What was Charles Kelman primarily known for in his professional life?

Charles David Kelman was an American ophthalmologist, surgeon, and inventor, widely recognized as the father of phacoemulsification. This groundbreaking technique revolutionized cataract surgery by allowing for smaller incisions and faster recovery.

What was Charles Kelman's educational background?

Kelman earned a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree from Tufts University in 1950 and his Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree from the University of Geneva in 1956. He completed his undergraduate studies in just two years.

What inspired Charles Kelman's drive to seek recognition for his inventions?

His father, David Kelman, a Jewish immigrant from Greece, was also an inventor who never received proper compensation or recognition for his creations, such as tar-free cigarettes and cellophane Christmas wreaths. This experience inspired Charles's desire to proudly seek recognition for his own inventions.

What was Charles Kelman's first significant medical invention in the early 1960s?

In the fall of 1962, Charles Kelman invented an ophthalmic cryoprobe that used liquid nitrogen. This device was used to freeze a cataractous lens before its removal in intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE), a procedure where the entire lens and its capsule are removed from the eye.

How did Kelman's cryoprobe compare to existing technology at the time?

Kelman's cryoprobe, which utilized liquid nitrogen, offered advantages over the cryoprobe that used carbon dioxide for cataract extraction, which had been published by Tadeusz Krwawicz in 1961. This improvement made the freezing technique more effective for eye surgery.

What was cryopexy, and how did Kelman contribute to its use?

Cryopexy is a technique that involves freezing the retina, and Kelman published its experimental use in animal experiments in January 1963. While Richard Deutschmann and Giambattista Bietti had demonstrated cryopexy for retinal detachments in the 1930s, it had not been popular due to less effective older cryoprobes, suggesting Kelman's improved cryoprobe made the technique more viable.

What was the initial concept behind phacoemulsification, and what inspired it?

The idea for phacoemulsification came to Kelman after he observed an ultrasonic device at his dentist's office. He envisioned using a similar vibrating device to break up a cataractous lens, allowing its removal through a much smaller incision than previously required for cataract surgery.

When did the development of the phacoemulsification project officially begin with Cavitron?

According to Anton Banko, the chief engineer for Cavitron on the project, the phacoemulsification project began in February 1965. Cavitron was a medical instrument manufacturer that later became part of Coopervision.

When and on what species were the first successful crystalline lens removals with phacoemulsification performed?

The first successful crystalline lens removals using phacoemulsification in any species were performed on cats on March 23 and March 25, 1966, following earlier attempts.

Who was the first human patient to undergo phacoemulsification, and what was the outcome of that initial surgery?

In 1967, Kelman secretly performed his first phacoemulsification surgery on a blind patient who was awaiting enucleation and volunteered for the procedure, understanding that it would not restore his vision. Unfortunately, the patient's eye became infected and had to be removed, though Kelman achieved success in subsequent attempts.

What issue did Kelman identify with the initial phacoemulsification device's operating frequency?

A progress report from April 5, 1966, indicated the original device operated at 25,000 cycles per second. By October 31, 1966, Kelman noted that this frequency had 'tardive effects on the corneal endothelium' and that new equipment functioning at a lower cycle would be necessary to prevent damage to the eye's inner lining.

When did Charles Kelman and Anton Banko file a patent application for the phacoemulsification device?

Charles Kelman and his co-inventor Anton Banko filed a patent application to register a phacoemulsification device for cataract surgery on July 25, 1967.

How did phacoemulsification significantly improve cataract surgery compared to previous methods like ECCE?

Phacoemulsification allowed the incision size for cataract removal to be drastically reduced from 11–12 mm (0.43–0.47 in) to just 3 mm (0.12 in). This reduction minimized recovery time, eliminated the need for an extended hospital stay, and made the surgery less painful, ushering in a new era of minimally-invasive procedures.

Beyond ophthalmology, where else have the techniques and tools similar to phacoemulsification been adopted?

The techniques and tools similar to phacoemulsification have also been adopted and used in neurosurgery to remove tumors from the brain and spinal cord, demonstrating the broader applicability of this minimally-invasive approach.

What initial challenges and criticisms did phacoemulsification face in the 1970s?

In the 1970s, phacoemulsification was met with significant criticism and skepticism. The National Eye Institute labeled it as experimental, which meant insurance companies were not required to cover the procedure, and critics even called it 'ridiculous' or 'malpractice'.

How did Charles Kelman address the skepticism and promote phacoemulsification to a wider audience?

After a 1974 comparative study by the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) found the procedure as effective as intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE), Kelman decided to promote it to the general public. He appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on February 21, 1975, to raise awareness and acceptance.

What was the remaining challenge for cataract surgery after phacoemulsification became accepted, and how was it resolved?

Even after phacoemulsification was accepted, ophthalmologists still had to widen the incision to 6 mm (0.24 in) to insert a replacement artificial intraocular lens (IOL). This challenge was overcome in the early 1980s when Thomas R. Mazzocco invented the foldable silicone IOL, known as the 'Mazzocco taco,' which could be inserted through the same small incision used for phacoemulsification.

When was the full advantage of Kelman's phacoemulsification realized with the approval of foldable IOLs?

The full advantage of Kelman's phacoemulsification was realized in 1984 when the foldable intraocular lens (IOL) was approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration, allowing for truly small-incision cataract surgery with lens implantation.

What was Charles Kelman's role at New York Medical College and other hospitals?

Kelman served as a clinical professor of ophthalmology at New York Medical College and was an attending surgeon at both the Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hospital and the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, in addition to maintaining a private practice.

How many patents did Charles Kelman hold for his medical instruments and innovations?

Charles Kelman held more than 100 patents for his various medical instruments and innovations, reflecting his prolific career as an inventor in ophthalmology.

What is the current global prevalence of cataract surgery using phacoemulsification?

Cataract surgery with phacoemulsification is one of the most common surgeries worldwide, with more than 9.5 million such procedures performed each year globally as of 2011, underscoring its widespread adoption and success.

What was Charles Kelman's earliest musical instrument, and where did he perform as a child?

Charles Kelman began playing music at four years old, learning the harmonica as his first instrument. He regularly performed on The Horn and Hardart Children's Hour radio show, showcasing his early talent.

What other musical instruments did Kelman learn to play, and what was his involvement in high school music?

Kelman also learned to play the saxophone and clarinet, receiving professional training from musicians of the big band era. In high school, he played in the school band and served as the first clarinet of the New York All-City Orchestra.

What pivotal conversation led Charles Kelman to pursue a medical career instead of music?

When he was 17, his father asked him to play the saxophone and then questioned if he played as well as Jimmy Dorsey. When Charles admitted he did not, his father declared, 'You'll be a doctor,' influencing his career path towards medicine.

What was Charles Kelman's stage name when he recorded 'Telephone Numbers,' and what was its commercial success?

Using the stage name Kerry Adams, Charles Kelman recorded 'Telephone Numbers,' which was released by Chancellor Records in 1960 and achieved some success on national billboard charts.

What event abruptly ended Kelman's initial singing career success?

The success of his song 'Telephone Numbers' was cut short by the widespread craze created by 'The Twist,' which significantly changed the pop music genre and led Kelman to believe his singing career had ended, prompting him to focus on his medical career.

Besides The Tonight Show, what other television programs did Charles Kelman appear on to promote his work and entertain?

After his appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, Kelman regularly appeared on television shows hosted by Merv Griffin, Barbara Walters, Oprah Winfrey, and David Letterman, showcasing both his medical innovations and his entertainment talents.

Where did Charles Kelman perform his musical comedy routine, and with whom did he share the stage?

Kelman performed his musical comedy routine in Atlantic City, Las Vegas, and Carnegie Hall in New York. He opened for or performed alongside notable entertainers such as the Spinners, Glen Campbell, James Darren, Dizzy Gillespie, Lionel Hampton, and Regis Philbin.

What was the premise of Charles Kelman's musical The Marrano?

The Marrano was a musical written by Kelman based on the premise that the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus was Jewish. It previewed in Cape Cod in 1992.

What was one of Charles Kelman's later medical inventions related to collagen?

Later in his career, Kelman invented a method to create collagen from a patient's own skin, which helped to avoid allergic reactions in medical applications, particularly useful in reconstructive or cosmetic procedures.

What prestigious award did Charles Kelman receive from President George H. W. Bush in 1992?

In June 1992, Charles Kelman was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President George H. W. Bush, recognizing his significant contributions to technological innovation.

What significant recognition did Kelman receive at the International Congress of Cataract and Refractive Surgery in Montreal in 1994?

At the International Congress of Cataract and Refractive Surgery in Montreal, Canada, in July 1994, Charles Kelman was recognized as the Ophthalmologist of the Century, a testament to his profound impact on the field.

What honor did the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS) bestow upon Charles Kelman in 1999?

In 1999, Charles Kelman was selected as one of the ten most influential ophthalmologists of the 20th century by the ASCRS and subsequently became the president of the society, marking his leadership and influence.

How did Wills Eye Hospital honor Charles Kelman in 2000?

In 2000, Wills Eye Hospital, associated with Thomas Jefferson University, awarded Charles Kelman a Doctor of Letters, and also named its research facility the Charles D. Kelman Laboratory and Library in his honor, acknowledging his legacy.

When was Charles Kelman inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame?

Charles Kelman was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in Akron, Ohio, in February 2004, recognizing his numerous groundbreaking inventions.

What notable award did Charles Kelman receive posthumously in 2004?

Charles Kelman was awarded the 2004 Lasker Award, with the jury making an exception to their rules to allow the award to be given posthumously, highlighting the immense significance of his contributions to medical science.

What was the title of the documentary aired by WLIW in 2010 about Charles Kelman's life?

In January 2010, the New York public television station WLIW aired a documentary titled Through My Eyes: The Charlie Kelman Story, which chronicled his remarkable life and career.

What was the title of Charles Kelman's autobiography?

Charles Kelman's autobiography, published in 1985, was titled Through My Eyes, sharing his personal perspective on his journey and achievements.

What were some of Charles Kelman's personal hobbies and interests?

Charles Kelman was an avid golfer and learned to fly a helicopter later in his life, showcasing his diverse interests beyond his medical and entertainment careers.

How many children did Charles Kelman have, and from which marriages?

Charles Kelman had six children in total: three (David Joseph, Lesley, and Jennifer) with his first wife, Joan Kelman (later Bernstein), and three sons (Evan, Jason, and Seth) with his second wife, Ann.

What was the cause of Charles Kelman's death?

Charles Kelman died of lung cancer on June 1, 2004, at the age of 74, in Boca Raton, Florida.

What was the purpose of the research grant Kelman received from the John A. Hartford Foundation in 1964?

The grant, approved on December 3, 1963, and active from January 15, 1964, was to further investigate freezing techniques in eye surgery. One of its five proposed uses was a new cataract removal technique designed to significantly reduce hospital stays to 24 hours instead of two weeks and recovery times to one week instead of thirty days.

What was the significance of the Kelman Satellite Teleconference in 1984?

The Kelman Satellite Teleconference, presented at the annual American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) conference in 1984, allowed over 400 attendees to observe a live broadcast of Kelman performing five surgical procedures, effectively demonstrating his innovative techniques to a wide professional audience.

What was the name of the lay book Charles Kelman published in 1982?

Charles Kelman published a lay book titled Cataracts: What You Must Know About Them in 1982, through Crown Publishers, aimed at educating the general public about cataracts and their treatment.

Which celebrities were among Charles Kelman's patients?

Charles Kelman treated several celebrities, including Joe Frazier, Lionel Hampton, Rex Harrison, Ann Miller, Jan Peerce, William B. Williams, and Hedy Lamarr, highlighting his reputation and skill as an ophthalmologist.

What was the name of Charles Kelman's final musical, scheduled to premiere in 2004?

Charles Kelman's latest musical, titled The Right Pair of Shoes, was scheduled to premiere in 2004 at the Caldwell Theatre in Boca Raton, Florida, shortly before his death.

Charles Kelman Wiki: Visionary & Virtuoso: The Dual Legacy of Charles Kelman

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Kelman's Vision

A Dual Genius

Charles David Kelman (1930–2004) was a multifaceted American figure, renowned as an ophthalmologist, surgeon, and prolific inventor. Simultaneously, he cultivated a vibrant career as a jazz musician, entertainer, and Broadway producer. His most profound medical contribution, the invention of phacoemulsification, earned him the distinguished title, "father of phacoemulsification."

Revolutionizing Sight

Kelman's innovative spirit fundamentally reshaped cataract surgery. His pioneering work in cryosurgery and, most notably, phacoemulsification, transformed a lengthy, painful procedure into a minimally invasive, outpatient experience. These advancements significantly reduced recovery times and improved patient outcomes, setting new standards in ophthalmic care.

The Drive for Recognition

Born to an immigrant father who, despite his own inventions (such as tar-free cigarettes and cellophane Christmas wreaths), never received due recognition, Charles Kelman was instilled with a profound desire to ensure his own innovations were properly acknowledged. This personal motivation fueled his relentless pursuit of medical breakthroughs and public advocacy for his techniques.

Early Journey

Brooklyn Roots

Charles David Kelman was born on May 23, 1930, in Brooklyn, New York, to Eva and David Kelman. His early years were spent in East New York before his family relocated to Forest Hills, Queens. His father, a Jewish immigrant from Greece, significantly influenced Charles's future, particularly his drive to seek recognition for his inventions.

Musical Beginnings

Kelman's artistic talents emerged early; he began playing the harmonica at age four and regularly performed on "The Horn and Hardart Children's Hour" radio show. He further honed his musical skills, learning the saxophone and clarinet, receiving professional training during the big band era. He played first clarinet in the New York All-City Orchestra. However, at 17, his father's pragmatic advice—"You'll be a doctor"—redirected his primary career path, though his passion for music never waned.

Academic Pursuit

Embracing his father's counsel, Kelman pursued higher education with remarkable speed. He earned a B.S. degree from Tufts University in just two years (1950). He then attended the University of Geneva, accelerating his medical studies after his father's cancer diagnosis, hoping he would see him become a doctor. He obtained his M.D. in 1956, completing his internship at Kings County Hospital and residency at Wills Eye Hospital.

Medical Innovate

Cryosurgery Pioneer

In 1960, Kelman established his ophthalmology private practice. By late 1962, he began experimenting with cryosurgery. His first invention, published in January 1963, was an ophthalmic cryoprobe utilizing liquid nitrogen. This device was used to freeze and remove cataractous lenses in intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) and to experimentally freeze the retina for retinal detachments, building upon earlier, less effective cryoprobe designs.

Phacoemulsification: The Breakthrough

The pivotal idea for phacoemulsification struck Kelman after observing an ultrasonic device at his dentist's office. He envisioned a similar vibrating instrument to break up cataracts, allowing removal through a small incision. Collaborating with Cavitron, he developed an ultrasonic surgical instrument with aspiration and irrigation. The first successful crystalline lens removals in animals occurred in March 1966, followed by his first human surgery on a blind patient in 1967. A patent application for the device was filed in July 1967.

Fall 1963: Kelman applies for a research grant to investigate freezing techniques, including a "new technique for surgical removal of a cataractous lens that will require a hospital stay of twenty-four hours instead of two weeks."
February 1965: Project with Cavitron begins to develop an ultrasonic device.
March 1966: First successful crystalline lens removals using phacoemulsification in cats.
1967: First secret surgery on a blind human patient awaiting enucleation.
July 1967: Kelman and Anton Banko file a patent application for the phacoemulsification device.
March 1968: Kelman develops a smaller hand instrument for the procedure.

Minimally Invasive Era

Kelman's phacoemulsification dramatically reduced the incision size for cataract removal from 11–12 mm to just 3 mm, leading to significantly shorter recovery times and less pain. Initially met with skepticism and labeled "experimental" by the National Eye Institute, Kelman actively promoted the procedure, including an appearance on "The Tonight Show" in 1975. The full potential of phacoemulsification was realized in the early 1980s with the invention of foldable intraocular lenses (IOLs), which could be inserted through the same small incision.

Beyond Ocular Surgery

The principles of phacoemulsification extended beyond ophthalmology, influencing other medical fields. The technique and similar ultrasonic tools were adopted in neurosurgery for the removal of brain and spinal cord tumors, ushering in a broader trend of minimally-invasive outpatient surgical procedures. Throughout his career, Kelman held over 100 patents for his instruments and innovations, including a method to create collagen from a patient's own skin to prevent allergic reactions.

Kelman the Maestro

From Jazz to Pop

Kelman's musical journey began with composing in high school and forming a big band as a teenager. While in medical school in Geneva, he regularly performed on jazz radio and television shows. He co-wrote "Le Petit Déjeuner" and, under the stage name Kerry Adams, recorded "Telephone Numbers" in 1960, which achieved national billboard chart success before the "Twist" craze shifted pop music trends. Despite this, his passion for performance remained a constant.

Television & Stage Presence

His medical innovations inadvertently propelled his entertainment career. Following his 1975 appearance on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson," where he sang and promoted his surgery, Kelman became a regular on television, appearing with Merv Griffin, Barbara Walters, Oprah Winfrey, and David Letterman. He developed a musical comedy routine, performing in Atlantic City, Las Vegas, and Carnegie Hall, often alongside jazz luminaries like Dizzy Gillespie and Lionel Hampton, and entertainers such as Glen Campbell and Regis Philbin.

Broadway & Beyond

Kelman extended his artistic endeavors to theatrical production, co-producing several Broadway musicals, including "Can-Can" (1981), "Triumph of Love" (1997), and "The Sound of Music" (1998–1999). He also penned at least two Off-Broadway musicals, "The Marrano" (previewed 1992) and "The Right Pair of Shoes" (due to premiere 2004). In 1992, he released a jazz album, "Moonlight Serenade," on Columbia Records, further cementing his diverse artistic footprint.

Lasting Impact

Global Transformation

Charles Kelman's invention of phacoemulsification fundamentally transformed cataract surgery worldwide. By 2011, over 9.5 million such procedures were performed annually, making it one of the most common surgeries globally. His innovation not only improved patient care but also had a significant economic impact, with "The New York Times" estimating in 1992 that it "shaved $7 billion a year from the nation's hospital bill."

Celebrated Patients

Kelman's skill attracted numerous high-profile patients seeking his expertise. Among them were boxing legend Joe Frazier, jazz icon Lionel Hampton, actor Rex Harrison, dancer Ann Miller, opera singer Jan Peerce, radio personality William B. Williams, and Hollywood star Hedy Lamarr. Lamarr famously credited him, stating, "I was blind for more than seven years. But I'm fine now. Dr. Kelman gave me my sight back. He gave me my eyes."

Personal Pursuits

Beyond his demanding professional lives, Kelman maintained a rich personal life. He was an avid golfer and, later in life, learned to fly a helicopter, demonstrating his adventurous spirit. He was married twice and had six children: David Joseph (who passed away in 2003), Lesley, Jennifer, Evan, Jason, and Seth. His life was a testament to balancing profound professional achievement with diverse personal interests.

Final Chapter

In 1996, Charles Kelman moved to Boca Raton, Florida, where he continued to practice medicine, perform surgery, teach, and pursue his entertainment career. He passed away on June 1, 2004, at the age of 74, due to lung cancer. His legacy endures through the millions whose sight has been restored by his innovations and the countless individuals inspired by his extraordinary blend of scientific genius and artistic flair.

Distinguished Honors

Prestigious Accolades

Charles Kelman received numerous prestigious awards recognizing his groundbreaking contributions. These include the American Academy of Achievement (1970), a Congressional Salute in the U.S. Senate (1982), the National Medal of Technology from President George H. W. Bush (1992), and posthumously, the esteemed Lasker Award (2004), a rare exception to its rules.

Professional Tributes

His impact on ophthalmology was celebrated by his peers. He was recognized as the "Ophthalmologist of the Century" by the International Congress of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (1994) and inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame (2004). The American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS) named its Innovator's Lecture series in his honor, and the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) established the annual Charles D. Kelman Lecture. Wills Eye Hospital also named its research facility the Charles D. Kelman Laboratory and Library.

Enduring Recognition

Kelman's legacy is further preserved through various publications and media. He authored a lay book, "Cataracts: What You Must Know About Them" (1982), and his autobiography, "Through My Eyes" (1985), which also inspired a 2010 public television documentary, "Through My Eyes: The Charlie Kelman Story." These works, alongside his numerous scientific articles, ensure his story and contributions continue to educate and inspire.

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Visionary & Virtuoso

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Kelman's Vision 💡

👨‍🔬 A Dual Genius

👁️‍🗨️ Revolutionizing Sight

🌟 The Drive for Recognition

Early Journey 🗺️

🏙️ Brooklyn Roots

🎵 Musical Beginnings

🎓 Academic Pursuit

Medical Innovate 🔬

❄️ Cryosurgery Pioneer

🔊 Phacoemulsification: The Breakthrough

⏱️ Minimally Invasive Era

🧠 Beyond Ocular Surgery

Kelman the Maestro 🎷

🎤 From Jazz to Pop

📺 Television & Stage Presence

🎭 Broadway & Beyond

Lasting Impact 🌐

📈 Global Transformation

⭐ Celebrated Patients

🏌️🚁 Personal Pursuits

🕊️ Final Chapter

Distinguished Honors 🏆

🏅 Prestigious Accolades

🏛️ Professional Tributes

📖 Enduring Recognition

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Kelman's Vision

A Dual Genius

Revolutionizing Sight

The Drive for Recognition

Early Journey

Brooklyn Roots

Musical Beginnings

Academic Pursuit

Medical Innovate

Cryosurgery Pioneer

Phacoemulsification: The Breakthrough

Minimally Invasive Era

Beyond Ocular Surgery

Kelman the Maestro

From Jazz to Pop

Television & Stage Presence

Broadway & Beyond

Lasting Impact

Global Transformation

Celebrated Patients

Personal Pursuits

Final Chapter

Distinguished Honors

Prestigious Accolades

Professional Tributes

Enduring Recognition

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice