Who was Charles the Simple, and what were his primary royal titles and reign periods?

Charles III, known as Charles the Simple or the Straightforward, was a member of the Carolingian dynasty. He reigned as the King of West Francia from 898 to 922 and as the King of Lotharingia from 911 until 919 or 923. The nickname "Simplex" originally meant "straightforward" or "without guile" in Latin, though it has since been misinterpreted.

What is the origin and meaning of the nickname "Charles the Simple"?

The nickname "Charles the Simple" originates from the Latin *Carolus Simplex*. While "simplex" can mean "simple" in a negative sense, its original meaning in this context was "straightforward" or "guileless," indicating loyalty. However, later chroniclers used derogatory terms like *stultus* (foolish) and *hebes* (stupid) for him, contributing to the negative connotation of his nickname.

Who were Charles the Simple's parents, and what was his birth order?

Charles the Simple was the third and posthumous son of King Louis the Stammerer and his second wife, Adelaide of Paris. Being born after his father's death meant he was not immediately considered for the throne.

Why was Charles the Simple initially prevented from succeeding to the throne after his half-brother Carloman II's death in 884?

Charles the Simple was prevented from succeeding his half-brother, King Carloman II, in 884 because he was only five years old at the time. Instead, the Frankish nobles invited his cousin, Charles the Fat, to become king.

How did Charles the Simple eventually become King of West Francia, and who was his predecessor?

Charles the Simple was crowned King of West Francia in 893 by a faction opposing King Odo, but he fully assumed the throne after Odo's death in 898. Odo of France, the hero of the Siege of Paris, was his predecessor.

What significant treaty did Charles the Simple conclude with the Vikings, and what territory did it establish?

In 911, Charles the Simple negotiated the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte with the Viking leader Rollo. This treaty granted Rollo and his followers land between the Epte River and the sea, establishing the Duchy of Normandy.

What were the conditions of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte for Rollo and his Vikings?

In exchange for their loyalty and Rollo's baptism, the Vikings were granted territory that would become the Duchy of Normandy. They also agreed to defend the region, and Rollo was to marry Charles's daughter, Gisela.

How did Charles the Simple become King of Lotharingia, and what was the political context in East Francia at the time?

In 911, following the death of Louis the Child, the last Carolingian king of East Francia, the nobles of Lotharingia declared Charles their king, breaking away from East Francia. This occurred because East Francia had elected Conrad I, a non-Carolingian, as their new king.

What steps did Charles the Simple take to secure support in Lotharingia before becoming its king?

Charles the Simple actively sought Lotharingian support by marrying Frederuna, a Lotharingian woman, in April 907. He also arranged for his niece, Cunigunda, to marry Wigeric of Lotharingia in 909, strengthening his ties to the region's nobility.

What happened to Lotharingia's status relative to East Francia in 925?

In 925, Lotharingia was once again seized by East Francia, indicating a shift in power and the eventual loss of Charles's direct control over the region.

Who was Frederuna, and what was her significance in Charles the Simple's life and reign?

Frederuna was Charles the Simple's first wife, whom he married in 907. She was of Lotharingian origin and bore him six daughters, but no sons, which created uncertainty regarding the royal succession. She died in 917.

Who was Eadgifu of Wessex, and what was her role in Charles the Simple's family?

Eadgifu of Wessex was Charles the Simple's second wife, whom he married in 919. She was the daughter of Edward the Elder, King of England. Their marriage produced a son, the future King Louis IV of France.

What caused the revolt of the nobles against Charles the Simple in the 920s?

The nobles revolted against Charles the Simple due to his excessive favoritism towards a minor nobleman named Hagano, whom he endowed with monasteries that belonged to other barons. This, along with his perceived neglect of Lotharingia and other policies, alienated the aristocracy.

How did Charles the Simple lose the throne of West Francia in 922?

The Frankish nobles, led by Robert of Neustria (brother of Odo), revolted against Charles the Simple in 922. They elected Robert as the new king, forcing Charles to flee to Lotharingia.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Soissons in 923 involving Charles the Simple?

In the Battle of Soissons in June 923, Charles the Simple, returning with a Norman army, was defeated by the forces of Robert of Neustria. Although Robert died in the battle, his army was victorious, and Charles was captured.

Who succeeded Robert I after his death at the Battle of Soissons, and what happened to Charles the Simple?

Rudolph of Burgundy, Robert's son-in-law, was elected king to succeed Robert. Charles the Simple, after his capture, was imprisoned in a castle at Péronne under the guard of Herbert II of Vermandois.

When and where did Charles the Simple die, and where was he buried?

Charles the Simple died in prison on October 7, 929, at the age of 50. He was buried at the nearby abbey of Saint-Fursy in Péronne, France.

What was the political situation in West Francia upon the death of King Carloman II in 884?

Upon King Carloman II's death in 884 without a male heir, his young half-brother, Charles the Simple, was too young to rule. The nobles invited Charles the Fat, who was already Holy Roman Emperor and King of East Francia, to take the throne of West Francia.

How did Odo of France become King of West Francia, and what was his relationship to Charles the Simple's eventual succession?

Odo, Count of Paris and a hero of the Viking siege, was elected King of West Francia after Charles the Fat was deposed in 887. Although Charles the Simple attempted to claim the throne in 893, Odo eventually designated Charles as his successor on his deathbed, ensuring a smoother transition after Odo's death in 898.

What was Charles the Simple's long-term ambition regarding Lotharingia?

Charles the Simple harbored a long-term ambition to conquer Lotharingia, which was considered the cradle of the Carolingian dynasty. This objective had been pursued by previous West Frankish monarchs since Charles the Bald.

Why was Lotharingia historically significant to the Carolingian dynasty?

Lotharingia held historical significance as the ancestral homeland of the Carolingian dynasty's predecessors, the Pippinids, who originated from areas like Herstal and Jupille. After the Treaty of Verdun, it became a contested territory between West and East Francia.

How did Charles the Simple initially attempt to gain control over Lotharingia before 911?

Before 911, Charles the Simple attempted to gain control of Lotharingia by invading in 898 after Count Reginar of Hainaut called for his support against Zwentibold. Charles seized Aachen and Charlemagne's palace at Nijmegen but returned to France at the request of German bishops.

What actions by Charles the Simple led to his deposition in 922?

Charles the Simple's deposition in 922 was precipitated by several factors: his excessive favoritism towards Hagano, whom he endowed with monasteries that belonged to other barons; his perceived neglect of Lotharingia; and his attempt to dispossess his aunt Abbess Rothilde from Chelles Abbey to give it to Hagano, which angered the aristocracy.

Who was Hagano, and why was he a source of conflict for Charles the Simple?

Hagano was a minor nobleman and a relative of Charles's first wife, Frederuna. Charles's excessive favoritism towards Hagano, including granting him monasteries that belonged to other barons, alienated the aristocracy and contributed to the revolt against Charles.

What role did Hugh the Great play in the events leading to Charles the Simple's deposition?

Hugh the Great, whose mother-in-law Abbess Rothilde was dispossessed by Charles the Simple, was irritated by Charles's actions. He was also the father-in-law of Robert of Neustria, who led the revolt and was elected king after Charles's deposition. Hugh later played a decisive role in recalling Louis IV to the throne.

What happened to Queen Eadgifu and her children after Charles the Simple's defeat and imprisonment?

Following Charles the Simple's defeat and capture in 923, his wife Queen Eadgifu and their children fled to England for safety.

How did Henry the Fowler, King of East Francia, benefit from Charles the Simple's troubles?

While Charles the Simple was dealing with internal revolts and imprisonment, Henry the Fowler, the King of East Francia, took advantage of the situation to seize and add Lotharingia to his own domains. He solidified this control by marrying his daughter Gerberga of Saxony to Duke Giselbert of Lorraine.

Who was Herbert II of Vermandois, and what was his involvement with Charles the Simple?

Herbert II of Vermandois was a son-in-law of King Robert I and a powerful count. He captured Charles the Simple after the Battle of Soissons and held him imprisoned, first at Chââteau-Thierry and later transferring him to Péronne, where Charles eventually died.

What was the significance of Charles the Simple's son, Louis IV, in the context of the Carolingian dynasty?

Louis IV was the son of Charles the Simple and Eadgifu of Wessex. He was the legitimate Carolingian heir and was eventually crowned King of West Francia in 936, after the death of King Rudolph.

How many daughters did Charles the Simple have with his first wife, Frederuna?

Charles the Simple had six daughters with his first wife, Frederuna. These daughters were Ermentrude, Frederuna, Adelaide, Gisela, Rotrude, and Hildegarde.

Who was Gisela, and what was her connection to Rollo?

Gisela was one of Charles the Simple's daughters from his first marriage to Frederuna. She was married to Rollo, the Viking leader, as part of the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte.

How many sons did Charles the Simple have with his second wife, Eadgifu of Wessex?

Charles the Simple had one son with his second wife, Eadgifu of Wessex. This son was Louis IV, who later became King of West Francia.

Besides his legitimate children, who were some of Charles the Simple's other offspring mentioned in the text?

The text mentions several other offspring of Charles the Simple, including Arnulf, Drogo, Roricone (who became Bishop of Laon), and Alpais, who married Count Erlebold of Lommegau.

What does the "Notes" section clarify about Charles the Simple's nickname and historical perception?

The "Notes" section clarifies that Charles the Simple's nickname, derived from the Latin *Carolus Simplex*, originally meant "straightforward" or "guileless." It also points out that later chroniclers used derogatory terms like "stupid" and "foolish" for him, leading to the modern negative interpretation of his nickname.

What does the image caption "Denier sous Charles III le Simple.jpg" refer to?

The image caption refers to a silver coin, known as a denier, minted during the reign of Charles III, also known as Charles the Simple. This coin serves as a historical artifact from his time as king.

What does the image titled "Carolingian empire 915.svg" depict?

The image, titled "Carolingian empire 915.svg," is a map illustrating the realms ruled by Charles the Simple in the year 915, with his territories highlighted in red.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Verdun in relation to Lotharingia?

The Treaty of Verdun in 843 divided the Carolingian Empire, and Lotharingia was briefly part of Middle Francia before becoming a territory contested by both West and East Francia. This historical division highlights Lotharingia's strategic importance.

Who were the Robertians, and what was their role in the succession of the West Frankish throne?

The Robertians were a powerful dynasty in West Francia that challenged the Carolingians. Figures like Odo of France and Robert I belonged to this house, and their reigns marked periods where non-Carolingian rulers held the throne, significantly impacting the succession.

What does the succession box indicate about Charles the Simple's reign as King of Lotharingia?

The succession box shows that Charles the Simple reigned as King of Lotharingia from 911 to 919/23. His predecessor was Louis the Child, and the title was subsequently abandoned, suggesting a loss of control or integration into another realm.

What does the succession box indicate about Charles the Simple's reign as King of West Francia?

The succession box shows that Charles the Simple reigned as King of West Francia from 898 to 922. His predecessor was Odo, and his successor was Robert I, highlighting the turbulent nature of the succession during this period.

What is the primary focus of the "Pippinids, Arnulfings and Carolingians" navbox?

The "Pippinids, Arnulfings and Carolingians" navbox details the lineage and key figures of the dynasties that preceded and formed the Carolingian Empire, tracing their ancestry and relationships. It illustrates the dynastic connections leading up to and including Charles the Simple's lineage.

What does the "Monarchs of France" navbox illustrate regarding Charles the Simple's place in history?

The "Monarchs of France" navbox places Charles the Simple within the broader context of French royal history, specifically within the Carolingian and Robertians period (751-987). It shows him as a successor to the Robertians and predecessor to Robert I, highlighting the transition between dynasties.

What information is provided in the "Authority control databases" section?

The "Authority control databases" section provides links to various international and national library and archival catalogs (like VIAF, GND, BnF, Library of Congress) where further information and catalog records for Charles the Simple can be found. It helps in identifying and locating authoritative resources about him.

Who was Charles the Fat, and what was his relationship to Charles the Simple?

Charles the Fat was a cousin of Charles the Simple. He was invited to rule West Francia after Carloman II's death in 884 and was later deposed in 887, preceding Odo's reign and Charles the Simple's eventual succession.

What historical event is referenced by the image caption "Denier sous Charles III le Simple.jpg"?

The image caption "Denier sous Charles III le Simple.jpg" refers to a silver coin minted during the reign of Charles III, also known as Charles the Simple. This type of artifact provides tangible evidence of his rule and the monetary system of his era.

What does the map "Carolingian empire 915.svg" visually represent regarding Charles the Simple's reign?

The map "Carolingian empire 915.svg" visually represents the territorial extent of the realms controlled by Charles the Simple in the year 915. The areas marked in red on the map indicate the territories under his direct rule during that period.

Who was Louis the Stammerer, and what was his relation to Charles the Simple?

Louis the Stammerer was the father of Charles the Simple. He was the King of West Francia, and Charles the Simple was his third and posthumous son from his second marriage.

What was the role of Adelaide of Paris in Charles the Simple's early life?

Adelaide of Paris was the second wife of Louis the Stammerer and the mother of Charles the Simple. As his mother, she was his guardian during his childhood when he was excluded from the throne.

What was the significance of the Siege of Paris (885-886) in relation to Odo of France?

The Siege of Paris (885-886) was a pivotal event where Odo distinguished himself as a hero for successfully defending the city against Viking invaders. This military achievement significantly boosted his prestige and likely contributed to his later election as King of West Francia.

What was the role of Archbishop Fulk of Reims in Charles the Simple's early claim to the throne?

Archbishop Fulk of Reims supported Charles the Simple's claim to the throne in 893, aiding him in his attempt to be crowned against the rule of Odo. This indicates ecclesiastical support played a role in the political struggles of the time.

What territory was granted to Rollo and his Vikings under the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte?

Under the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, Rollo and his Vikings were granted all the land situated between the river Epte and the sea. This territory would develop into the influential Duchy of Normandy.

Charles The Simple Wiki: Charles the Simple: A Carolingian Chronicle of Kingship and Conflict

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The Early Years

A Posthumous Prince

Charles III, known as "the Simple" or "the Straightforward," was born on September 17, 879. He was the third and posthumous son of King Louis the Stammerer and his second wife, Adelaide of Paris. His early life was marked by instability and contested succession within the fragmented Carolingian realm.

Navigating Contested Claims

Upon the death of his half-brother, King Carloman II, in 884, Charles was deemed too young to inherit the throne. The Frankish nobles opted for his cousin, Emperor Charles the Fat, to assume the crown. Following Charles the Fat's deposition in 887, Odo, the celebrated Count of Paris, was elected king, further sidelining young Charles's claim.

Under Protection

During this period of uncertainty, Charles was placed under the protection of Ranulf II, the Duke of Aquitaine. Ranulf II, who himself used the royal title, may have attempted to advance Charles's claim or simply provided a measure of stability until Odo's rule was established. This early period highlights the precarious position of potential heirs in a realm defined by shifting loyalties and power struggles.

Ascension and Rule

King of West Francia

Charles's path to the throne was complex. A faction opposed to Odo crowned him in 893 at Reims Cathedral, but he only truly secured the crown after Odo's death in 898. His reign as King of West Francia (898–922) was characterized by attempts to consolidate power amidst external threats and internal dissent.

The Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte

A significant event early in his reign was the negotiation with the Viking leader Rollo. Following a Viking siege of Paris and Chartres, Charles opted for diplomacy over conflict. The Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte in 911 granted Rollo lands between the Epte river and the sea, establishing the Duchy of Normandy. In return, Rollo pledged loyalty, converted to Christianity, and married Charles's daughter, Gisela.

Territorial Ambitions

Charles harbored ambitions to reclaim Lotharingia, a territory historically significant to the Carolingian dynasty. His efforts to secure support for this objective included strategic marriages, such as his union with Frederuna, a noblewoman from Lotharingia, in 907.

Lotharingia: A Carolingian Cradle

Claiming the Eastern Crown

In 911, the death of Louis the Child, the last Carolingian king of East Francia, created an opportunity. The nobles of Lotharingia, seeking to maintain Carolingian ties, declared Charles their king, breaking away from East Francia, which had elected Conrad I. This move aimed to reunite the Carolingian heartlands under a single ruler.

Balancing Loyalties

Charles's dual role as King of West Francia and Lotharingia (911–919/923) proved challenging. His efforts to appease Lotharingian nobles, including strategic alliances and marriages, were met with mixed success. The region's autonomy and the shifting political landscape of East Francia, now led by Henry the Fowler, created constant tension.

Eventual Loss

Despite initial successes, Charles's hold on Lotharingia weakened. Internal conflicts and external pressures, particularly from Henry the Fowler, led to the region being reabsorbed into East Francia by 925. This marked a significant setback in Charles's efforts to restore Carolingian dominance.

Internal Strife and Deposition

Aristocratic Discontent

Charles's reign was increasingly undermined by the dissatisfaction of the Frankish aristocracy. His perceived favoritism towards a lesser nobleman, Hagano, and the granting of valuable ecclesiastical benefices to him alienated powerful barons. The death of his first wife, Frederuna, in 917, leaving no male heir, further destabilized the succession and fueled discontent.

The Nobles' Uprising

The simmering resentment boiled over into open revolt. In 920, nobles seized Charles, though he was later released. The situation escalated in 922 when the barons revolted again, led by Robert of Neustria (brother of the former king Odo). They elected Robert as the new king, forcing Charles to flee to Lotharingia.

Battle and Capture

Charles attempted to regain his throne, returning with a Norman army in 923. However, he was defeated at the Battle of Soissons on June 15, 923, where Robert also died. Despite this victory, Charles was captured by Herbert II of Vermandois, another son-in-law of Robert, and imprisoned. Rudolph of Burgundy was subsequently elected king.

Imprisonment and Death

Charles the Simple spent his final years in captivity. He was moved to a castle in Péronne and died there on October 7, 929, at the age of 50. His son by his second wife, Eadgifu of Wessex, Louis IV, would eventually succeed to the throne in 936, restoring the Carolingian line.

The Royal Household

First Marriage: Frederuna

Charles first married Frederuna in May 907. She was the daughter of Dietrich of Ringelheim. Together, they had six daughters:

Ermentrude
Frederuna
Adelaide
Gisela (who married Rollo of Normandy)
Rotrude
Hildegarde

Frederuna's death in 917 left a significant void and contributed to the succession uncertainty.

Second Marriage: Eadgifu of Wessex

In 919, Charles married Eadgifu, daughter of Edward the Elder, King of England. This union produced a crucial male heir:

Louis IV of France (born 920), who later became king.

Following Charles's deposition, Eadgifu and her children fled to England.

Extended Kinship

Beyond his direct heirs with Frederuna and Eadgifu, Charles is recorded as having several other children, including:

Arnulf
Drogo
Roricone (Bishop of Laon)
Alpais (married Erlebold, Count of Lommegau)

These relationships underscore the complex web of alliances and familial ties characteristic of the era.

Historical Context & Nuances

The Meaning of "Simple"

The epithet "the Simple" (from Latin Carolus Simplex) is often misinterpreted as meaning unintelligent. However, simplex originally conveyed "straightforward" or "guileless." Despite this potentially positive connotation, contemporary chroniclers often used less flattering terms like stultus (fatuous) or hebes (stupid), possibly due to specific incidents or a general perception of his rule.

Succession Dynamics

Charles's reign exemplifies the turbulent succession politics of the late Carolingian period. His youth, the rise of powerful regional dukes (like Odo and the Robertians), and the fragmentation of the empire created a challenging environment for maintaining hereditary claims. His eventual deposition and the subsequent election of Robert I and then Rudolph of Burgundy highlight the diminished power of the monarchy relative to the aristocracy.

Geopolitical Landscape

Charles ruled during a period of significant external pressures, notably Viking raids from the north and the expansion of Magyar forces from the east. His interactions with neighboring kingdoms, including England (through his marriage to Eadgifu) and East Francia (under Henry the Fowler), shaped his policies and ultimately influenced the fate of Lotharingia.

Scholarly Foundations

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References

Jim Bradbury, The Capetians; Kings of France 987â1328 (New York; London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), p. 33

John E. Morby, "The Sobriquets of Medieval European Princes", Canadian Journal of History, 13:1 (1978), p. 6.

The Annals of Flodoard of Reims, 9919â966, ed. & trans. Steven Fanning; Bernard S. Bachrach (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. xv

Pierre RichÃ©, The Carolingians; A Family who Forged Europe, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), p. 216

Michel Parisse, "Lotharingia", The New Cambridge Medieval History, III: c. 900âc. 1024, ed. Timothy Reuter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 313â15.

Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. III â Germany and the Western Empire, eds. H. M. Gwatking; J. P. Whitney, et al. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1922), p. 74

Lappenberg, Johann Martin. A History of England Under the Anglo-Saxon Kings, Volume 2, George Bell, London. 1884, p. 120

Pierre RichÃ©, The Carolingians; A Family who Forged Europe, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), p. 250

Jean Dunbabin, "West Francia: The Kingdom", The New Cambridge Medieval History, III: c. 900âc. 1024, ed. Timothy Reuter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 378â79.

The Annals of Flodoard of Reims, 9919â966, ed. & trans. Steven Fanning; Bernard S. Bachrach (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. xvi

The Annals of Flodoard of Reims, 9919â966, ed. & trans. Steven Fanning; Bernard S. Bachrach (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. xvii

Orderic Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, ed. Marjorie Chibnall, Volume II, Books III And IV (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1993), p. 9

A full list of references for this article are available at the Charles the Simple Wikipedia page

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This is not a substitute for primary source analysis or peer-reviewed historical scholarship. Users are encouraged to consult original texts, academic journals, and consult with qualified historians for comprehensive understanding. The creators assume no liability for errors or omissions, or for actions taken based on the information presented herein.

Charles the Simple: A Carolingian Chronicle

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

The Early Years 👶

👑 A Posthumous Prince

⚔️ Navigating Contested Claims

🛡️ Under Protection

Ascension and Rule 📜

👑 King of West Francia

🤝 The Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte

🗺️ Territorial Ambitions

Lotharingia: A Carolingian Cradle 🏰

👑 Claiming the Eastern Crown

⚖️ Balancing Loyalties

⏳ Eventual Loss

Internal Strife and Deposition 💥

😠 Aristocratic Discontent

✊ The Nobles' Uprising

⚔️ Battle and Capture

⛓️ Imprisonment and Death

The Royal Household 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦

💍 First Marriage: Frederuna

💍 Second Marriage: Eadgifu of Wessex

🌳 Extended Kinship

Historical Context & Nuances 🤔

📖 The Meaning of "Simple"

👑 Succession Dynamics

🌍 Geopolitical Landscape

Scholarly Foundations 📚

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Early Years

A Posthumous Prince

Navigating Contested Claims

Under Protection

Ascension and Rule

King of West Francia

The Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte

Territorial Ambitions

Lotharingia: A Carolingian Cradle

Claiming the Eastern Crown

Balancing Loyalties

Eventual Loss

Internal Strife and Deposition

Aristocratic Discontent

The Nobles' Uprising

Battle and Capture

Imprisonment and Death

The Royal Household

First Marriage: Frederuna

Second Marriage: Eadgifu of Wessex

Extended Kinship

Historical Context & Nuances

The Meaning of "Simple"

Succession Dynamics

Geopolitical Landscape

Scholarly Foundations

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice Regarding Historical Content