law

Revolutionary Violence and Law

Artistic Critiques

The Pervasive Effects of Conflict

Human and Societal Toll

Economic Opportunity Costs

Influential Thinkers and Ideas

Thoreau's Civil Disobedience

Capitalism, Imperialism, and the MIC

Diverse Ideological Currents

Right-Wing Antimilitarism in the US

Japan's Post-War Stance

Organized Antimilitarist Efforts

Historical Movements

International Networks

Antimilitarism Across Nations

National Manifestations

Related Movements and Concepts

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice