What is a bass drum, and what kind of pitch does it produce?

A bass drum is a large drum that produces a musical note of either a low definite pitch or an indefinite pitch. It is typically a cylindrical instrument where the diameter is usually greater than its depth, with drumheads on both ends of the cylinder.

What are the three main types of bass drums identified in the article?

The article identifies three major types of bass drums: the orchestral or concert bass drum (gran cassa), the kick drum used in drum kits, and the pitched bass drum often found in marching bands and drum corps.

What are the typical physical characteristics of a bass drum, such as its shape and head materials?

Bass drums are typically cylindrical, with their diameter usually exceeding their depth. The drumheads are commonly made from calfskin or plastic, and the tension of these heads can usually be adjusted using threaded taps or strings.

How does the size of a bass drum relate to its volume and pitch?

While bass drums come in various sizes, the size itself does not dictate the volume produced. The pitch and overall sound can vary significantly with different sizes, but size is also often chosen based on practical considerations like convenience and aesthetics.

What are some of the international names or translations for the bass drum mentioned in the article?

The bass drum is known by several names in different languages, including gran cassa or gran tamburo in Italian, grosse caisse in French, Grosse Trommel or Basstrommel in German, and bombo in Spanish.

What is considered the earliest known predecessor to the bass drum, and where did it originate?

The earliest known predecessor to the bass drum is the Turkish davul, a cylindrical drum with two thin heads stretched over hoops and attached to a narrow shell. This instrument originated in Turkey.

How was the Turkish davul played, and why was it significant in military contexts?

The Turkish davul was played by striking the right side with a large wooden stick and the left side with a rod. Its deep, percussive sound made it ideal for military use, particularly in war and combat, to help ensure soldiers marched in unison and to project tempo.

What role did the Ottoman Empire play in the spread of davul-like instruments?

The vast reach of the Ottoman Empire, extending across much of the Middle East, North Africa, and into Europe, facilitated the introduction of the davul and other Janissary instruments to various parts of the world. This cultural exchange likely influenced the development of similar drums in other regions.

How did the long drum, developed in Africa, differ from the davul?

The long drum, adapted from the davul concept by indigenous African populations, was significantly larger, often measuring around 2 meters in length and 50 centimeters in diameter. It was typically constructed from a hollowed-out tree trunk, unlike the davul's shell construction, and was primarily used for religious purposes, whereas the davul was more common in military and folk music.

What was the gong drum, and why did it become less favored by composers?

The gong drum was a narrow-shelled, single-headed drum introduced in Britain during the 19th century, similar in size to the long drum but deep-shelled. It produced a deep sound with resonance, but its immense size and single head meant it tended to have a definite pitch, making it difficult for composers to integrate harmonically into orchestral music.

Who invented the first workable bass drum pedal, and what impact did it have?

William F. Ludwig is credited with creating a workable bass drum pedal in 1909. This invention was crucial as it paved the way for the modern drum kit by allowing the bass drum to be struck with the foot, similar to how a drumstick would be used.

Which 1960s rock drummers were known for using multiple bass drums?

During the 1960s, drummers like Keith Moon of The Who and Ginger Baker of Cream began incorporating more than one bass drum into their drum kits, contributing to the evolving sound and visual impact of rock music.

Describe the orchestral or concert bass drum (gran cassa).

The orchestral or concert bass drum, also known as the gran cassa, is the largest drum in the orchestra. It is typically double-headed, rod tensioned, and measures around 40 inches in diameter and 20 inches in width. It is often situated within a frame to allow for flexible positioning.

What is a kick drum, and how does it differ from an orchestral bass drum?

A kick drum is a bass drum specifically associated with a drum kit. It is considerably smaller than an orchestral bass drum and is struck by a beater attached to a pedal operated by the drummer's foot.

What are pitched bass drums, and where are they typically used?

Pitched bass drums are drums that are tuned to a specific pitch. They are generally used in marching bands and drum corps, often played in sets of three to six drums to create melodic lines within the percussion section.

How is the bass drum used to maintain time in various musical genres?

In many forms of music, the bass drum serves to mark or keep the rhythmic time. It produces a characteristic low 'boom' sound when struck, and its consistent beat is fundamental to establishing the tempo and groove of a piece.

What is the typical role of the bass drum in rock and roll rhythm?

In a basic rock and roll beat, the bass drum is typically played on the first and third beats of a bar in common time. This provides a foundational pulse, while the snare drum usually plays on the second and fourth beats, creating the 'backbeat'.

How can the bass drum function in jazz drumming?

In jazz music, the bass drum's role can be quite varied. It can function primarily as a timekeeping instrument, or it can become a more melodic voice, interacting with other parts of the drum kit to create complex rhythmic textures.

What are some common ways composers utilize the bass drum in classical music?

In classical music, composers have considerable freedom in using the bass drum. Common applications include providing local 'color' for specific effects, delivering climactic single strokes, executing rolls for sustained sound, and adding weight and power to loud tutti sections.

What types of mallets or implements can be used to play a bass drum in classical music?

Beyond standard beaters, bass drums in classical music can be struck with various implements, including keyboard percussion mallets, timpani mallets, and drumsticks. The player's hand or fingers can also be used for certain techniques.

What are the common methods for mounting a bass drum?

Bass drums are too large to be held by hand and are always mounted. Common methods include using a shoulder harness, placing it on a floor stand (as in a drum kit), or mounting it on an adjustable cradle, which allows for varied head orientations.

What types of strikers are used for bass drums, and how do they vary?

The strikers used for bass drums vary depending on the musical context. They can include heavy felt-covered mallets, rutes (used in one hand while a mallet is in the other), matching bass drum mallets or double-headed mallets for rolls, and pedal-mounted beaters for drum kits.

What are the typical dimensions of a bass drum used in a modern drum kit?

Bass drums in modern drum kits are generally smaller than orchestral ones, most commonly measuring 20 or 22 inches (51 or 56 cm) in diameter. Depths typically range from 12 to 22 inches (30 to 56 cm), with 14 to 18 inches (36 to 46 cm) being common.

What is the purpose of a hole in the front head of a kit bass drum?

A hole in the front head of a kit bass drum serves multiple purposes. It allows air to escape for shorter sustain, enables muffling materials to be installed without removing the head, and facilitates the placement of microphones inside the drum for recording and amplification.

How is muffling commonly achieved in kit bass drums, and what is its effect?

Muffling in kit bass drums is often achieved by placing materials like pillows or blankets inside the drum, resting against the batter head. This dampens the impact of the beater, producing a shorter, more 'thud-like' sound, which is popular in many contemporary music styles.

When was the first single bass drum pedal introduced, and who made it workable?

The Sonor drum company introduced its first single bass drum pedal in 1900. William F. Ludwig then made the bass drum pedal workable in 1909, significantly advancing its practicality and paving the way for the modern drum kit.

How does a double bass drum pedal function, and what are alternatives to using one?

A double bass drum pedal typically uses a second footplate to control a second beater, often connected via a shaft to a remote mechanism alongside the primary pedal. Alternatively, some drummers use two separate bass drums, each with its own single pedal, to achieve a similar effect.

What is a drop clutch, and why is it used with double bass drum pedals?

A drop clutch is a device used to keep the hi-hat cymbals in a closed position. When a double bass drum pedal is used, the foot that normally operates the hi-hat pedal moves to the second bass drum pedal, leaving the hi-hat open. The drop clutch allows the hi-hat to remain closed even when the foot is not pressing the pedal.

What are the three primary techniques for playing single strokes with one foot on a bass drum pedal?

The three primary techniques for playing single strokes with one foot are: heel-down (player's heel rests on the pedal, strokes played with the ankle), heel-up (player's heel is lifted, strokes originate from the hip using leg weight), and floating stroke (heel lifted, but stroke played primarily from the ankle for speed).

What are the three main techniques for playing double strokes on a bass drum pedal?

The three main techniques for playing double strokes on a bass drum pedal are: the slide technique (sliding the foot up the pedal after the first stroke), the swivel technique (rotating the heel around the ball of the foot for a second stroke), and the heel-toe technique (suspending the foot and using a rapid up-and-down motion).

Who are some drummers known for advanced bass drum pedal techniques and solos?

Drummers such as Thomas Lang, Virgil Donati, and Terry Bozzio are recognized for their mastery of complex bass drum pedal techniques, enabling them to perform intricate solos and rudiments with their feet.

In which genres of music is the double bass drum setup commonly found?

The double bass drum setup is commonly found in genres such as heavy metal, hard rock, certain types of jazz and jazz fusion, and punk rock, where it contributes to a powerful and driving rhythmic foundation.

Who is credited with popularizing the double bass drum setup, and who were early adopters in rock and jazz fusion?

Jazz drummer Louie Bellson is credited with first using and popularizing the double bass drum setup. In rock, Ginger Baker and Keith Moon were early adopters in the 1960s, while jazz fusion artists like Billy Cobham and Narada Michael Walden utilized double kick drum after 1970.

What is the significance of double bass drumming in extreme metal genres?

In extreme metal genres like death metal, double bass drumming is used extensively, often incorporating techniques like blast beats. The focus is on precision, endurance, speed, and rapid footwork to create an intense and driving sound.

What is the 'bass line' in marching bands and drum corps?

The 'bass line' is a distinct musical ensemble within marching bands and drum corps, composed of graduated pitch marching bass drums. Each drum plays a different note, allowing the bass line to convey complex rhythmic and melodic content, not just keep the beat.

How are the bass drums in a marching band's bass line typically tuned and arranged?

The bass drums in a marching band's bass line are tuned so that the largest drum plays the lowest note, with pitch increasing as drum size decreases. They are usually tuned higher than other bass drums of similar size to ensure clarity and articulation of complex passages. The drums are typically arranged in size order, from largest (lowest pitch) to smallest (highest pitch).

How does the playing technique and orientation of bass drummers in a marching band differ from other sections?

Bass drums in a marching band's drumline are generally mounted sideways, with the head facing horizontally. This requires bass drummers to face perpendicular to the rest of the band, often pointing their drums towards the player in front of them so the heads align from the audience's perspective, creating an optimal sound output.

What are some specific commands conveyed by bass drum strokes in marching bands?

In some marching bands, bass drum strokes are used to issue commands. For instance, a single stroke might signal the band to start or stop marching, two strokes could indicate stopping, and two strong strokes (a 'double beat') might signal the music's cutoff.

What are the common methods for mounting a bass drum in a marching band context?

In marching bands, bass drums are typically mounted sideways. This orientation means the drumheads face horizontally, requiring the player to position themselves perpendicular to the band's direction of movement. The drums are often angled towards the player in front to ensure visual alignment of the heads from the audience's perspective.

How should a bass drummer's forearms and mallets be positioned when playing in a marching band?

When playing a marching bass drum, a player's forearms should be parallel to the ground and bent at the elbows, with the line from shoulder to elbow being vertical. The mallet should be held upward at approximately a 45-degree angle.

What are the two primary motions for a basic bass drum stroke in marching bands?

The basic stroke on a marching bass drum can involve either an absolute forearm rotation, similar to turning a doorknob, or a motion primarily driven by the wrist, akin to a snare drummer's technique. Often, a hybrid of these two motions is used.

What are some common sounds produced by a bass line in marching bands besides the basic stroke?

Besides the basic stroke, a bass line can produce a 'unison' sound when all drums play simultaneously with a balanced tone, creating a powerful effect. Rim clicks, where the mallet shaft strikes the rim, are also used, though rimshots are rare and typically only occur on the highest-pitched drums.

What is the typical role of the bottom (fifth) bass drum in a marching band's bass line?

The bottom, or fifth, bass drum is the largest and lowest-pitched drum in the line. It often functions as the 'heartbeat' of the ensemble, frequently used to maintain the pulse and provide a deep, resonant sound, especially in parade bands.

How does the fourth bass drum typically differ in role from the bottom bass drum?

The fourth bass drum, being slightly smaller and higher in pitch than the bottom drum, often plays more rapid parts and is more likely to play 'off the beat.' While it can tonally resemble the bottom drum, its rhythmic function is generally more complex.

What is the typical function of the third bass drum in a marching band's bass line?

The third bass drum, situated in the middle of the line both positionally and tonally, usually fulfills the role of the archetypal bass drum. This player is integral to rendering complex linear passages within the percussion section.

How do the second and top bass drums often function within a marching band's bass line?

The second and top bass drums often function as a unit, playing complex and difficult passages split between them. The top drum, being the highest pitched, typically starts or ends musical phrases and can play parts in unison with the snare line to add depth.

What is a 'virgin' bass drum in the context of drum kits?

A 'virgin' bass drum refers to a bass drum that does not have a hole cut into its top surface for mounting tom-toms. This is often prized by professionals as it maintains the drum's structural integrity and resonance.

What is the purpose of muffling in kit bass drums, and what materials are commonly used?

Muffling in kit bass drums is done to dampen the sound and produce a shorter, more controlled 'thud.' Common muffling materials include pillows, blankets, or specialized mufflers placed inside the drum, resting against the batter head.

How does the heel-up technique differ from the heel-down technique when playing a bass drum pedal?

The heel-down technique involves keeping the player's heel planted on the pedal and using the ankle for strokes, suitable for quiet playing. The heel-up technique lifts the heel off the pedal, allowing the player to use the weight of their leg originating from the hip for more power, and also enabling access to double-stroke techniques.

What is the 'floating stroke' technique for bass drum pedals?

The floating stroke technique involves lifting the heel off the pedal, similar to heel-up, but the stroke is primarily executed from the ankle, like heel-down. This technique can allow for greater speed and higher note density at louder volumes but may be less efficient for slow tempos.

What are some examples of instruments that produce bass sounds mentioned in the 'Bass (sound)' navbox?

The 'Bass (sound)' navigation box lists various instruments that produce bass sounds, including the acoustic bass guitar, bass clarinet, bass guitar, bassoon, double bass, tuba, and bass synthesizer.

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What is a Bass Drum?

Defining Characteristics

The bass drum is a large drum that produces a low-frequency sound, often described as a "boom." It typically features a cylindrical shell with struck heads on both ends, usually made from calfskin or synthetic materials like plastic. The tension of these heads can be adjusted to modify the pitch and timbre.²

Pitch and Sound

While often producing an indefinite pitch, the bass drum's sound can vary significantly based on its size, construction, and the striking implement used. Its fundamental role in music is often to provide rhythmic foundation, marking time, and adding weight and impact to musical passages.²

Global Presence

The bass drum is a versatile percussion instrument found across numerous musical genres worldwide. Its lineage can be traced back to ancient cylindrical drums, evolving through various cultural iterations before reaching its modern forms used in orchestras, drum kits, and marching bands.³

Historical Evolution

The Turkish Davul

The earliest known precursor to the modern bass drum is the Turkish davul. This large, cylindrical, two-headed drum produced a deep sound, distinct from other drums of its era. Historically used in military contexts for maintaining marching tempo and in folk music, the davul's design and sound influenced subsequent drum development.³⁵

Spread and Adaptation

Through cultural exchange, particularly via the Ottoman Empire, the davul's concept spread. In Africa, this led to the development of the larger long drum, often crafted from hollowed tree trunks. In Europe, the gong drum emerged in the 19th century, characterized by a single head and a deep, resonant tone, though its definite pitch eventually led to modifications for orchestral use.³

Modernization

The development of the pedal-operated bass drum, pioneered by figures like William F. Ludwig in the early 20th century, revolutionized its use, particularly within the emerging drum kit. This innovation allowed for greater rhythmic complexity and dynamic control, paving the way for its central role in popular music.¹⁰

Distinguishing Types

Orchestral Bass Drum

The orchestral bass drum (or gran cassa) is the largest type, typically around 40 inches in diameter and 20 inches in depth. It is often mounted in a cradle or frame, allowing for versatile positioning. Used for dramatic effect, rhythmic emphasis, and rolls, it is struck with large, felt-covered mallets (mailloches) or timpani mallets.³

Kick Drum

The kick drum, integral to the modern drum kit, is significantly smaller, commonly 20-22 inches in diameter. It is struck by a beater attached to a foot pedal, enabling rapid, dynamic rhythmic patterns. Its sound is often muffled for shorter sustain and a more controlled "thud."¹⁰

Marching Bass Drum

Used in marching bands and drum corps, these bass drums are typically pitched and played in sets. Each drum in the "bass line" is tuned to a specific note, allowing for complex rhythmic and melodic passages to be executed by the ensemble. They are usually mounted sideways and played with mallets, requiring significant player dexterity.²⁴

Classical Music Applications

Orchestral Role

In classical music, the bass drum serves multiple functions, from providing dramatic emphasis in loud tutti sections to adding subtle color and texture. Composers utilize it for climactic single strokes, sustained rolls, and sound effects like thunder.²

Playing Techniques

Performers employ various implements, including large mallets, timpani mallets, and even hands. Techniques encompass rolls, rapid repetitions, and unison strokes. The drum's resonance and timbre can be further shaped by muffling techniques, such as internal pillows or dampening materials.²

Historical Context

The evolution from the davul to the orchestral bass drum involved modifications to achieve a more controlled, indefinite pitch suitable for ensemble work. This adaptation allowed composers to integrate its powerful sound more effectively into symphonic and chamber music.³

The Drum Kit Integration

Kit Bass Drum Design

Modern drum kit bass drums are typically smaller than orchestral counterparts, with common diameters ranging from 20 to 22 inches. Depths usually fall between 14-18 inches. The front head often features a hole to manage air escape, aiding sustain control and facilitating microphone placement.¹¹

Sound Shaping

Drastic muffling is common in kit playing to achieve a shorter, more defined "thud." This is often achieved using internal pillows, blankets, or specialized mufflers resting against the batter head. This dampening controls resonance and enhances the impact of pedal strokes.¹¹

Practical Considerations

To optimize space and functionality, bass drums may incorporate tom-tom mounts on their top surface. Drums without these modifications are termed "virgin" bass drums and are often prized for their structural integrity and aesthetic purity.¹⁶

The Pedal Mechanism

Single Pedal Innovation

The invention of the bass drum pedal, notably by William F. Ludwig in 1909, was a pivotal moment, enabling the bass drum to be played dynamically with the foot. This mechanism uses a footplate connected via a chain, belt, or drive shaft to a beater that strikes the drumhead.¹²

Double Bass Drumming

The use of two bass drums or a double pedal on a single drum allows for complex, rapid patterns, particularly in rock, metal, and jazz fusion. Early pioneers like Louie Bellson popularized this setup, which requires advanced foot coordination.¹⁷

Drop Clutch Function

When using double pedals, a drop clutch is essential for maintaining the hi-hat in a closed position, allowing the drummer's foot to operate the second bass drum pedal without the hi-hat opening unintentionally.¹⁶

Mastering Pedal Techniques

Heel-Down vs. Heel-Up

The heel-down technique involves planting the heel on the pedal, with strokes generated by ankle movement, suitable for quieter playing and syncopation. The heel-up technique lifts the heel, utilizing leg weight for power and louder dynamics, also facilitating advanced double-stroke techniques.¹⁵

Advanced Strokes

The floating stroke combines elements of both heel-up and heel-down for speed and dynamic control. For rapid double strokes, drummers employ techniques like the slide (sliding the foot up the pedal), swivel (rotating the foot), or the highly efficient heel-toe technique.¹⁵

Virtuosity

Drummers like Thomas Lang and Virgil Donati have demonstrated extraordinary pedal control, executing complex rudiments and polyrhythms with their feet. These advanced techniques enable intricate solos and demanding rhythmic patterns previously thought impossible.¹⁵

Marching Band Dynamics

The Bass Line Ensemble

In marching bands, the "bass line" comprises multiple tuned bass drums, each played by a different musician. This ensemble creates intricate rhythmic and melodic passages, often referred to as the "heartbeat" of the group, requiring precise coordination and articulation.²⁴

Playing Position and Turns

Marching bass drums are typically mounted horizontally. Players often face perpendicular to the band's direction to align drum heads optimally. Executing clean turns requires significant core strength and momentum control, especially with larger drums.²⁴

Rhythmic Commands

Historically, specific bass drum strokes served as signals for the band, such as single strokes for starting/stopping marching and double strokes for musical cues or cut-offs, demonstrating the instrument's role in ensemble direction.²⁴

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References

Ozeke, Sezen, "Musical Instruments of India and Turkey." EÄitim FakÃ¼ltesi Dergisi XX, 2007.

Zoltan, Falvy, "Middle-East European Court Music." Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, (1987).

McGowan, Keith, "The Prince and the Piper: Haut, Bas and the Whole Body in Early Modern Europe. Early Music, Vol. 27, No. 2, Instruments and Instrumental Music (May 1999), pp. 211-216.

Sardar, Marika. "The Greater Ottoman Empire, 1600â1800". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.

Lundstrom, Hakan and Tavan, Damrong, "Kammu Gongs and Drums (II): The Long Wooden Drum and Other Drums." Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 40, No. 2 (1981), pp. 173-189.

Marshall, Paul and Radcliff, Mike (1999). "Glossary of Terms (Drum kit/Drumset)", DrumDojo.com.

"Ray McKinley Plus Slingerland 'Radio Kings' Equals Solid Rhythm" (advertisement). Metronome 57:8 (August 1941), 31.

Rondinelli, Bobby and Lauren, Miachel. Encyclopedia of Double Bass Drumming. New Jersey: Modern Drummer, 2000.

Bloom, Ryan Alexander. The Complete Double Bass Drumming Explained. New York: Hudson Music, 2017.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Bass drum Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional musical advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional musical instruction, performance coaching, or instrument maintenance advice. Always consult with qualified music educators or instrument technicians for specific guidance.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Resonant Foundation

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

What is a Bass Drum? ℹ️

🔊 Defining Characteristics

🎶 Pitch and Sound

🌍 Global Presence

Historical Evolution 📜

🇹🇷 The Turkish Davul

🌏 Spread and Adaptation

⚙️ Modernization

Distinguishing Types 🎛️

🏛️ Orchestral Bass Drum

⚡ Kick Drum

🎺 Marching Bass Drum

Classical Music Applications 🎻

🎭 Orchestral Role

🖐️ Playing Techniques

🎼 Historical Context

The Drum Kit Integration 🎸

🥁 Kit Bass Drum Design

🔊 Sound Shaping

🛠️ Practical Considerations

The Pedal Mechanism ⚙️

🚀 Single Pedal Innovation

👯 Double Bass Drumming

🔄 Drop Clutch Function

Mastering Pedal Techniques 💪

🦶 Heel-Down vs. Heel-Up

🤸 Advanced Strokes

⚡ Virtuosity

Marching Band Dynamics 🚩

🎶 The Bass Line Ensemble

🔄 Playing Position and Turns

📢 Rhythmic Commands

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

References 📚

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

What is a Bass Drum?

Defining Characteristics

Pitch and Sound

Global Presence

Historical Evolution

The Turkish Davul

Spread and Adaptation

Modernization

Distinguishing Types

Orchestral Bass Drum

Kick Drum

Marching Bass Drum

Classical Music Applications

Orchestral Role

Playing Techniques

Historical Context

The Drum Kit Integration

Kit Bass Drum Design

Sound Shaping

Practical Considerations

The Pedal Mechanism

Single Pedal Innovation

Double Bass Drumming

Drop Clutch Function

Mastering Pedal Techniques

Heel-Down vs. Heel-Up

Advanced Strokes

Virtuosity

Marching Band Dynamics

The Bass Line Ensemble

Playing Position and Turns

Rhythmic Commands

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice

References