What was the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, and who created it?

The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was a colossal seated figure, standing approximately 12.4 meters (41 feet) tall, crafted by the renowned Greek sculptor Phidias around 435 BC. It was housed within the Temple of Zeus at the sanctuary of Olympia in Greece.

What was the primary material composition of the Statue of Zeus?

The statue was a chryselephantine sculpture, meaning it was constructed using ivory plates and gold panels over a wooden framework. This technique combined precious materials for a stunning visual effect.

What is the historical significance of the Statue of Zeus at Olympia?

The Statue of Zeus at Olympia held immense significance as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, showcasing the artistic and engineering prowess of ancient Greece. Its grandeur and divine representation made it a focal point of religious and cultural life.

How do we know the details of the Statue of Zeus's appearance today?

Since the statue itself has been lost and destroyed, our knowledge of its form comes solely from ancient Greek descriptions and various representations found on coins and other artworks from antiquity. No complete replicas in marble or bronze have survived.

When was the Statue of Zeus lost or destroyed?

The exact date and circumstances of the Statue of Zeus's destruction are uncertain, but it is known to have been lost and destroyed before the end of the 6th century AD. Various accounts offer conflicting details about its demise.

Who commissioned the Statue of Zeus, and for what purpose?

The statue was commissioned by the Eleans, who were the custodians of the ancient Olympic Games. They commissioned it for their newly constructed Temple of Zeus in the latter half of the 5th century BC, aiming to create a monument that would surpass the achievements of their rivals in Athens.

What connection did the sculptor Phidias have with Athens?

Phidias was the sculptor commissioned by the Eleans for the Statue of Zeus. He was already a prominent artist, having previously created the massive statue of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon in Athens, which likely influenced the Eleans' decision to hire him.

How did the statue's dimensions relate to the Temple of Zeus?

The statue was so large that it occupied half the width of the main hall, or aisle, of the temple built to house it. The geographer Strabo noted that the statue was so immense, it gave the impression that if Zeus were to stand up, he would unroof the temple.

What does the term chryselephantine sculpture refer to?

Chryselephantine sculpture refers to a technique where precious materials like ivory and gold are used to create a statue. In this method, ivory plates formed the visible skin, while gold panels were used for drapery and other elements, all mounted on a wooden substructure.

What evidence exists for approximate representations of the Statue of Zeus?

While no direct copies in marble or bronze have survived, approximate versions of the Statue of Zeus can be recognized on coins minted in the nearby district of Elis, as well as on Roman coins and engraved gems. These artifacts provide visual clues to the statue's appearance.

According to Pausanias, what was depicted on the statue's gilded robe?

The 2nd-century AD geographer Pausanias described the statue's gilded robe as being decorated with depictions of animals and lilies. The robe itself was made from glass and was sculpted with intricate details.

What did the statue hold in its hands?

In its right hand, the statue held a smaller chryselephantine statue representing Nike, the goddess of victory. Its left hand held a scepter, which was inlaid with various metals and featured an eagle at the top.

How was the throne of Zeus decorated?

The throne was elaborately decorated with painted figures and wrought images. It was further embellished with precious stones, ebony, and ivory, showcasing the immense wealth and artistry dedicated to the statue.

What was depicted on the footstool beneath Zeus's feet?

The footstool supporting Zeus's golden sandals was decorated with a relief depicting an Amazonomachy, which is a mythological battle between the Amazons and the Greeks. This detail added another layer of narrative and artistic interest to the sculpture.

What measures were taken to protect the ivory components of the statue?

To counteract the damaging effects of humidity from the marshiness of the Altis grove, the statue was continuously coated with olive oil. This practice helped preserve the ivory elements from cracking or deteriorating.

How did the olive oil reservoir function in relation to the statue?

The floor in front of the statue was paved with black tiles and surrounded by a raised marble rim to contain the olive oil used for preservation. This pool of oil acted as a reflecting pool, effectively doubling the apparent height of the statue and enhancing its imposing presence.

What was the reaction of the Roman general Aemilius Paullus upon seeing the statue?

According to the Roman historian Livy, Aemilius Paullus, after defeating Macedon, was deeply moved by the statue, stating he was moved to his soul, as if he had seen the god in person. This highlights the profound impact the statue had on viewers.

What effect did the Greek orator Dio Chrysostom claim the statue had on observers?

Dio Chrysostom, a 1st-century AD Greek orator, declared that merely a single glimpse of the Statue of Zeus was powerful enough to make a person forget all their earthly troubles, underscoring its awe-inspiring nature.

What Homeric passage is said to have inspired Phidias's depiction of Zeus?

Phidias reportedly drew inspiration from Homer's Iliad, specifically a passage where Zeus spoke, bowed his dark brow in assent, and his ambrosial locks waved, making great Olympus quake. This quote captures the majestic and powerful image Phidias aimed to create.

What personal detail did Phidias allegedly incorporate into the statue?

It is reputed that Phidias immortalized Pantarkes, a young man who was his beloved and had won an event at the eighty-sixth Olympiad. Phidias supposedly carved Pantarkes kalos, meaning Pantarkes is beautiful, onto Zeus's little finger and included a relief of the boy crowning himself at the statue's feet.

What legend surrounds Phidias's prayer for divine approval of his work?

According to Pausanias, Phidias prayed for a sign from the god to indicate his approval of the finished statue. The legend states that a thunderbolt immediately fell upon the spot on the floor where a bronze jar was kept to cover the area, signifying Zeus's acceptance.

What was Emperor Caligula's intention regarding famous statues, including the Statue of Zeus?

Emperor Caligula ordered that famous statues of gods, including the Statue of Jupiter, the Roman equivalent of Zeus, at Olympia, be brought to Rome so their heads could be removed and replaced with his own. This reflects his megalomania and desire to assert his divine status.

What is the story associated with Caligula's order and the statue's supposed reaction?

The story goes that before Caligula's order could be carried out, he was assassinated. It was said that the Statue of Zeus suddenly uttered such a peal of laughter that the scaffolding collapsed and the workmen took to their heels, implying divine intervention.

What significant event in 391 AD contributed to the decline of pagan sites like Olympia?

In 391 AD, the Christian Roman Emperor Theodosius I banned participation in pagan cults and ordered the closure of pagan temples. This decree led to the sanctuary at Olympia falling into disuse, marking a major shift in religious practices.

What did Lucian of Samosata imply about the statue in the late 2nd century AD?

Lucian of Samosata, in his work Timon, referenced the statue in a way that suggests it may have already been subjected to theft or damage. He wrote about the statue being laid hands on at Olympia, implying a lack of divine protection against looters. This could indicate earlier damage or theft prior to its final destruction.

How did the rediscovery of Phidias' workshop provide evidence for the statue's construction?

The rediscovery of Phidias' workshop at Olympia, believed to be where the statue was constructed around the third quarter of the 5th century BC, yielded significant archaeological finds. These included tools for working gold and ivory, ivory chippings, precious stones, and terracotta molds used for creating glass plaques for the statue's robe.

What artifact found in Phidias' workshop bears a significant inscription, and what is its status?

A cup found at the site of Phidias' workshop was inscribed with FEIDIOU EIMI, translating to I belong to Phidias. However, some scholars consider this inscription to be a forgery, raising questions about its authenticity.

What is the 'Statue of Jupiter (Hermitage)' mentioned in the text, and what is its relation to Phidias' work?

The Statue of Jupiter (Hermitage) is a marble and bronze statue housed in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg. It is noted as following the artistic type established by Phidias, suggesting it is a later Roman copy or interpretation based on Phidias' original design for the Zeus statue.

What specific details did Pausanias provide about the statue's crown and robe?

Pausanias described the statue as being crowned with a sculpted wreath of olive sprays. Its robe was gilded and made from glass, intricately carved with depictions of animals and lilies.

What was the significance of the Amazonomachy relief on the footstool?

The relief depicting an Amazonomachy, a battle between Greeks and Amazons, on the footstool beneath Zeus's sandals added a layer of mythological narrative to the statue's base. This theme symbolized the triumph of order and civilization over chaos in ancient Greek art.

What role did the brother of Phidias, Panaenus, play in the creation of the statue?

Pausanias noted that the paintings on the throne of the Statue of Zeus were attributed to Panaenus, who was the brother of Phidias. This suggests a collaborative effort involving family members in the creation of the masterpiece.

What does the inscription 'Pantarkes kalos' refer to in relation to the statue?

The inscription Pantarkes kalos, meaning Pantarkes is beautiful, was reportedly carved by Phidias onto the little finger of the Statue of Zeus. This was allegedly in honor of Pantarkes, a young man who was Phidias's beloved and had won an athletic event.

How did the statue's construction date align with the rediscovery of Phidias' workshop?

The approximate date of the statue's creation, estimated to be in the third quarter of the 5th century BC, was confirmed by the archaeological findings in Phidias' workshop. The workshop's location and the artifacts discovered there corroborated the historical timeline for the statue's construction.

What was the purpose of the painted screens mentioned in relation to the throne?

The passage underneath the throne was reportedly screened off by painted screens. While their exact purpose isn't detailed, they likely served to conceal the substructure or provide a more finished appearance to the base of the monumental sculpture.

What is the significance of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World designation for the Statue of Zeus?

Being listed among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World signifies the statue's extraordinary status and recognition in antiquity. It was considered one of the most remarkable and awe-inspiring human creations of its time, celebrated across the known world.

What specific materials were used in the throne's ornamentation, besides gold, ebony, and ivory?

In addition to ebony, ivory, and gold, the throne of Zeus was also decorated with precious stones. These materials contributed to the throne's opulent and magnificent appearance, complementing the statue of Zeus itself.

What does the term eromenos signify in the context of Phidias and Pantarkes?

The term eromenos is an Ancient Greek term referring to a younger male partner in a pederastic relationship, often translated as beloved. Its use in relation to Pantarkes suggests a personal connection between him and Phidias, beyond just athletic admiration.

What potential earlier evidence suggests the statue might have been lost or damaged before the 4th or 5th centuries AD?

The writings of Lucian of Samosata in the later 2nd century AD reference the statue being laid hands on at Olympia, implying it may have been subjected to theft or damage even before the periods typically associated with its final destruction.

What does the mention of 'marshiness' imply about the environmental conditions at Olympia?

The mention of marshiness suggests that the area around the Temple of Zeus might have been damp or prone to humidity. This environmental factor was significant enough to require specific measures, like the constant application of olive oil, to protect the statue's ivory.

How did the statue's construction contribute to the Eleans' rivalry with Athens?

By commissioning the magnificent Statue of Zeus, the Eleans aimed to surpass their rivals in Athens, who already boasted the impressive Athena Parthenos created by the same sculptor, Phidias. This reflects a competitive spirit in ancient Greece, where cities vied for prestige through monumental art and architecture.

What is the purpose of the terracotta molds found in Phidias' workshop?

The terracotta molds found in Phidias' workshop were used in the creation of the statue's decorative elements. Specifically, they were employed to produce glass plaques and to shape sheets of glass that were then gilded to form the statue's robe, allowing for intricate drapery and folds.

How did the statue's destruction impact our understanding of ancient Greek sculpture?

The loss and destruction of the Statue of Zeus mean that direct, firsthand evidence of its appearance is gone. Our understanding relies on secondary sources and artistic interpretations, making it challenging to fully grasp its original magnificence and impact.

What is the meaning of chryselephantine in the context of ancient sculpture?

Chryselephantine is a term derived from Greek words meaning gold and ivory. It describes a specific technique used in ancient Greek sculpture where ivory was used for the flesh parts of a statue, and gold was used for clothing, hair, and other decorative elements, typically over a wooden core.

What historical period does the Statue of Zeus belong to?

The Statue of Zeus at Olympia belongs to the Classical period of ancient Greek art, specifically around 435 BC. This era is renowned for its artistic achievements, including the development of naturalistic and idealized forms in sculpture.

What was the role of the Altis grove in relation to the Statue of Zeus?

The Altis grove was the sacred precinct at Olympia where the Temple of Zeus and the statue were located. The text mentions the marshiness of this grove as a factor that necessitated special preservation techniques for the statue's ivory components.

What does the reference to 'marshiness' imply about the environmental conditions at Olympia?

The mention of marshiness suggests that the area around the Temple of Zeus might have been damp or prone to humidity. This environmental factor was significant enough to require specific measures, like the constant application of olive oil, to protect the statue's ivory.

What specific quote from Homer did Phidias reportedly use as inspiration for the statue?

Phidias reportedly drew inspiration from Homer's Iliad, specifically a passage where Zeus spoke, bowed his dark brow in assent, and his ambrosial locks waved, making great Olympus quake.

What was the function of the raised marble rim around the oil reservoir in front of the statue?

The raised marble rim surrounding the oil reservoir served a practical purpose: to contain the olive oil within the designated area in front of the statue. This ensured the oil stayed where it was needed for preservation and reflection, preventing it from spreading uncontrollably.

What is the significance of the statue being housed in the Temple of Zeus at Olympia?

Housing the statue within the Temple of Zeus at Olympia made it the central focus of this significant religious sanctuary. The temple was specifically built to accommodate the colossal statue, highlighting its importance in ancient Greek worship and culture.

What does the text suggest about the artistic competition between Greek city-states, using the Statue of Zeus as an example?

The text suggests a competitive spirit among Greek city-states, as the Eleans commissioned the Statue of Zeus to outdo their rivals in Athens. This rivalry often manifested in the creation of monumental artworks and architectural achievements.

Statue Of Zeus At Olympia Wiki: Olympia's Divine Majesty: The Lost Wonder of Zeus

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An Overview

Colossal Scale

This monumental sculpture was approximately 12.4 meters (41 feet) in height, commanding a significant presence within its dedicated temple.

Chryselephantine Artistry

The statue was a masterpiece of chryselephantine technique, employing ivory plates and gold panels meticulously crafted over a wooden framework.

Sacred Sanctuary

It resided within the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Greece, a site of immense religious and cultural importance, serving as the focal point of the sanctuary.

Commission and Creation

Commissioned by the Eleans

The Eleans, responsible for the sanctuary and the Olympic Games, commissioned this grand statue in the latter half of the 5th century BC, aiming to surpass the artistic achievements of rival cities like Athens.

Phidias' Masterpiece

The renowned sculptor Phidias, celebrated for his statue of Athena Parthenos, was entrusted with this ambitious project, bringing his unparalleled skill to the depiction of the king of the gods.

The Sculptor's Workshop

The rediscovery of Phidias' workshop at Olympia provided crucial archaeological evidence, revealing tools for working gold and ivory, and molds for glass plaques, confirming the techniques used in its construction.

Detailed Description

The Divine Figure

Zeus was depicted seated, crowned with a sculpted wreath of olive sprays. His form was adorned with a gilded robe, intricately decorated with glass elements depicting animals and lilies.

The Ornate Throne

The throne itself was a work of art, constructed from painted cedarwood and ornamented with ebony, ivory, gold, and precious stones. It featured painted figures and wrought images, showcasing elaborate craftsmanship.

Symbolic Embellishments

In his right hand, Zeus held a small statue of Nike, the goddess of victory. His left hand rested upon a scepter, inlaid with various metals and topped with an eagle. His feet were adorned with golden sandals, resting on a footstool decorated with a relief of an Amazonomachy.

Preservation and Ambiance

Protecting the Ivory

To counteract the detrimental effects of humidity from the marshy grove on the ivory components, the statue was continuously coated with olive oil. This practice also contributed to its unique visual presentation.

The Reflecting Pool Effect

The floor in front of the statue was paved with black tiles and surrounded by a raised marble rim to contain the olive oil. This created a reflecting pool, effectively doubling the apparent height of the statue and enhancing its majestic aura.

Enduring Legacy

A Wonder of Antiquity

The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was universally recognized as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, a testament to its extraordinary artistic merit and scale.

Profound Impact on Viewers

Ancient writers like Livy and Dio Chrysostom documented the profound emotional and spiritual impact the statue had on those who beheld it, suggesting it inspired awe and a sense of divine presence.

Artistic Influence

Though no direct copies survive, the statue's form was immortalized through various ancient representations, including depictions on coins from Elis and numerous Roman engraved gems, influencing later artistic interpretations.

Loss and Destruction

Uncertain Fate

The precise circumstances and date of the statue's destruction remain subjects of historical debate. Conflicting accounts suggest it may have perished in a fire that severely damaged the temple in 425 AD, or was transported to Constantinople and destroyed in the fire of the Palace of Lausus in 475 AD.

Caligula's Attempt

Historical records indicate that the Roman Emperor Caligula ordered the statue's head to be replaced with one of himself. However, his assassination prevented the execution of this decree.

Early Signs of Peril

The 2nd-century writer Lucian of Samosata alluded to the statue being subjected to theft or damage even before its final demise, suggesting a vulnerability that predated the major destruction events.

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References

Strabo, 8.3.30.

Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.11.1-.10). Pausanias was told that the paintings were by the brother of Phidias, Panaenus.

Or. 12.51

John Grimes Younger, Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z, p. 95. Routledge; Abingdon and New York, 2005.

Suetonius, Gaius 22.2; compare Cassius Dio, 59.28.3.

Suetonius, Gaius, 57.1. In Roman religion Jupiter was the equivalent of Zeus.

Richter, 1966, note 1, citing Georgius Cedrenus, Historiarum Compendium Â§322c, in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae 34, vol. I, p. 564.

James Grout, The Workshop of Pheidias, Encyclopaedia Romana (accessed 31 July 2013)

A full list of references for this article are available at the Statue of Zeus at Olympia Wikipedia page

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This is not historical or art historical advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional consultation with historians, archaeologists, or art conservators. Always refer to primary sources and consult with qualified professionals for specific research needs. Never disregard professional advice because of something you have read on this website.

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Olympia's Divine Majesty

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

An Overview ℹ️

📏 Colossal Scale

🌟 Chryselephantine Artistry

📍 Sacred Sanctuary

Commission and Creation 🎨

🏛️ Commissioned by the Eleans

👑 Phidias' Masterpiece

⚒️ The Sculptor's Workshop

Detailed Description ✨

👑 The Divine Figure

🪑 The Ornate Throne

⚡ Symbolic Embellishments

Preservation and Ambiance 💧

🏺 Protecting the Ivory

✨ The Reflecting Pool Effect

Enduring Legacy 🏆

⭐ A Wonder of Antiquity

😮 Profound Impact on Viewers

🖼️ Artistic Influence

Loss and Destruction 🔥

❓ Uncertain Fate

⚔️ Caligula's Attempt

📜 Early Signs of Peril

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

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References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

An Overview

Colossal Scale

Chryselephantine Artistry

Sacred Sanctuary

Commission and Creation

Commissioned by the Eleans

Phidias' Masterpiece

The Sculptor's Workshop

Detailed Description

The Divine Figure

The Ornate Throne

Symbolic Embellishments

Preservation and Ambiance

Protecting the Ivory

The Reflecting Pool Effect

Enduring Legacy

A Wonder of Antiquity

Profound Impact on Viewers

Artistic Influence

Loss and Destruction

Uncertain Fate

Caligula's Attempt

Early Signs of Peril

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice